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Fig. 3 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 3. Histological sections of femora PM TSU 16/0-55 (A) and PM TSU 16/0-56 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage; about 30% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1), close-up of the cortex (A2), and histological overview of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A3) and without lambda waveplate (A4). Note the presence of erosion bays, secondary bone, and LAGs (white arrows). Microanatomical overview (B1) and close-up of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (B2). Note the presence of erosion bays. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; LAGs, lines of arrested growth; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 5 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 5. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/16 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 40–45% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone.

Fig. 4 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 4. Histological sections of femur PM TSU 16/0-54 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 30–35% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2–A4). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 2 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 2. Histological sections of the smallest femur PM TSU 120-Sh3-125 (<20% of maximal femoral size) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; hatchling stage, under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Microanatomical (A1) and histological (A2) overview of the cortex showing primary highly vascularized bone. Note the presence of radial primary osteons and primary vascular canals. Close-up of the cortex, showing predominantly reticular orientation of the primary osteons and primary vascular canals (A3). Details of the composition of the primary bone tissues of the cortex (A4). Note the presence of the incipient fibrolamellar complex. Abbreviations: lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteon; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; wb, woven bone.

Fig. 1 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic outline of the femur of Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia, indicating the relative positions of sections taken for histological examination. A. Sections taken from specimens from Paleontological Museum of Tomsk State University (PM TSU). B. Sections taken from specimens from Kuzbass State Museum of Local Lore (KOKM).

Fig. 13 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 13. Restoration of the conch of Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949 from the Ust-kut Formation of Siberia, with hypothetical subspherical apex based mostly on ZPAL N. IV/4 (Fig. 5A). A. Septum in proximal view. B. Conch in lateral view with the body and proximal part of sipho exposed. C. The body and a portion of sipho in dorsal view.

Fig. 10 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 10. Contours of all the ellesmeroceratid nautiloid conchs (interpreted below as Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949) from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia, superimposed on the most complete specimen ZPAL N. IV/4 (Fig. 5A).

Fig. 9 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 9. Apical parts of ellesmeroceratid nautiloid conchs (interpreted below as Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949) from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A, B. ZPAL N. IV/11 and 117, respectively; conchs with low expansion rate rate in lateral (A1, B1) and dorsal (A2, B2) views. C–E. ZPAL N. IV/103, 18, and 114, respectively; conchs with high expansion rate rate in lateral (C1, D, E2), ventral (C2), and dorsal (E1) views.

Fig. 6 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 6. Suture lines of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A–H. ZPAL N. IV/109, 111, 10, 27, 56, 51, 48, and 9, respectively. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 1. Loose block No. 1 of a stromatolitic limestone with abundant nautiloid conchs of the Ust-kut Formation (latest Furongian or earliest Tremadocian) found on the left bank of the Angara River at the former village Pashino. A. The block partially exploited for fossils. B. Stromatolite columns with empty cavities and a laminar cover above. C. A piece of the rock with exposed nautiloids. D. Polished rock surface (note similarity of the specimen in the middle to the holotype of Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949). E. Naturally abraded upper surface of the stromatolite columns.

Fig. 12 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 12. Relationships between the basic conch geometry aspects of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A. With an increase of septum depth its obliquity increases even stronger but the correlation is rather loose. B. If non-linear correspondence to ontogeny of these phragmocone aspects is ignored, the pattern of variability appears roughly unimodal. C–E. Also the distribution of indices of the living chamber elongation, septum inclination and depth does not reveal any multimodality. The regression lines in A and B are intuitive (drawn by hand and not computed) because only one dimension (aperture height) is measurable in smallest conchs.

Fig. 11 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 11. Ontogenetic change of conch geometry aspects of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. Aperture height is used as a measure of an individual age. A–C. Characters with linear growth pattern. D–G. Characters with non-linear growth pattern. The regression lines are intuitive (drawn by hand and not computed) because only one dimension (aperture height) is measurable in smallest conchs.

Fig. 7 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 7. Medial sections of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids interpreted below as Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949, from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A, B. Mature phragmocones with moderately oblique septa, ZPAL N. IV/14 and 15, respectively. C. Almost complete juvenile phragmocone ZPAL N. IV/92 showing extend of diaphragms in the siphuncle. D–G. Apical parts of phragmocones (not strictly medial sections), ZPAL N. IV/115, 118, 121, and 125, respectively. H. Mature phragmocone ZPAL N. IV/16 with extremely oblique septa. I. Straight part of the phragmocone ZPAL N. IV/17 with oblique diaphragms. Wet ground surfaces (A1, B, C1, D–G, H1, I) and acetate peels (A2, C2, H2).

Fig. 2 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 2. Exposure of the source strata for the blocks with nautiloids found a few kilometers upstream the Angara River. A. Transition from the Ust-kut to Iya Formation. B. Top of the limestone succession of the Ust-kut Formation. C. Columnar stromatolite and limestone of the Ust-kut Formation. D. Field sketch of the section showing position of conodont samples and probable correspondence between the strata exposed and the loose blocks.

Fig. 3 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 3. Conodonts from the probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation from the exposure at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia, samples Ang-4, block No. 1 (A–E; Fig. 1) and Ang-1, topmost limestone layer (F–N; Fig. 2B). A, K–N. Utahconus(?) eurypterus (Abaimova, 1971), ZPAL N. IV/163, 168, 169, 170, and 172, respectively. B–J. Laurentoscandodus triangularis (Furnish, 1938), ZPAL N. IV/165, 166, 167, 173, 174, 175, 177, and 176, respectively; in posterior views, except for medial view in L1 and occlusals view in M1 and N2. Tentative identification of elements locations indicated S, S0, M, P.

Fig. 4 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 4. Benthic bellerophontid and monoplacophoran molluscs from the probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation from the exposure at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia; samples Ang-4, block No. 1 (A, B, D) and Ang-1, topmost limestone bed (C, E–I). A, B. Sinuitopsis sp. nov., ZPAL N. IV/154 and 155, in external (A1, B1) and lateral (A2, B2) views. C. Bellerophontid gen. et sp. nov. ZPAL N. IV/156, in lateral (C1) and external (C2) views. D. Hypseloconid ZPAL N. IV/157, in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Monoplacophoran? ZPAL N. IV/158, in dorsal (E1) and lateral (E2) views. F–I. Phosphatised conchs of juvenile individuals probably representing the same species as that on C; ZPAL NIV/162, 161, 160, and 159, respectively, in lateral (F1, H, and I) and apertural (F2, G) views.

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Fig.1 in Natural And Historical Aspects Of The Origin And Functioning Of Urban Mammals In Western Siberia, Russia And Uzbekistan

Fig.1. Yamal - Tashkent Transect (70+5° E, ca. 2200 miles). The studied cities are marked with black circles, their size depending on the number of inhabitants.

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Fig. 2 in Natural And Historical Aspects Of The Origin And Functioning Of Urban Mammals In Western Siberia, Russia And Uzbekistan

Fig. 2. The similarity of small mammalian communities from different structural-functional zones of cities by species composition.

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FIGURE 27 in New findings of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis in Siberia

FIGURE 27. Indexes of the lower deciduous teeth of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis and Coelodonta antiquitatis from Siberian, European, and Chinese regions.