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274 results for “Rocky Mountains”
Tree cone presence and abundance from Niwot Ridge, Rollins Pass, and Rocky Mountain National Park, 2015-2018.
These data were collected to examine the determinants of individual tree cone presence and cone abundance for Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA. We monitored > 1600 Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir trees for cone presence (an indicator of reproductive maturity) and a subset of those trees for cone abundance (an indicator of seed production) from 2016-2018 in the Colorado Front Range. Cone presence was observed in 1-3 years (2015 or 2016-2018) in 15 plots and cone abundance was observed in 10 of 15 plots in three years (2016-2018). We measured the following for > 24 live trees for each species in each plot: cone presence and/or cone abundance, diameter at breast height, age, height class. For each plot, we measured stand density, basal area, and age of oldest tree to estimate the timing of stand initiation. This database includes three datasets: 1) description of plots (e.g. elevation, aspect, size), 2) cone presence data, and cone abundance data. See Andrus et al. 2020 for more details. References Andrus, R. A., Harvey, B. J., Hoffman, A., and Veblen, T. T.. 2020. Reproductive maturity and cone abundance vary with tree size and stand basal area for two widely distributed conifers. Ecosphere 11( 5):e03092. 10.1002/ecs2.3092
Probability of occurrence and phenology of pine wilt disease transmission by insect vectors in the Rocky Mountains
<p>1. Pine wilt disease, caused by pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; PWN), is a damaging and globally distributed insect-vectored forest pathogen. Native forest tree mortality associated with PWN is newly reported from the Front Range of Colorado, but there is no regional information on PWN frequency or biology of local insect vectors, limiting management options.</p> <p>2. A sampling array was established to survey PWN in native pines (Pinus ponderosa) and longhorn beetles (Monochamus clamator & Monochamus scutellatus) over two years and across natural and urban forest landscapes. We developed flight phenology models and evaluated effects of landscape factors on vector abundance and probability of infection.</p> <p>3. Flight phenology was similar for vectors; Monochamus flight initiated in mid-July and continued into October for both species. We report the first M. clamator–PWN association in the United States. PWN was distributed in the region at rates lower than reported from its putative native range: 3.6 and 4.2% of sampled pines and beetles, respectively, tested positive for PWN. Many host trees were outwardly asymptomatic; infection frequency in tree populations varied considerably and four epicenters of vector infectivity were identified.</p> <p>4. Epicenters varied in timing of anomalous infective vector frequency—some epicenters had high abundances of infected beetles early in the growing season whereas others had high abundances of infected beetles late in the growing season, though PWN-positive beetles were captured at all sites. Monochamus populations were found primarily in natural forest stands but migrated to urban areas late in the growing season. The only landscape factor positively correlated with abundances of both Monochamus species was distance to previous wildfire.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications: PWN epicenters in the southern Rocky Mountains exhibit specific temporal windows of vector activity that differ from proximal sites. Urban forests, where the disease was initially observed in the region, do not support vector populations. Our results suggest that natural forest landscapes in the region are important reservoirs of PWN and vector populations are especially abundant near burned stands. Collectively, our findings are important for timing disease management activities appropriately and help to distinguish priority areas for mitigation efforts.</p>
Data from: Genetic structure across broad spatial and temporal scales: Rocky Mountain tailed frogs (Ascaphus montanus; Anura: Ascaphidae) in the inland temperate rainforest
Contemporary and historical processes interact to structure genetic variation, however discerning between these can be difficult. Here, we analyze range-wide variation at 13 microsatellite loci in 2098 Rocky Mountain tailed frogs, Ascaphus montanus, collected from 117 streams across the species distribution in the Inland Northwest (INW) and interpret that variation in light of historical phylogeography, contemporary landscape genetics, and the reconstructed paleodistribution of the species. Further, we project species distribution models (SDMs) to predict future changes in the range as a function of changing climate. Genetic structure has a strong spatial signature that is precisely congruent with a deep (~1.8 MY) phylogeographic split in mtDNA when we partition populations into 2 clusters (K = 2), and is congruent with refugia areas inferred from our paleorange reconstructions. There is a hierarchical pattern of geographic structure as we permit additional clusters, with populations clustering following mountain ranges. Nevertheless, genetic diversity is the highest in populations at the center of the range and is attenuated in populations closer to the range edges. Similarly, geographic distance is the single best predictor of pairwise genetic differentiation, but connectivity also is an important predictor. At intermediate and local geographic scales, deviations from isolation-by-distance are more apparent, at least in the northern portion of the distribution. These results indicate that both historical and landscape factors are contributing to the genetic structure and diversity of tailed frogs in the Inland Northwest.
Data from: Resilience and regime change in a southern Rocky Mountain ecosystem during the past 17000 years
Paleoecological records indicate that subalpine forests in western North America have been resilient in response to multiple influences, including severe droughts, insect outbreaks, and widely varying fire regimes, over many millennia. One hypothesis for explaining this ecosystem resilience centers on the disruption of forest dynamics by frequent disturbance and climatic variability, and the resulting development of non- steady-state regimes dominated by early-succession conifers with broad climatic tolerances, such as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.). To evaluate this hypothesis, we independently reconstructed the vegetation, fire, and effective-moisture histories of a small, forested watershed at 2890-m elevation in southeastern Wyoming, using sedimentary pollen and charcoal counts in conjunction with sedimentary lake-level indicators. The data indicate that prominent vegetation shifts (from sagebrush steppe to spruce-fir parkland at ca. 10.7 ka and spruce-fir parkland to pine-dominated forest at ca. 8.5 ka) coincided with changes in effective moisture. However, after lodgepole pine forests established at ca. 8.5 ka, similar hydroclimatic changes did not produce detectable vegetation responses. Fire history data show that other aspects of the ecosystem were responsive to changes in effective moisture at centennial timescales with prolonged fire-free episodes coinciding with periods of low effective moisture ca. 7.2-5.6 and 3.7-1.6 ka. Throughout our record, the ratio of ecosystem perturbation time (i.e., fire frequency and changes in effective moisture) to recovery time (assuming 200-600 year successional processes) falls within estimates of the ratio for non-steady state ecosystems. Frequent perturbations, therefore, may have prevented this ecosystem from reaching compositional equilibrium with the varied climatic conditions over the past 8.5 ka. Equilibrium states could have included more abundant spruce (Picea spp.) and fir (Abies spp.) than presently observed based on brief increases in pollen abundances of these taxa during prolonged dry, fire-free intervals. Our results show that although current climate changes favor widespread disturbance in Rocky Mountain forests, the composition of these ecosystems could be highly resilient and recover through successional dynamics over the next few decades to centuries.
Data from: Fire-regime complacency and sensitivity to centennial- through millennial-scale climate change in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, Colorado, U.S.A.
1. Key uncertainties in anticipating future fire regimes are their sensitivity to climate change, and the degree to which climate will impact fire regimes directly, through increasing the probability of fire, versus indirectly, through changes in vegetation and landscape flammability. 2. We studied the sensitivity of subalpine forest fire regimes (i.e., fire frequency, fire severity) to previously documented climate variability over the past 6000 years, utilizing pollen and macroscopic charcoal from high-resolution lake-sediment records in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We combined data from the four lakes to provide composite records of vegetation and fire history within a 200 km2 study area. 3. Rates of forest burning were relatively complacent to millennial-scale summer cooling and decreased effective moisture. Mean return intervals between fire episodes, defined over 500-year periods, generally varied between 150-250 years, consistent with tree-ring-based estimates spanning recent centuries. Variability around these long-term means, however, was significantly correlated with variability in summer moisture (i.e., more burning with drier summers), inferred from existing lake-level and supporting paleoenvironmental records. 4. The most pronounced change in fire regimes was in response to decreased subalpine forest density ca. 2400 cal. year BP, itself a response to regional cooling. This indirect impact of climate was followed by a decrease in charcoal production per fire, a proxy for crown-fire severity, while the long-term rate of burning remained unchanged. Over the last 1500 years, increased summer evaporation and drought frequency were associated with increased fire severity, highlighting a direct link between fire and climate. 5. Synthesis: Subalpine forest fire history reveals complacency and sensitivity of fire regimes to changing vegetation and hydroclimate over the past 6000 years. Complacency is highlighted by non-varying fire frequency over millennia. Sensitivity is evident through changes in biomass burned per fire (and inferred fire severity), in response to climate-induced changes in forest density and, more recently, increased summer drought. Overall, the paleo record suggests that (i) fire severity may be more responsive to climate change than fire frequency in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, and (ii) the indirect impacts of climate on vegetation and fuels are important mechanisms determining fire-regime response to climate change.
Data from: Climate, demography, and zoogeography predict introgression thresholds in Salmonid hybrid zones in Rocky Mountain streams
Among the many threats posed by invasions of nonnative species is introgressive hybridization, which can lead to the genomic extinction of native taxa. This phenomenon is regarded as common and perhaps inevitable among native cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in western North America, despite that these taxa naturally co-occur in some locations. We conducted a synthetic analysis of 13,315 genotyped fish from 558 sites by building logistic regression models using data from geospatial stream databases and from 12 published studies of hybridization to assess whether environmental covariates could explain levels of introgression between westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountains. A consensus model performed well (AUC, 0.78–0.86; classification success, 72–82%; 10-fold cross validation, 70–82%) and predicted that rainbow trout introgression was significantly associated with warmer water temperatures, larger streams, proximity to warmer habitats and to recent sources of rainbow trout propagules, presence within the historical range of rainbow trout, and locations further east. Assuming that water temperatures will continue to rise in response to climate change and that levels of introgression outside the historical range of rainbow trout will equilibrate with those inside that range, we applied six scenarios across a 55,234-km stream network that forecast 9.5–74.7% declines in the amount of habitat occupied by westslope cutthroat trout populations of conservation value, but not the wholesale loss of such populations. We conclude that introgression between these taxa is predictably related to environmental conditions, many of which can be manipulated to foster largely genetically intact populations of westslope cutthroat trout and help managers prioritize conservation activities.
Data from: Fire-regime complacency and sensitivity to centennial- through millennial-scale climate change in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, Colorado, U.S.A.
1. Key uncertainties in anticipating future fire regimes are their sensitivity to climate change, and the degree to which climate will impact fire regimes directly, through increasing the probability of fire, versus indirectly, through changes in vegetation and landscape flammability. 2. We studied the sensitivity of subalpine forest fire regimes (i.e., fire frequency, fire severity) to previously documented climate variability over the past 6000 years, utilizing pollen and macroscopic charcoal from high-resolution lake-sediment records in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We combined data from the four lakes to provide composite records of vegetation and fire history within a 200 km2 study area. 3. Rates of forest burning were relatively complacent to millennial-scale summer cooling and decreased effective moisture. Mean return intervals between fire episodes, defined over 500-year periods, generally varied between 150-250 years, consistent with tree-ring-based estimates spanning recent centuries. Variability around these long-term means, however, was significantly correlated with variability in summer moisture (i.e., more burning with drier summers), inferred from existing lake-level and supporting paleoenvironmental records. 4. The most pronounced change in fire regimes was in response to decreased subalpine forest density ca. 2400 cal. year BP, itself a response to regional cooling. This indirect impact of climate was followed by a decrease in charcoal production per fire, a proxy for crown-fire severity, while the long-term rate of burning remained unchanged. Over the last 1500 years, increased summer evaporation and drought frequency were associated with increased fire severity, highlighting a direct link between fire and climate. 5. Synthesis: Subalpine forest fire history reveals complacency and sensitivity of fire regimes to changing vegetation and hydroclimate over the past 6000 years. Complacency is highlighted by non-varying fire frequency over millennia. Sensitivity is evident through changes in biomass burned per fire (and inferred fire severity), in response to climate-induced changes in forest density and, more recently, increased summer drought. Overall, the paleo record suggests that (i) fire severity may be more responsive to climate change than fire frequency in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, and (ii) the indirect impacts of climate on vegetation and fuels are important mechanisms determining fire-regime response to climate change.
FIGURE 115. A–H in Cryophilic Isotomidae (Collembola) of the Northwestern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A.
FIGURE 115. A–H, habitus of (A) Myopia alaskana from Juneau, Alaska (a) and Bow Glacier, Washington (b). Note the difference in colour of the antennae; (B) Desoria uniens from Comox Glacier, Vancouver Island; (C) Desoria albicornis sp. n. from Juneau, Alaska; (D) Desoria ater sp. n. from Juneau, Alaska; (E) Desoria triangularis sp. n. from Triangle Peak, Alaska. Note the triangular white spots between the eyes; (F) Desoria garibaldii sp. n. from Easton Glacier, Washington; (G) Gnathisotoma spinolabris sp. n. paratype from Juneau, Alaska, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. Note the crown-shaped white figure between the eyes; (H) Desoria cryophila sp. n. holotype from Kananaskis, Alberta.
FIGURES 110–114 in Cryophilic Isotomidae (Collembola) of the Northwestern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A.
FIGURES 110–114. black/white patterns on head and antennae in (110) Desoria triangularis sp. n.,(111) Desoria albicornis sp. n.,(112) Myopia alaskana from Juneau, Alaska, with antenna of a specimen from Haigh Glacier, Alberta (above), (113) Desoria ater sp. n.,(114) Gnathisotoma spinolabris sp. n.
FIGURES 30–56 in Cryophilic Isotomidae (Collembola) of the Northwestern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A.
FIGURES 30–56. (30–34) Desoria triangularis sp. n., (35–43) Desoria ater sp. n., (44–49) Desoria garibaldii sp. n., (50–56) Desoria pilifrons sp. n., (30) "double" setal cover on th. 2, right side, (31) eye-field and PAO, right side, (32) right mucro, (33) claw, (34) left ant. 3 organ, (35) macrochaetae on abd. 3–6, (36) sensilla on left ant. 1, ventral (37) apical sensilla on left ant. 2, lateral, (38) ditto, ant. 3, (39) left side of abd. 2 with ciliated macrochaetae (M) and sensilla (s), (40) labrum and frontoclypeal field, (41) eye-field and PAO, individual ocelli marked A–H, (42) right mucro, (43) claw, (44) sensillary chaetotaxy, (45) sensilla on left ant. 1, lateral, (46) ditto, ant. 3, (47) claw, (48) eye-field and PAO, (49) right mucro, (50) head shape, (51) eye-field and PAO, (52) antennal tip, (53) labrum and frontoclypeal field, (54) right ant. 3 organ, dorsal, (55) left mucro, (56) claw.
FIGURES 93–109. Mucronia enigmatica gen. n in Cryophilic Isotomidae (Collembola) of the Northwestern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A.
FIGURES 93–109. Mucronia enigmatica gen. n., sp. n.(93) habitus, adult male, (94) PAO and nearest ocelli, (95) trifurcate maxillary palp (Mx. plp.), labial palp with papillae A–E, basomedian field (bm. f.) and basolateral field (bl. f.) with 4 and 5 setae respectively, (96) right maxilla with six lamellae and a stylet (st), (97) labrum and frontoclypeal field, (98) maxillary outer lobe, (99) left ant. 3 organ, (100) setae on inner side of left mid leg, (101) ditto, left hind leg, (102) right mucro, (103) left labial palp with papillae (A–E), numbered guard setae (a–e), proximal setae (pr) and lateral process (lp), (104) manubrium, ventral side, (105) dens, (106) genital papilla of reproductive male, ventral, (107) ditto, lateral, (108) genital tract of reproductive male showing two swellings, (109) hind claw.
FIGURES 78–92 in Cryophilic Isotomidae (Collembola) of the Northwestern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A.
FIGURES 78–92. Gnathisotoma spinolabris sp. n. (78) sensillary chaetotaxy, positions of macrochaetae indicated, (79) left ant. 1, ventral, (80) labrum, (81) head shape, (82) macrochaetae on abd. 3–6, (83) eye-field and PAO, (84) right ant. 3 organ, (85) manubrium, ventral, (86) claw on last leg, (87) dens (ventral setae not shown), (88) left maxilla, dorsal, (89) ditto, seen from outer side, (90) left labial palp, ventral, (91) hypostomal papilla and setae, (92) right mucro.
FIGURES 1–29 in Cryophilic Isotomidae (Collembola) of the Northwestern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A.
FIGURES 1–29. (1–12) Myopia alaskana, (13–18) Desoria uniens, (19–29) Desoria albicornis. (1) sensillary chaetotaxy, ms: spine-like microsensillum, (2) anterior part of head, lateral (ocelli marked A–F), (3) eye-field, right side, (4) sensilla on right ant. 1, ventrolateral, (5) sensilla on right ant. 2, lateral, (6) sensilla on right ant. 3, lateral, (7) left dens, lateral (only dorsal setae shown), (8) left mucro, dorsal, (9) ditto, lateral, (10) claw, dorsal, (11) claw, lateral, (12) manubrium, ventral, (13) sensillary chaetotaxy, (14) apical setae of left tib.2, (15) sensilla on left ant. 1, ventral, (16) sensilla on right ant. 3, dorsal, (17) left mucro, (18) left eye-field with PAO, (19) sensillary chaetotaxy, (20) apex of tibiotarsus with unguiculus enlarged, (21) claw on last leg, lateral, (22) sensilla on right ant. 1–2, ventral, (23) Sensilla on left ant. 3, dorsal, (24) eye-field and PAO, right side, (25) right mucro seen from inner side, inner tooth marked, (26) right mucro and apical part of dens, (27) ventral side of manubrium, (28) labrum and frontoclypeal field, (29) apical edge of labrum.
FIGURES 57–77 in Cryophilic Isotomidae (Collembola) of the Northwestern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A.
FIGURES 57–77. (57–63) Desoria cryophila sp. n., (64–70) Desoria rosea sp. nov., (71–76) Desoria olympica sp. n., (77) Desoria capra sp. n., (57) sensillary chaetotaxy, positions of macrochaetae indicated, (58) eye-field and PAO, (59) left mucro, (60) sensilla on ventral side of right ant. 1, (61) ditto, right ant. 3, dorsal, (62) ditto, right ant. 2, lateral, (63) setae along midline on inner side of tib. 1, (64) eye-field and PAO, (65) sensilla on right ant. 2, lateral. es: erect sensilla, (66) ditto, ant. 3, (67) setae in right basomedian field of labium, the additional 5th. seta encircled, (68) right mucro, lateral, (69) ditto, dorsal, with the secondary inner tooth formed by the truncated inner lamella marked, (70) dorsal setae in basal half of dens, (71) sensillary chaetotaxy, positions of macrochaetae indicated, (72) setae along midline on inner side of tib. 1, (73) left mucro and apical part of dens, (74) ventral side of manubrium, (75) eye-field and PAO, (76) labrum and frontoclypeal field, (77) right maxilla with details of capitular teeth (mt: membranous tooth).
FIGURE 23 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 23. Male legs of E. (Enoplempis) volsella. A, hindleg, anterior view; B, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, anterior view; C, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, posterior view.
FIGURE 19 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 19. Male legs of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. snoddyi, hindleg, anterior view; B, E. stenoptera, hindleg, anterior view; C, E. stenoptera, hind trochanter, anterior view; D, E. tridentata, hindleg, anterior view; E, E. vockerothi, hindleg, anterior view.
FIGURE 14 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 14. Distribution of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. loripedis and E. nodipoplitea; B, E. vockerothi and E. volsella.
FIGURE 6 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 6. Male legs of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. arthritica, hindleg, anterior view; B, E. arthritica, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, anterior view; C, E. arthritica, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, posterior view; D, E. ctenocnema, hindleg, anterior view; E, E. enodis, hindleg, anterior view.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 1. Empis (Enoplempis) species. A, B, E. vockerothi (Hocking Co., OH) male with balloon (photographs by Allen Coovert); C, swarming males of E. vockerothi with balloons shown by arrows (photograph by Allen Coovert); D, E. snoddyi (Sevier, TN) apparently in the process of forming a balloon (photograph by Thomas Bentley, copyright Thomasbentley.com); E, E. vockerothi, male; F, E. appalachicola, male; G, E. tridentata, male. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 4. Male terminalia, lateral view of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. amytis; B, E. appalachicola. Abbreviations: cerc—cercus; ej apod—ejaculatory apodeme; epand—epandrium; hypd—hypandrium; ph—phallus.
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