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345 results for “Sex chromosome”
Data from: Scale-specific sex-biased dispersal in the Valais shrew unveiled by genetic variation on the Y chromosome, autosomes, and mitochondrial DNA
We investigated sex-specificities in the evolutionary processes shaping Y chromosome, autosomes and mitochondrial DNA patterns of genetic structure in the Valais shrew (Sorex antinorii), a mountain dwelling species with a hierarchical distribution. Both hierarchical analyses of variance and isolation-by-distance analyses revealed patterns of population structure that were not consistent across maternal, paternal and bi-parentally inherited markers. Differentiation on a Y microsatellite was lower than expected from the comparison with autosomal microsatellites and mtDNA, and it was mostly due to genetic variance among populations within valleys, while the opposite was observed on other markers. In addition, there was no pattern of isolation-by-distance for the Y, while there was strong isolation-by-distance on mtDNA and autosomes. We use a hierarchical island model of coancestry dynamics to discuss the relative roles of the micro-evolutionary forces that may induce such patterns. We conclude that sex-biased dispersal is the most important driver of the observed genetic structure, but with an intriguing twist: it seems that dispersal is strongly male-biased at large spatial scale, while it is mildly biased in favour of females at local scale. These results add to recent reports of scale-specific sex-biased dispersal patterns, and emphasize the usefulness of the Y chromosome in conjunction with mtDNA and autosomes to infer sex-specificities.
Data from: Transition in sexual system and sex chromosome evolution in the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis
Transitions in sexual system and reproductive mode may affect the course of sex chromosome evolution, for instance by altering the strength of sexually antagonistic selection. However, there have been few studies of sex chromosomes in systems where such transitions have been documented. The European tadpole shrimp, Triops cancriformis, has undergone a transition from dioecy to androdioecy (a sexual system where hermaphrodites and males coexist), offering an excellent opportunity to test the impact of this transition on the evolution of sex chromosomes. To identify sex-linked markers, to understand mechanisms of sex determination and to investigate differences between sexual systems, we carried out a genome-wide association study using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) of 47 males, females and hermaphrodites from one dioecious and one androdioecious population. We analysed 22.9 Gb of paired-end sequences and identified and scored >3000 high coverage novel genomic RAD markers. Presence–absence of markers, single-nucleotide polymorphism association and read depth identified 52 candidate sex-linked markers. We show that sex is genetically determined in T. cancriformis, with a ZW system conserved across dioecious and androdioecious populations and that hermaphrodites have likely evolved from females. We also show that the structure of the sex chromosomes differs strikingly, with a larger sex-linked region in the dioecious population compared with the androdioecious population.
Data from: Multiple origins of sex chromosome fusions correlated with chiasma localization in Habronattus jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Entelegyne spiders rarely show fusions yielding neo-Y chromosomes, which M. J. D. White attributed to a constraint in spiders, namely their proximal chiasma localization acting to upset meiotic segregation in males with fusions. Of the 75 taxa of Habronattus and outgroups studied, 47 have X1X20 sex chromosomes in males, 10 have X1X2Y, 15 have X1X2X3Y, 2 have X0, and one has both X1X20 and X1X2X3Y. Chromosome numbers and behavior suggest neo-Ys formed by an autosome-X fusion to make X1X2Y, with a second fusion to an autosome to make X1X2X3Y. Phylogeny shows at least 8-15 gains (or possibly some losses) of neo-Y (i.e. X-autosome fusions), a remarkable number for such a small clade. In contrast to the many X-autosome fusions, at most one autosome-autosome fusion is indicated. Origins of neo-Y are correlated significantly with distal localization of chiasmata, supporting White's hypothesis that evolution of neo-Y systems is facilitated by looser pairing (distal chiasmata) at meiosis. However, an alternative (or contributing) explanation for the correlation is that X-autosome fusions were selected to permit isolation of male-favored alleles to the neo-Y chromosome, aided by distal chiasmata limiting recombination. This intralocus sexual conflict hypothesis could explain both the many X-autosome fusions, and the stunning complexity of male Habronattus courtship displays.
Data from: Sex-chromosome differentiation and 'sex races' in the common frog (Rana temporaria)
Sex-chromosome differentiation was recently shown to vary among common frog populations in Fennoscandia, suggesting a trend of increased differentiation with latitude. By rearing families from two contrasted populations (respectively, from northern and southern Sweden), we show this disparity to stem from differences in sex-determination mechanisms rather than in XY-recombination patterns. Offspring from the northern population display equal sex ratios at metamorphosis, with phenotypic sexes that correlate strongly with paternal LG2 haplotypes (the sex chromosome); accordingly, Y haplotypes are markedly differentiated, with male-specific alleles and depressed diversity testifying to their smaller effective population size. In the southern population, by contrast, a majority of juveniles present ovaries at metamorphosis; only later in development do sex ratios return to equilibrium. Even at these later stages, phenotypic sexes correlate only mildly with paternal LG2 haplotypes; accordingly, there are no recognizable Y haplotypes. These distinct patterns of gonadal development fit the concept of 'sex races' proposed in the 1930s, with our two populations assigned to the 'differentiated' and 'semi-differentiated' races, respectively. Our results support the suggestion that 'sex races' differ in the genetic versus epigenetic components of sex determination. Analysing populations from the 'undifferentiated race' with high-density genetic maps should help to further test this hypothesis.
Mitonuclear interactions alter sex-specific longevity in a species without sex chromosomes
<p>Data submission accompanies a manuscript submitted to Proceedings of the Royal Society B entitled "Mitonuclear interactions alter sex-specific longevity in a species without sex chromosomes" by Flanagan, Li, and Edmands. Data files include longevity, mtDNA content, DNA damage, and sample information. All analyses are performed in a single R Markdown file.</p>
Figure 1 in Sex chromosome polymorphism in Bulgarian populations of Microtus guentheri (Danford & Alston, 1880)
Figure 1. Topographic location of the investigated population: 1 – Eastern Rodop Mountains (Latitude 41° 229 North; Longitude 26° 289 East), 2 – Strandzha Mountain (Latitude 42° 559 North; Longitude 27° 519 East).
Supporting data for: Gene-rich UV sex chromosomes harbor conserved regulators of sexual development (Carey et al., 2021)
<p>Non-recombining sex chromosomes, like the mammalian Y, often lose genes and accumulate transposable elements, a process termed degeneration. The correlation between suppressed recombination and degeneration is clear in animal XY systems, but the absence of recombination is confounded with other asymmetries between the X and Y. In contrast, UV sex chromosomes, like those found in bryophytes, experience symmetrical population genetic conditions. Here we generate and use nearly gapless female and male chromosome-scale reference genomes of the moss <i>Ceratodon purpureus </i>to test for degeneration in the bryophyte UV sex chromosome system. We show the moss sex chromosomes evolved over 300 million years ago and expanded via two chromosomal fusions. Although the sex chromosomes show signs of weaker purifying selection than autosomes, we find suppressed recombination alone is insufficient to drive gene loss on sex-specific chromosomes. Instead, the U and V sex chromosomes harbor thousands of broadly-expressed genes, including numerous key regulators of sexual development across land plants.</p>
Endocrine, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Immunological Aspects of Sex Chromosome Abnormalities in Relation to Genotype
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05425953. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 9.
The Clinical Study of Sex Chromosome Variants
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01661010. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: Sequential turnovers of sex chromosomes in African clawed frogs (Xenopus) suggest some genomic regions are good at sex determination
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Data from: Feminizing Wolbachia endosymbiont disrupts maternal sex chromosome inheritance in a butterfly species
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Data from: The genetic contribution to sex determination and number of sex chromosomes vary among populations of common frogs (Rana temporaria)
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Fitness consequences of a non-recombining sex-ratio drive chromosome can explain its prevalence in the wild
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Data from: Sex-chromosome differentiation parallels post-glacial range expansion in European tree frogs (Hyla arborea).
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Data from: Transition in sexual system and sex chromosome evolution in the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis
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Data from: Sex-chromosome differentiation and ‘sex races’ in the common frog (Rana temporaria)
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Data from: Gene flow mediates the role of sex chromosome meiotic drive during complex speciation
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Data from: Opposing patterns of intraspecific and interspecific differentiation in sex chromosomes and autosomes
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Data from: Sex-chromosome recombination in common frogs brings water to the fountain-of-youth
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Data from: Multiple origins of sex chromosome fusions correlated with chiasma localization in Habronattus jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
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