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1,709 results for “Reflectivity”
Figure 1 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 1. Portraits of (a) Rhinolophus smithersi species novo, and (b) Rhinolophus mossambicus species novo, two of four new cryptic species described herein within the R. hildebrandtii complex. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g001
Figure 4 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 4. Morphometric variation in a series representing the R. hildebrandtii complex from Lutope-Ngolangola, Zimbabwe: a) biplot of forearm length versus noseleaf width and b) PCA of five craniometric variables (M3M3, CM3, IOC, NW, NH) in 26 individuals of known (37 or 46 kHz) and unknown (?) frequency. Females indicated by open circlesı males by closed circles or crosses or asterisk. Voucher specimens for molecular sequencing study indicated by asterisk (Clade 1e: = smithersii sp. nov.; see Taxonomic Conclusions) and crosses (Clade 2: = mossambicus sp. nov.; see Taxonomic Conclusions). Hereafterı all individuals with a frequency of 37 kHz were assumed to belong to Clade 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.) and the 46 kHz individual was assumed to belong to Clade 1e (smithersi sp. nov.). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g004
Figure 3. Consensus tree for the cytochrome b in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 3. Consensus tree for the cytochrome b dataset for representative genotyped specimens of the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex. The topology represents the consensus topology from a 20 million MCMC run implemented in BEAST. Estimates of divergence times (million years ago; Mya) are indicated adjacent to nodes or above branches and grey bars indicate 95% HPD values. The split between the Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae was used as the calibration point. Taxa names include museum/field numbers which correspond to Appendix S1 or GenBank accession numbers and abbreviations are: RcfH - R. cf. hildebrandtiiı RD - R. darlingiı RE - R. eloquensı RF - R. fumigatusı RH - R. hildebrandtii s.l.ı RL - R. landeri and RR - R. ruwenzorii. Localitiesı where availableı are providedı abbreviations include SA - South Africaı MZ - Mozambiqueı and ZW - Zimbabweı and the numbers in parentheses correspond with place names in Table S1 and Fig. 2 for Clade 1 and 2 individuals. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g003
Figure 7 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 7. Relative warps analysis (RWA) of 12 lateral cranial landmarks from 23 individuals of R. hildebrandtii s.l. belonging to two molecular clades and two lineages of Clade 1 (see Fig. 3). Revised taxon names are provided in parentheses (see Taxonomic Conclusions). Skulls which were included in this analysis are indicated in Table S1. Symbols as is in Fig. 5. Thin plate splines (grids) show landmark distortions represented by extremes of variation on RW1 (left = negative; right = positive) and RW2 (bottom = negative; top = positive) axes. The two skull photographs at the bottom are of actual specimens representing the negative (left: DM 8577ı mossambicus from Namapaı Mozambique) and positive (right: DM 11560ı cohenae from Mayoı Mpumalanga Province) extremes of variation on RW1. Landmark positions (filled circles) are shown in the photograph in the centre. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g007
Supplementary data: What millimeter-wavelength radar reflectivity reveals about snowfall: An information-centric analysis
<p>This dataset includes supplementary data used in the analyses described in Wood, N. B., and T. S. L'Ecuyer, 2020: What millimeter-wavelength radar reflectivity reveals about snowfall: An information-centric analysis. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, doi:10.5194/amt-2020-216.</p>
Dataset: Information content of ultraviolet-reflecting color patches and visual perception of body coloration in the Tyrrhenian wall lizard Podarcis tiliguerta
<p>These are the data sets and R script corresponding to the scientific publication with the same title and authors.</p> <p>Description of these files is available in the file Note.pdf</p>
IODP Expedition 368X Color reflectance
<p>Color reflectance data were measured on section halves using an integration sphere and a UV-VIS spectrophotometer mounted on the Section Half Multisensor Logger (SHMSL). Spectral counts are recorded in the range of 380 to 700 nm, covering the visible spectrum, and binned in ~2 nm bins. Spectral data are reduced from spectra and recorded in tristimulus XYZ values, CieLAB L*a*b* values, and other units.</p>
Data from: Drift happens: molecular genetic diversity and differentiation among populations of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis Meerb.) reflect fragmentation of floodplain forests
Landscape features often shape patterns of gene flow and genetic differentiation in plant species. Populations that are small and isolated enough also become subject to genetic drift. We examined patterns of gene flow and differentiation among 12 floodplain populations of the selfing annual jewelweed (Impatiens capensis Meerb.) nested within four river systems and two major watersheds in Wisconsin, USA. Floodplain forests and marshes provide a model system for assessing the effects of habitat fragmentation within agricultural/urban landscapes and for testing whether rivers act to genetically connect dispersed populations. We generated a panel of 12,856 single nucleotide polymorphisms and assessed genetic diversity, differentiation, gene flow, and drift. Clustering methods revealed strong population genetic structure with limited admixture and highly differentiated populations (mean multilocus FST = 0.32, FST' = 0.33). No signals of isolation by geographic distance or environment emerged, but alleles may flow along rivers given that genetic differentiation increased with river distance. Differentiation also increased in populations with fewer private alleles (R2 = 0.51) and higher local inbreeding (R2 = 0.22). Populations varied greatly in levels of local inbreeding (FIS = 0.2 to 0.9) and FIS declined in smaller, more isolated populations. These results suggest that genetic drift dominates other forces in structuring these Impatiens populations. In rapidly changing environments, species must migrate or genetically adapt. Habitat fragmentation limits both processes, potentially compromising the ability of species to persist in fragmented landscapes.
Data from: Repetitive DNA profiles reveal evidence of rapid genome evolution and reflect species boundaries in ground beetles
Genome architecture is a complex, multidimensional property of an organism defined by the content and spatial organization of the genome's component parts. Comparative study of entire genome architecture in model organisms is shedding light on mechanisms underlying genome regulation, evolution, and diversification; but such studies require costly analytical approaches which make extensive comparative study impractical for most groups. However, lower-cost methods that measure a single architectural component (e.g., distribution of one class of repeats) have potential as a new data source for evolutionary studies insofar as that measure correlates with more complex biological phenomena, and for which it could serve as part of an explanatory framework. We investigated copy number variation (CNV) profiles in ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a simple measure reflecting the distribution of rDNA subcomponents across the genome. We find that signatures present in rDNA CNV profiles strongly correlate with species boundaries in the <i>breve</i> species group of <i>Bembidion</i>, and vary across broader taxonomic sampling in <i>Bembidion</i> subgenus <i>Plataphus</i>. Profiles of several species show evidence of re-patterning of rDNA-like sequences throughout the genome, revealing evidence of rapid genome evolution (including among sister pairs) not evident from analysis of traditional data sources such as multi-gene data sets. Major re-patterning of rDNA-like sequences has occurred frequently within the evolutionary history of <i>Plataphus</i>. We confirm that CNV profiles represent an aspect of genomic architecture (i.e., the linear distribution of rDNA components across the genome) via fluorescence in-situ hybridization. In at least one species, novel rDNA-like elements are spread throughout all chromosomes. We discuss the potential of copy number profiles of rDNA, or other repeats, as a low-cost tool for incorporating signal of genomic architecture variation in studies of species delimitation and genome evolution.
IODP Expedition 366 Color reflectance
<p>Color reflectance data were measured on section halves using an integration sphere and a UV-VIS spectrophotometer mounted on the Section Half Multisensor Logger (SHMSL). Spectral counts are recorded in the range of 380 to 700 nm, covering the visible spectrum, and binned in ~2 nm bins. Spectral data are reduced from spectra and recorded in tristimulus XYZ values, CieLAB L*a*b* values, and other units.</p>
X-ray Reflection Table Models
<p>Xspec Table Models of Monte Carlo X-ray reflection simulations from Giant Molecular Clouds.</p> <p>See, http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00175, for description of the models.</p> <p>The number on the end of each file name represents the iron abundance relative to solar.</p>
Scattering parameter (input port voltage reflection coefficient) of transmit network of NQR probehead from 40 MHz to 140 MHz
<p>Data to figure 7 in the related publication:</p> <p>Scattering parameter (input port voltage reflection coefficient) of transmit network of NQR probehead from 40 MHz to 140 MHz</p>
Tutorial Photonics Explorer Module 1: total internal reflection
<p>Photonics Austria (PhAu) has conducted Teacher Training Programmes about Photonics - the Photonics Explorer - in order to promote the potential of photonics and to enliven physics lessons. This video tutorial demonstrates and explains the principals of total internal reflection.</p> <p> </p>
Reproduction package for "Probing reflection from aerosols with the near-infrared dayside spectrum of WASP-80b"
<p>This is a basic reproduction package for the paper "Probing reflection from</p><p>aerosols with the near-infrared dayside spectrum of WASP-80b"</p><p>by [Jacobs, B.; Désert, J. -M.; Gao P. et al. (2023)](https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acfee9).</p><p>Abstract:</p><p>The presence of aerosols is intimately linked to the global energy budget and the composition of a planet's atmospheres. Their ability to reflect incoming light prevents energy from being deposited into the atmosphere, and they shape spectra of exoplanets. We observed five near-infrared secondary eclipses of WASP-80b</p><p>with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope to provide constraints on the presence and properties of atmospheric aerosols.</p><p>We detect a broadband eclipse depth of 34\pm10 ppm for WASP-80b. We detect a higher planetary flux than expected from thermal emission alone at 1.6 sigma, which hints toward the presence of reflecting aerosols on this planet's dayside, indicating a geometric albedo of A_g<0.33 at 3 sigma.</p><p>We paired the WFC3 data with Spitzer data and explored multiple atmospheric models with and without aerosols to interpret this spectrum.</p><p>Albeit consistent with a clear dayside atmosphere, we found a slight preference for near-solar metallicities and for dayside clouds over hazes. We exclude soot haze formation rates higher than 10^{-10.7} g cm^{-2} s^{-1} and tholin formation rates higher than 10^{-12.0} g cm^{-2} s^{-1} at 3 sigma.</p><p>We applied the same atmospheric models to a previously published WFC3/Spitzer transmission spectrum for this planet and found weak haze formation.</p><p>A single soot haze formation rate best fits both the dayside and the transmission spectra simultaneously. However, we emphasize that no models provide satisfactory fits in terms of the chi-square of both spectra simultaneously, indicating longitudinal dissimilarity in the atmosphere's aerosol composition.</p>
Dataset of micro-roughness, Schmidt hammer and reflectance spectra obtained at Hallstaetter Glacier foreland
<p>The files contain data of micro-roughness (Ra and Rz), raw data of Schmidt hammer rebound-values, and reflectance spectra obtained at Hallstaetter Glacier foreland in July 2022. The data was use in a publication: Dąbski M, Badura I, Kycko M, Grabarczyk A, Matlakowska R, Otto J-C. The Development of Limestone Weathering Rind in a Proglacial Environment of the Hallstätter Glacier. <i>Minerals</i>. 2023; 13(4):530. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040530. </p><p>Funding provided by National Science Centre, Poland (Preludium Bis-2 2020/39/O/ST10/01068).</p><p>Micro-roughness, rock strength (Schmidt hammer rebound values), and spectral reflectance were obtained in-situ on glacially abraded rock surfaces along a transect from the glacial snout to the outermost moraines from the Little Ice Age, covering circa 172 years of subaerial weathering in the proglacial alpine environment. UAV surveys of the studied area were performed to obtain Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and allow for detailed comparative studies in the future.</p><p>Test site 1 was very close to the glacier (undergoes weathering for 1–2 years), site 2 was in the zone c. 10 years old, site 3 was in the zone c. 50–51 years old, site 4 was in the zone c. 105–106 years old, and the last one (site 5) was on the LIA moraines, where the duration of weathering is c. 167–172 years. The sites were located on bedrock or boulders embedded in the moraines with distinct traces of glacial abrasion, allowing us to infer that older weathering rind (developed before glacial accumulation) has been eroded. The sites were selected based on their age, homogenous petrography, accessibility, and suitability for micro-roughness measurements. Within each test site, we selected ten specific rock surfaces (c. 100 cm2 each), with clear signs of glacial abrasion, for the measurements of micro-roughness, Schmidt hammer rebound (rock strength), and spectral reflectance. </p><p> </p><p> </p>
Ultrafast laser-induced magneto-optical changes in resonant magnetic x-ray reflectivity
<p>Datasets for the publication "Ultrafast laser-induced magneto-optical changes in resonant magnetic x-ray reflectivity", published in Physical Review B <strong>108</strong>, 054439 (2023).</p><p> </p>
F I G U R E 4 in Phylogeography of Solomon Islands blossom bats reflects oceanic divides and Pleistocene connections
F I G U R E 4 (a) Phylogenetic tree of Tribe Melonycterini blossom bats produced using the quartet-based method implemented in SVDǪUARTETS, and (b) phylogenetic network of Nesonycteris blossom bats created using SPLITSTREE.
F I G U R E 2 in Phylogeography of Solomon Islands blossom bats reflects oceanic divides and Pleistocene connections
F I G U R E 2 Phylogeographic relationships among Melonycterini blossom bats (a) the Solomon Islands archipelago with bathymetric depths less than 120 m (ETOPO1, Amante & Eakins, 2009) shaded in dark grey to indicate possible land bridge connections during the Last Glacial Maximum. Islands shaded in colour represent those sampled for this study, samples were unavailable for islands shaded in light grey (EPSG: 4326–WGS 84). (b) Phylogenetic tree made using maximum likelihood methods in RAXML depicting relationships among all Nesonycteris and Melonycteris samples. Values indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap support and black circles on nodes denote values = 100. (c) Representation of the taxonomic treatment of Nesonycteris prior to this study comprising two species; (d) Alternate taxonomic treatment of Nesonycteris from the results of this study comprising four species (N. far = N. fardoulisi, N. mac = N. maccoyi); The results of STRUCTURE analyses for various datasets are presented as (e) Dataset 1, a single run, k = 4; (f) Dataset 2, a single run, k = 2; (g) Dataset 3, a single run, k = 3; and (h) Dataset 4 (five runs R1–R5, k = 4). In STRUCTURE results (e–h), each bar indicates the probability of assignment to different genetic clusters.
F I G U R E 3 in Phylogeography of Solomon Islands blossom bats reflects oceanic divides and Pleistocene connections
F I G U R E 3 Pairwise Nei's genetic distances for Melonycteris and Nesonycteris blossom bats from the Solomon Islands and Bismarck archipelagos. Nei's genetic distance was calculated using the R package StAMPP. Values surrounded by a yellow or green rectangle are pairwise distances between samples from New Georgia group islands, and Greater Bukida islands, respectively.
Hyperspectral photoluminescence and reflectance microscopy of 2D materials
<h2>Description of Uploaded Raw Data and Programs for Recreating Figures</h2><h3>Raw Data</h3><p>The raw data in this dataset is primarily in ".sif" binary format, which is used in the creation of Figures 2, 3, 4, and Supplementary Information (SI) Figure 2 in the paper. The ".sif" files contain spectrum data. The data for Figure 3 also includes focal data provided as .png and intensity line-cuts in .csv files.</p><p>A Python program, "load_sif.py", is included in the dataset to read and process these ".sif" files.</p><h3>Software and Programs</h3><p>The figures in the paper were generated using Python programs, which are included in the dataset. These programs are:</p><p>for Figure 2:<i> RClf_calibration.py </i></p><p>for Figure 3: <i>knife_edge_measurement.py </i>and <i>plot_intensity_profile_imageJ.py </i></p><p>for Figure 4 as well as SI Figure 1: <i>PL_linefocus_2color.py, PL_fit_image.py, PL_line_fit.py, RC_linefocus_2color.py </i>and<i> RC_line.py </i></p><p>for SI Figure 2: <i>BG_spectum_PL.py </i>and<i> Ref_spectum_RC.py </i></p><h3>Steps to Recreate Figures</h3><p>Download the zipped folder for each figure. The Python programs are using the ".sif", ".png", and ".csv" files from the downloaded folder.</p><p>Please ensure you have the appropriate software to run these Python programs and handle the provided file formats.</p>
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