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Fig. 1 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 1. Stratigraphical sequence of the Spinograptus species, with new data from this paper and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 1997: fig. 12. The ranges of Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) and S. clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 reach the Saetograptus linearis–Monograptus ceratus Biozone in the Arctic Canada (Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2004), which is not marked herein.

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Fig. 3 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 3. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. rhabdosomes (A–D) showing thecal membranes (brown) and Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) (E, F) showing morphological details. A, B, D. Fragments of rhabdosomes from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/2, well preserved proximal end and three pairs of thecae obverse (A1) and reverse (A2) views, metasicula arrowed. B. ZPAL G. 47/3, tuboid distal theca arrowed. D. ZPAL G. 47/4, well preserved membranes and tuboid distal theca. C. Finite rhabdosome, holotype from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1267.0 m), Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/1, obverse view with isolated distal theca (arrow). E. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1250.0 m) Neodiversograptus nilssoni–Lobograptus progenitor Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/12, morphology of ventral wall. F. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Jarosławiec K2, ZPAL G. 47/11, young rhabdosome, dotted lines show possible broken spines. Light microscope pictures (A–D), SEM pictures (E, F).

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Fig. 4 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 4. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/6, paratype, distal end of rhabdosome with three well preserved thecae on one side and small appendix; distal view (A1), view towards the inside of last theca (A2), lateral view of whole specimen (A3), stereopair of the better preserved thecae (A4). B. ZPAL G. 47/7, distal end of rhabdosome with two last thecae and terminal structure; distal view of the whole fragment (B1); view to the inside of last theca (B2); terminal structure (B3).

Fig. 10. A in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 10. A. Holotype of Pomerantsoceras pollux "var. castor" (Barrande, 1866). Specimen NM−L 571, in lateral (A1) and ventral (A2) views, and detail of the siphuncle (A3); Butovice Na Břekvici Section, Colonograptus colonus Zone, Gorstian, Ludlow. B. Holotype of Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). Specimen NM−L 570, in lateral view showing diagenetic rupture of the shell (B1); and lateral (B2, B4) and ventral (B3) views. Malá Chuchle, Vyskočilka locality, Testograptus testis, Homerian, Wenlock. Specimens A1, A2, and B1 are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 7. Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). Specimen CGU SM 321, in lateral (A, C), ventral (B), and dorsal (D) views. Lochkov, Nad ubikacemi Section, Monograptus latilobus Zone, Ludfordian, Ludlow. Photographed in alcohol.

Fig. 6 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 6. Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). Specimen CGU SM 323, the body chamber, in dorsal (A), lateral (B), ventral (C), and lateral (D) views. Lochkov, Nad ubikacemi Section, Monograptus latilobus Zone, Ludfordian, Ludlow. Photographed in alcohol.

Fig. 3 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 3. Comparison of the smallest and largest nautiloids in Butovice Na břekvici Section, Ludlow, Gorstian, Colonograptus colonus Zone (A) and Lochkov Nad ubikacemi Section, Ludlow, Ludfordian, Monograptus latilobus Zone (B).

Fig. 9 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 9. Shell malformations in Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). A. Specimen CGU SM 318 with a false rib at the base of body chamber, in lateral (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. Specimen CGU SM 316, body chamber with conchal furrow−like malformation, in ventral view. C. Specimen NM−L 571, anomalous septal growth, in lateral view (C1), and detail of youngest phragmocone chamber with a pair of pits, in lateral view (C2). All figured specimens come from Butovice Na Břekvici Section, Colonograptus colonus Zone, Gorstian, Ludlow. Each specimen is coated with ammonium chloride.

Fig. 8 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 8. Sketches of the colour pattern in Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). A. Specimen SM 319, Kační Quarry. B. Specimen CGU SM 322, Nad ubikacemi Section. C. Specimen CGU SM 323, Nad ubikacemi Section. D. Specimen CGU SM 321, Nad ubikacemi Section.

Fig. 2 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 2. Shell size of nautiloids: shell height (axis x), length of body chamber (axis x), and shell length (diameter of circle), Butovice Na břekvici Section, Ludlow, Gorstian, Colonograptus colonus Zone (A) and Lochkov Nad ubikacemi Section, Ludlow, Ludfordian, Monograptus latilobus Zone (B). Data from Barrande (1865–1877) and author's collection. Note that Pomerantsoceras in both assemblages is the smallest nautiloid. The largest present nautiloids, tarpyhcerids Uranoceras and Boionautilus are all closely related taxa, as suggested by Turek (2008).

Fig. 1. A in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 1. A. Distribution of Silurian rocks in the eastern part of the Prague Synform and position of named localities (see Kříž 1992, Röhlich 2007). B. Butovice, Kační Quarry−Na břekvici Section, stratigraphy, graptolite zones, lithology (adopted from Kříž 1992, Kříž et al. 1993) and range of Pomerantsoceras pollux. C. Lochkov, Nad ubikacemi Section, stratigraphy, graptolite zones, lithology and range of Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). Abbreviations: C. lundgreni, Cyrtograptus lundgreni; C. colonus, Colonograptus colonus; N. kozlow., Neocuculograptus kozlowskii, M., Monograptus; P., Pristiograptus.

Fig. 5 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 5. Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). Specimen CGU SM 322, in lateral (A, C), dorsal (B), and ventral (D) views. Lochkov, Nad ubikacemi Section, Monograptus latilobus Zone, Ludfordian, Ludlow. Photographed in alcohol.

Fig. 4 in Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual colour patterns

Fig. 4. Pomerantsoceras pollux (Barrande, 1866). Specimen CGU SM 319, the body chamber, in lateral (A), ventral (B), and dorsal (C) views. Kační Quarry, Testograptus testis Zone, Homerian, Wenlock. Photographed in alcohol.

Fig. 3 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 3. Silurian graptolite Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850). All collections from section RC01−2, 2.5 m, Rookery Creek, Cornwallis Island. A. Largest specimen, stereopair profile and ventro−lateral view, GSC34914; A1, profile view; A2, ventro−lateral view showing long, laterally projecting thecal spines. B. Stereopair of specimen with very strong dorsal flexure and prominent keel−like protuberance at point of flexure, GSC34915. C. Lateral and ventro−distal view of specimen, GSC34916; C1, with strongly dorsally flexed nema; C2, nema strongly ventrally flexed. D. Various views of specimen GSC34917; D1, dorso−lateral view stereopair; D2, ventro−lateral view stereopair showing prominent keel−like protuberance at point of flexure; D3, ventral view; D4, dorso−lateral view, V−shaped protuberance at point of flexure. E. Steropair of specimen with strong ventral flexure and prominent protuberance distal of sicular tip, GSC34918. F. Dorso−lateral and lateral views of specimen, GSC34919; F1, dorso−lateral view showing prominent flexure; F2, profile view. Scale bars 500 µm.

Fig. 4 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 4. Silurian graptolites Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850) (A, B) and Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871) (C–F) in direct comparison. Specimens from SB−E, 49 m, Snowblind Creek, Cornwallis Island. A. Fragment of specimen with pseudovirgula development, GSC34920; A1, stereopair showing isolated nema; A2, enlargement to show nema area, and infilling between pseudovirgula and nema. B. Stereopair of dorso−lateral view of specimen with free nema and subsequent development of rhabdosome via a pseudovirgula, GSC34921. (C–F) Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871); from CP98, 6.4 m, Cape Phillips, Cornwallis Island (C, F) and from CM3, 6.1 m, Cape Manning Cornwallis Island (D, E). C. Extremely well−preserved specimen, showing blunt−ended sicula and flexure; note well−developed rutellum, GSC34922. D. Ventro−lateral view of well−preserved specimen showing four complete thecae, GSC34923. E. Infrared image showing strongly curved sicula, GSC34924. F. Views of a specimen showing a pseudovirgula (arrows) and exceptionally long rutellum, GSC34925; F1, distal view enlargement; F2, SEM image; F3, infrared image.

Fig. 2 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 2. Silurian graptolites Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871) (A, B) and Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850) (C–F) in direct comparison. Chemically cleared and infrared views of specimens from collection SJF−02, talus nodule 2A, Cape Sir John Franklin, Devon Island. A. Variously oriented views of specimens with two developed thecae and common canal of theca 3, GSC34908; A1, profile view; A2, enlargement showing normal porus; A3, dorso−lateral view; A4, ventro−lateral view. B. Ventral and lateral views of specimen, GSC34909; B1, ventral view showing tip of sicula (clear region) and well marked thickened interthecal septum (arrow); B2, profile showing well−developed nema. (C–F) Testograptus testis (Barrande, 1850). Chemically cleared and infrared images of specimens from collection RC01−2, 2.5 m, Rookery Creek, Cornwallis Island. C. Largest specimen profile showing deflexed nema distal of sicula tip, and hollow, keel−like protuberance distal of sicula tip (arrow), GSC34910. D. Profile of specimen with only gentle ventral flexure and moderately curved sicula, GSC34911. E. Near−profile view of specimen and enlargement of distal end of sicular region, GSC34913; E1, profile view of cleared specimen; E2, enlargement showing normal porus. F. Specimen with well−preserved two proximal thecae, strong ventral flexure, and hollow protuberance (arrow) distal of tip of sicula, GSC34913. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 1 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 1. Silurian graptolite Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871). All collections from SJF−02, nodule 2A. A. Full profile of specimen showing theca 1 arising out of sicula very close to aperture and strong ventral flexures of nema and sicular threads, GSC34900. B. Full profile and slightly oblique view of specimen GSC 34901; B1, stereopair; B2, full profile. C. Stereopair, ventro−lateral view of specimen with complete theca 1 and protheca of theca 2, and showing free tip of sicula (arrow), GSC 34902. D. Specimen with four complete thecae and protheca of theca 5, GSC34903. E. Stereopair showing two fully developed thecae and protheca of theca 3; note well−developed rutellum, GSC34904. F. Full profile stereopair showing abrupt flexure of nema away from tip of sicula, GSC34905. G. Oblique view stereopair showing three fully developed thecae and the common canal leading to theca 4 (arrow), GSC34906. H. Stereopair distal view of fully developed thecae and protheca of theca 4, and well−developed rutellum and protuberance of sicula tip, GSC34907. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 5 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 5. Line drawings of four monograptid species to compare thecal characteristics. A. Monograptus? cf. ayagusensis (Obut and Sobolevskaya, 1966) compressed mature specimen from Twilight Creek (TC), Bathurst Island, TC 27.5 m (Melchin 1989) showing thecae very similar to those seen in Cochlograptus veles, GSC34926. B. Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871), compressed mature specimen from Twilight Creek, Bathurst Island, TC 27 m (Melchin 1989), ROM46027. C. Testograptus testis incomptus (Lenz and Melchin, 1991) holotype, compressed specimen from Rookery Creek (RC), Cornwallis Island, RC 284 m (Lenz and Melchin 1991: figs. 7B, 17I), GSC95423. D. Monograptus flemingii (Salter, 1852), compressed specimen from Prairie Creek (PC), Northwest Territories, PC 210 m (Lenz 1988: pl. 1: A), GSC91494.

Fig. 6 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites

Fig. 6. Cladogram of nine species; Stimuolograptus sedgwickii used as the outgroup. Bootstrap analysis shows that all dichotomous branches have 80% or greater bootstrap support except the Monograptus flemingi–Testograptus testis subclade, which is 74%.