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Fig. 8 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America

Fig. 8. Mazax spinosa (Simon, 1898). A–C, G–H. ♀ (IBSP-221867). D–F, I–J. ♂ (IBSP-221906). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Dorsal view. E. Lateral view (black arrow indicates AS II). F. Ventral view. G. Epigyne, ventral view. H. Same, dorsal view. I. Palp, ventral view. J. Same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; CP = chemocensory patch; E = embolus; FD = fertilization duct; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; ST I = primary spermatheca; ST II = secondary spermatheca. Scales: 0.5 mm.

TABLE 5 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 5 — Fossil locations from Southern South America and age in million of years.Studied geological formations and sites used for comparison in the discussion.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Fossil Site</b></th><th><b>Geological Formation</b></th><th><b>Age (Ma)</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Pico Quemado</th><td>Ñirihuau</td><td>middle Miocene?</td><td>Caviglia 2018</td></tr><tr><th>Cancha Carreras, Estancia Tres Marías</th><td>Río Guillermo</td><td>≤21.7 ± 0.3 to ≤23.5 ± 0.3</td><td>Fosdick <i>et al.</i> 2011; 2015a, b</td></tr><tr><th>Aluminé Basin</th><td>Rancahué</td><td>25.0 ± 1.4 to 26.0 ± 1.5</td><td>Brea <i>et al.</i> 2015; Franzese <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Sierra Baguales</th><td>Río Leona</td><td>33.0 ± 2.8</td><td>Gutiérrez <i>et al.</i> 2017, 2019</td></tr><tr><th>Upper Río Turbio</th><td>Río Turbio</td><td>≤26.6 ± 0.2 to ≤33.4 to</td><td>Fosdick <i>et al.</i> 2015a</td></tr><tr><th>Lower Río Turbio</th><td>Río Turbio</td><td>≤46.3 ± 1.3 to ≤47.1 ± 2.7</td><td>Fosdick <i>et al.</i> 2015a</td></tr><tr><th>Río Pichileufú</th><td>Ventana</td><td>47.46 ± 0.05</td><td>Wilf <i>et al.</i> 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Laguna del Hunco</th><td>La Huitrera</td><td>51.91 ± 0.22</td><td>Wilf <i>et al.</i> 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Ligorio Márquez</th><td>Ligorio Márquez</td><td><57</td><td>Suárez <i>et al.</i> 2000; Hinojosa 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Palacio de los Loros</th><td>Salamanca</td><td>61.7</td><td>Iglesias <i>et al.</i> 2007</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 2 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 2 — Estimated values of temperature and precipitation for the upper Río Turbio Formation member. *Scarce fossil material.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Upper RTF</b></th><th></th><th><b>Equation</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>R</b> <b>2</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>15.3</td><td colspan="2">MAT = 3.25 + 0.24*% non-tooth CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.1°C</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>14.3</td><td>MAT = 26.03pE + 1.31</td><td>SA</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8°C</td><td>Hinojosa <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>14.8</td><td>MAT = 0.204*E + 4.6</td><td>LMA</td><td>0.58</td><td>4.8°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>*</td><td>Ln(MAP) = 1.63 + 0.49*MLnA</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.6</td><td>Ln(0.5) cm</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>*</td><td>lnMAP = 0.283(MlnA) + 2.92</td><td>LAA</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.61</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 3 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 3 — Estimated values of temperature and precipitation for the Río Guillermo Formation.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>RGF</b></th><th></th><th><b>Equation</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>R</b> <b>2</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>5.3</td><td>MAT = 3.25 + 0.24*% non-tooth</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.1°C</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>3.5</td><td>MAT = 26.03pE + 1.31</td><td>SA</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8°C</td><td>Hinojosa <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>6.3</td><td>MAT = 0.204E + 4.6</td><td>LMA</td><td>0.58</td><td>4.8°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>682</td><td>Ln(MAP) = 1.63 + 0.49*MLnA</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.6</td><td>Ln(0.5) cm</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>829</td><td>lnMAP = 0.283(MlnA) + 2.92</td><td>LAA</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.61</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 1 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 1 — Estimated values of temperature and precipitation for the lower Río Turbio Formation member.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Lower RTF</b></th><th></th><th><b>Equation</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>R</b> <b>2</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>16.5</td><td>MAT = 3.25 + 0.24*% non-tooth</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.1°C</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>15.7</td><td>MAT = 26.03pE + 1.31</td><td>SA</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8°C</td><td>Hinojosa <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>15.6</td><td>MAT = 0.204E + 4.6</td><td>LMA</td><td>0.58</td><td>4.8°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>16.9</td><td>See manuscript (1)</td><td>DiLP</td><td>0.7</td><td>4°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>1764</td><td>Ln(MAP) = 1.63 + 0.49*MLnA</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.6</td><td>Ln(0.5) cm</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>1435</td><td>lnMAP = 0.283(MlnA) + 2.92</td><td>LAA</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.61 cm</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>1303</td><td>See manuscript (2)</td><td>DiLP</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.6 cm</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Lesser Yellowlegs location data describing the occurrence of birds within harvest zones in the Caribbean and South America

<p>Shorebirds have experienced a precipitous reduction in abundance over the past four decades. While some threats to shorebirds are widespread (e.g. habitat alteration), others are regional and may affect specific populations. Lesser Yellowlegs (<i>Tringa flavipes</i>) are long-distance migrants that breed across the North American boreal biome and have declined in abundance by 60-80% since the 1970s. The documented harvest of Lesser Yellowlegs in the Caribbean and northeastern South America during southward migration is a possible limiting factor for the species, but it is unknown to what extent birds from different breeding origins may be affected. To address the question of differential occurrence in harvest zones during southward migration, we used PinPoint GPS Argos transmitters to track the southward migrations of 85 adult Lesser Yellowlegs from across the species' breeding range and 80° of longitude from Anchorage, Alaska, USA to the Mingan Archipelago, Quebec, Canada. We classified migratory locations as inside or outside three zones with high levels of harvest (Caribbean, coastal Guianas, and coastal Brazil) and then fit generalized additive mixed models to estimate the probability of occurrence of Lesser Yellowlegs in harvest zones according to their breeding origin. Individuals from the Eastern Canada population had a higher probability of occurrence within one or more harvest zones and remained in those zones longer than individuals breeding in Alaska and western Canada. Linear regressions also suggested that longitude of the breeding origin is an important predictor of occurrence in harvest zones during southward migration. Lastly, our findings, combined with other sources of evidence, suggest that current estimated harvest rates may exceed sustainable limits for Lesser Yellowlegs, which warrants further investigation.</p>

Fig. 7 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 7. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Jurubatiba National Park.A–C. First limb. A. Stiff seta on first endite. B. Stiff setae on second and third endites. C. Setae d–f on endite 2. D–G. Second limb. D. Partial view of the endite. E. Scraper 8. F–G. Gnathobase, arrow shows the position of fourth element. H–K. Third limb. H–I. Exopodite. J–K. Distal endite, arrows indicate the sensilla. L–N. Fourth limb. L. General view. M. Exopodite. N. Endite and gnathobase. O–P. Fifth limb. Q. Sixth limb. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Fig. 6 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 6. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Jurubatiba National Park. A. Valve. B–F. Close view of selected regions of valve margin, as defined in subfigure A (arrows indicate some fine details). G–H. Carapace ventral view. I. Postabdomen. J. Postabdominal claw. K. Basal spines of the claw (arrow). Scale bars: A, G, I = 100 µm; B–F, H, J–K = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 2. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from the Planície Costeira, Rio Grande do Sul (FDRS0696). A. Habitus, holotype. B–C. Lateral view, shape variation of carapace. D. Ventral view. E. Dorsal view. F. Outwardly directed setae. G. Plumose and ventrally directed setae. H. Horn-like outgrowth anterior to labrum. I. Dorsal organ. J. Antennule. K. Idem, inner surface. L. Antenna. M. Idem, first segment of exopodite, distal outer spine and inner sensory seta on basal segment. N. Idem, lateral seta of first segment of endopodite, armature detail. O–P. Morphology of apical setae of endopodite and exopodite. Q. Maxilla. R. Idem, short crown-like seta.

Fig. 4 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 4. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from the Planície Costeira, Rio Grande do Sul. A. Lateral view of postabdomen. B. Apical view of postabdomen. C. Basal spines variation. D. Detail of postabdominal setae showing difference between proximal and distal segment.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of species of Acantholeberis Lilljeborg, 1853 in South America. Black triangles represent previous records of A. smirnovi Paggi & Herrera-Martinez, 2020 (Paggi & Herrera-Martinez 2020). Asterisks show records of A. accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov.

Fig. 18 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 18. Milnesium irenae sp. nov. A, C. Holotype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 1657-1). B. Paratype, ♀ (UNLPam 1430-3). D. Paratype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 1603-3). Claws and leg characters. A. Leg II; the white arrowhead indicates a lunule, the black arrowhead indicates the leg cuticular bar. B. Legs II; the black arrow indicates primary branch accessory points. C. Legs IV; the white arrowhead indicates a lunule. D. Legs IV, magnified; the white arrows indicate some tubercles. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 11 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 11. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (slide No. MCNS tar. 000021-3). Overview of the ten bands of cuticular dimples from the head (above) to the caudal end of the body (below) A. First and second bands (roman numbers). B. Third and fourth bands (the fourth also shows in the centre several dimples with internal structures). C. Fifth and sixth bands. D. Seventh and eighth bands (the seventh also shows in the centre some dimples with internal structures). E. Ninth band. F. Tenth band. In all pictures (A–F) cuticular grooves are also visible. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 17 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 17. Milnesium irenae sp. nov. A. Holotype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 1657-1). B. Paratype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 1599-3). C. Paratype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 1656-3). Cephalic region. A. Buccal tube and the noticeable development of the stylets, their furcae and supports. B. The reduced medio-ventral peribuccal papilla (arrow) in a paratype. C. Another paratype showing the same structures as in A, illustrating clearly the whale-tail shaped stylet furcae; the peribuccal lamellae are partially visible. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 10 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 10. Semi-schematic drawing of pseudoplate configuration in the senior specimens of Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov.

Fig. 13 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 13. Milnesium irenae sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 1657-1). Habitus. Scale bar = 50 µm.

Fig. 16 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 16. Milnesium irenae sp. nov. A–B. Paratype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 1367-1). C. Paratype, ♀ (slide No. MCNS tar. 000023-2). D. Paratype, ♀ (slide No. UNICT 5899). Details of the cuticular ornamentation of the caudal segments (where it is more evident). A. Muscular attachments, grooves and rugosity arrangement, and, partially, the reticular pattern, are visible. B. Schematic drawing based on A, showing all components of the ornamentation: muscular attachments (arrows), grooves and rugosity system (in light grey) which forms crossings in some areas (arrowheads), reticular pattern. C. The reticular pattern is well visible. D. All cuticular sculpture components as in A are shown in another paratype. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 8 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 8. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (slide No. MCNS tar. 000021-3). Habitus. Scale bar = 50 µm.

Fig. 7 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 7. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov., paratype, young (slide No. UNLPam 503-1). Buccal tube and claws. A. Buccal tube and related structures. B. Claws of legs I; the black arrow indicates the accessory points, the black arrowhead indicates the leg cuticular bar. C. Claws of legs IV; the white arrowhead indicates a 'lunule'. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 5 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 5. Semi-schematic drawing of pseudoplate configuration in the young specimens of Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov.