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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

Supporting model output for article "Relative Impact of Sea Ice and Temperature Changes on Arctic Marine Production"

The following is a summary of processed model output data from a series of HiLAT model runs. A description of the model runs and visualization of model output and analysis can be found in the accompanying manuscript. Gibson, G.A., Weijer, W., Jeffery, N. and Wang, S (2020) Relative impact of sea ice and temperature changes on Arctic marine production. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005343 The model outputs and accompanying research was supported by the  National Science Foundation 173886 and by DOE | SC |Biological and Environmental Research (BER). There are 4 versions of most output file types, corresponding to the 4 experiments that were conducted. These experiments are: i) the baseline model simulation (Base); ii) a moderate ice reduction experiment (S1); iii) a dramatic ice reduction experiment (S2); and iv) an atmospheric warming scenario (RCP45). Each of the 4 experiments is described in detail in Gibson et al (2020). Many variables in the output files are regional averages where model regions are indicated by a number *note - for aesthetics, the numbering used in the model output files differs slightly from the numbering used in the accompanying manuscript.  Bering Sea =1 Chukchi Sea =2  East Siberian Sea =3 Laptev Sea =4  Beaufort Sea =5 Barents Sea =6 Canadian =7  Eurasian Basins =8  Nordic Seas =9 Labrador Sea=10 Kara Sea =11   Grid gx1v6_polar_mask.10.12.18.nc  This file is the original grid file used for all model runs with the addition of Arctic_Region and Antarctic_Polar_Front variables which indicates which grid cells are in the model regions described above.   Forcing ncep_RCP45 ncep.t_10.T62.*.nc where * is 1948-2009 These files contain the modified atmospheric forcing used for the RCP45 model experiment. The unmodified NCEP forcing is freely publically available elsewhere to not duplicated here   Ice Ice-Regional-Monthly-177-186-*.nc where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. These file contain the monthly averaged ice variables (ice area, ice algae production) for each model region for the last ten years of the model run.   cice-monthly-177-186-*.nc where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. These file are the monthly averaged output filed from the cice model. Variables are averaged over each model analysis region.   Ice_snow_depth_region_Avg-137-186-*.nc where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. These file contain the regionally averaged ice and snow depth for each analysis region.   IceVol_Base-137-186.nc Contains ice variable file for the baseline model run. Model contains ice variables hi and aice for every grid cell of the model domain. Ice volume was computed as hi * Tarea (from grid file).   Annual-SummerAvg-IceArea-177-186_*.nc  Where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. Each of these files contains the annual average ice area averaged over Summer months (JuneAugust) for last 10 years of model run (200-2009) for each grid cell in the HiLAT model   Ocean variables TempNitrate TEMP_NO-177-186.nc This file contains model estimates of temperature and nitrate for the baseline model run for model years 177-186 (2000-2009, the last en years of the model run) for the upper five model layers (500, 1500, 2500, 3500, 4500 cm).   CO2flux AnnAvgAllCflux*.nc Where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. Each of these files contains the annual average CO2 Flux for last 10 years of model run (200-2009) for each grid cell of the HiLAT model.   CO2flux_region_avg-177-186-*.nc  Where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. Each of these files contains the annual average CO2 Flux for last 10 years of model run (2000-2009) for each region of the HiLAT model.   Ocean Production OceanProd_Year-147-156-*.nc OceanProd_Year-157-166-*.nc OceanProd_Year-167-176-*.nc OceanProd_Year-177-186-*.nc Where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. These file contain the annual average vertically integrated ocean phytoplankton production for each grid cell. Each file contains 10 model years  is the sum of diatoms, diazotrophs, phaeocystis, and smaller phytoplankton. Region_production_by_phyto_group-diat_ps-137-186-*.nc Where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45. These file contain the annual average vertically integrated ocean phytoplankton production for each region. Each file contains group specific production for diatoms, diazotrophs, phaeocystis, and smaller phytoplankton. OceanProd_Daily-177-186-BASE.nc This file contains the daily average vertically integrated ocean phytoplankton production for each grid cell. The file contains 10 model years. Production is the sum of all four phytoplankton groups - diatoms, diazotrophs, phaeocystis, and smaller phytoplankton.   PAR PAR-MonthyAvg-177-168-*.nc Photosynthetically Active Radiation in the ocean. Where * indicates model run - Base, S1, S2 or RCP45.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Australian warming: observed change and global temperature targets

Data supporting paper submitted to Geophysical Research Letters

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

Correlation Analysis and Simulation Modeling of Land use Land Cover change and its Link with Land surface temperature

The uploaded data is related to LULC modeling. Data consist of driving variables and correlation analysis between LST and NDVI in different LULC classes.

Data from: Effects of temperature and drought on early life stages in three species of butterflies: mortality of early life stages as a key determinant of vulnerability to climate change?

Anthropogenic climate change poses substantial challenges to biodiversity conservation. Well-documented responses include phenological and range shifts, and declines in cold but increases in warm-adapted species. Thus, some species will suffer while others will benefit from ongoing change, although the biological features determining the prospects of a given species under climate change are largely unknown. By comparing three related butterfly species of different vulnerability to climate change, we show that stress tolerance during early development may be of key importance. The arguably most vulnerable species showed the strongest decline in egg hatching success under heat and desiccation stress, and similar pattern also for hatchling mortality. Research, especially on insects, is often focussed on the adult stage only. Thus, collating more data on stress tolerance in different life stages will be of crucial importance for enhancing our abilities to predict the fate of particular species and populations under ongoing climate change.

Data from: Evolutionary rescue and local adaptation under different rates of temperature increase: a combined analysis of changes in phenotype expression and genotype frequency in Paramecium microcosms

Evolutionary Rescue (ER) occurs when populations, which have declined due to rapid environmental change, recover through genetic adaptation. The success of this process and the evolutionary trajectory of the population strongly depend on the rate of environmental change. Here we investigated how different rates of temperature increase (from 23°C to 32°C) affect population persistence and evolutionary change in experimental microcosms of the protozoan Paramecium caudatum. Consistent with theory on ER, we found that those populations experiencing the slowest rate of temperature increase were the least likely to become extinct and tended to be the best adapted to the new temperature environment. All high-temperature populations were more tolerant to severe heat stress (35°C, 37°C), indicating a common mechanism of heat protection. High-temperature populations also had superior growth rates at optimum temperatures, leading to the absence of a pattern of local adaptation to control (23°C) and high-temperature (32°C) environments. However, high-temperature populations had reduced growth at low temperatures (5-9°C), causing a shift in the temperature niche. In part, the observed evolutionary change can be explained by selection from standing variation. Using mitochondrial markers, we found complete divergence between control and high-temperature populations in the frequencies of six initial founder genotypes. Our results confirm basic predictions of ER and illustrate how adaptation to an extreme local environment can produce positive as well as negative correlated responses to selection over the entire range of the ecological niche.

Data from: Seasonal variation in the biocontrol efficiency of bacterial wilt is driven by temperature-mediated changes in bacterial competitive interactions

1. Microbe-based biocontrol applications hold the potential to become an efficient way to control plant pathogen disease outbreaks in the future. However, their efficiency is still very variable, which could be due to their sensitivity to the abiotic environmental conditions. 2. Here we assessed how environmental temperature variation correlates with the Ralstonia pickettii, an endophytic bacterial biocontrol agent, ability to suppress Ralstonia solanacearum pathogen during different tomato crop seasons in China. 3. We found that the pathogen suppression was highest when the seasonal mean temperatures were around 20 °C and rapidly decreased with increasing mean crop season temperatures. Interestingly, low levels of disease incidence did not correlate with low pathogen or high biocontrol agent absolute densities. Instead, the biocontrol to pathogen density ratio was more important predictor of disease incidence levels between different crop season. To understand this mechanistically, we measured the growth and strength of competition between the biocontrol agent and the pathogen over a naturally occurring temperature gradient in vitro. We found that the biocontrol strain grew relatively faster at low, and the pathogen at high temperature ranges, and that similar to field experiments, pathogen suppression peaked at 20° C. 4. Together our results suggest that temperature-mediated changes in the strength of bacterial competition could potentially explain the variable R. solanacearum biocontrol outcomes between different crop seasons in China. 5. Synthesis and applications. Bacterial strains that can retain their functionality regardless of the environmental conditions (i.e. have flat reaction norms), could be good candidate species for developing more consistent biocontrol applications.

Data from: Continuous high and low temperature induced a decrease of photosynthetic activity and changes in the diurnal fluctuations of organic acids in Opuntia streptacantha

Opuntia plants grow naturally in areas where temperatures are extreme and highly variable in the day during the entire year. These plants survive through different adaptations to respond to adverse environmental conditions. Despite this capability, it is unknown how CAM photosynthetic activity and growth in Opuntia plantlets is affected by constant heat or cold. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the short-term effect of high (40°C) and low (4°C) continuous temperatures on the photosynthetic efficiency, the organic acid content (malic acid) and the relative growth rate (RGR) in seven-month-old Opuntia streptacantha plantlets during 5, 10, and 15 days. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis allowed us to determine that high temperatures negatively impact the photosynthetic efficiency of O. streptacantha plantlets, which exhibited the lowest values of maximum quantum efficiency of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm = 52%, Fv/F0 = 85%), operational quantum yield of PS (ΦPSII = 65%) and relative electron transport rate (rETR = 65%), as well as highest values of basal fluorescence (F0 = 226%) during 15 days of treatment. Similarly, low temperatures decreased Fv/Fm (16%), Fv/F0 (50%), ΦPSII and rETR (16%). High temperatures also decreased nocturnal acidification in approximately 34–50%, whereas low temperatures increased it by 30–36%. Additionally, both continuous temperatures affected drastically diurnal consumption of malic acid, which was related to a significant RGR inhibition, where the specific photosynthetic structure area component was the most affected. Our results allowed determining that, despite the high tolerance to extreme temperatures described for Opuntia plants, young individuals of O. streptacantha suffered photosynthetic impairment that led to the inhibition of their growth. Thus, the main findings reported in this study can help to predict the potential impact of climatic change on the establishment and survival of succulent species of arid and semiarid regions of Mexico.

opennotspecifiedDec 2005View details →

Fig. 2. Soil temperature changes from July 2003 in Trigonopeltastes delta (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) Larva Developing in a Bromeliad Terrarium

Fig. 2. Soil temperature changes from July 2003 to June 2004 at Wuhan, P. R. China.

opennotspecifiedDec 2005View details →

Fig. 2. Soil temperature changes from July 2003 in The Morphology and Temperature-dependent Development of Mylabris phalerata Pallas (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

Fig. 2. Soil temperature changes from July 2003 to June 2004 at Wuhan, P. R. China.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Land-use induced changes in extreme temperature predominantly influenced by downward longwave radiation

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opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Coupled changes in pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen impact the physiology and ecology of herbivorous kelp forest grazers

Understanding species' responses to upwelling may be especially important in light of ongoing environmental change. Upwelling frequency and intensity are expected to increase in the future, while ocean acidification and deoxygenation are expected to decrease the pH and dissolved oxygen of upwelled waters. However, the acute effects of a single upwelling event and the integrated effects of multiple upwelling events on marine organisms are poorly understood. Here, we use in situ measurements of pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen to characterize the covariance of environmental conditions within upwelling-dominated kelp forest ecosystems. We then test the effects of acute (0-3 days) and chronic (1-3 month) upwelling on the performance of two species of kelp forest grazers, the echinoderm, Mesocentrotus franciscanus, and the gastropod, Promartynia pulligo. We exposed organisms to static conditions in a regression design to determine the shape of the relationship between upwelling and performance and provide insights into the potential effects in a variable environment. We found that respiration, grazing, growth, and net calcification decline linearly with increasing upwelling intensity for M. francicanus over both acute and chronic timescales. Promartynia pulligo exhibited decreased respiration, grazing, and net calcification with increased upwelling intensity after chronic exposure, but we did not detect an effect over acute timescales or on growth after chronic exposure. Given the highly correlated nature of pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen in the California Current, our results suggest the relationship between upwelling intensity and growth in the 3-month trial could potentially be used to estimate growth integrated over long-term dynamic oceanographic conditions for M. franciscanus. Together, these results indicate current exposure to upwelling may reduce species performance and predicted future increases in upwelling frequency and intensity could affect ecosystem function by modifying the ecological roles of key species.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Avian seed dispersal may be insufficient for plants to track future temperature change on tropical mountains - data

Abstract Aim: Climate change causes species' range shifts globally. Terrestrial plant species often lag behind temperature shifts, and it is unclear to what extent animal-dispersed plants can track climate change. Here, we estimate the ability of bird-dispersed plant species to track future temperature change on a tropical mountain. Location: Tropical elevational gradient (500–3500 m a.s.l.) in the Manú biosphere reserve, Peru Time period: 1960–1990 to 2061–2080 Taxa: Fleshy-fruited plants, avian frugivores Methods: Using simulations based on the functional traits of avian frugivores and fruiting plants, we quantified the number of long-distance dispersal (LDD) events that woody plant species would require to track projected temperature shifts on a tropical mountain by the year 2070 under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5). We applied this approach to 343 bird-dispersed woody plant species. Results: Our simulations reveal that bird-dispersed plants differ in their climate-tracking ability, with large-fruited and canopy plants exhibiting a higher climate-tracking ability. Our simulations also suggest that even under scenarios of strong and intermediate mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (RCP 2.6 and 4.5), sufficient upslope dispersal would require several LDD events by 2070, which is unlikely for the majority of woody plant species. Furthermore, the ability of plant species to track future temperature changes increased in simulations with a low degree of trait matching between plants and birds, suggesting that plants in generalised seed-dispersal systems may be more resilient to climate change. Main conclusion: Our study illustrates how plant and animal functional traits can inform predictive models of species dispersal and range shifts under climate change and suggests that the biodiversity of tropical mountain ecosystems is highly vulnerable to future warming. The increasing availability of functional trait data for plants and animals globally will allow parameterisation of similar models for many other seed-dispersal systems.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Global change impacts on arid zone ecosystems: Seedling establishment processes are threatened by temperature and water stress

Recruitment for many arid-zone plant species is expected to be impacted by the projected increase in soil temperature and prolonged droughts associated with global climate change. As seed dormancy is considered a strategy to avoid unfavourable conditions, understanding the mechanisms underpinning vulnerability to these factors is critical for plant recruitment in intact communities, as well as for restoration efforts in arid ecosystems. This study determined the effects of temperature and water stress on recruitment processes in six grass species in the genus Triodia R.Br. from the Australian arid zone. Experiments in controlled environments were conducted on dormant and less-dormant seeds at constant temperatures of 25, 30, 35 and 40°C, under well-watered (Psisoil = -0.15 MPa) and water-limited (Psisoil = -0.35 MPa) conditions. Success at three key recruitment stages – seed germination, emergence and survival– and final seed viability of un-germinated seeds was assessed. For all species, less dormant seeds germinated to higher proportions under all conditions, however, subsequent seedling emergence and survival was higher in the more dormant seed treatment. An increase in temperature (35–40°C) under water-limited conditions caused 95–100% recruitment failure, regardless of the dormancy state. Ungerminated seeds maintained viability in dry soil, however, when exposed to warm (30-40°C) and well-watered conditions, loss of viability was greater from the less dormant seeds across all species. This work demonstrates that the transition from seed to established seedling is highly vulnerable to microclimatic constraints, and represents a critical filter for plant recruitment in the arid-zone. As we demonstrated temperature and water stress-driven mortality between seeds and established seedlings, understanding how these factors influence recruitment in other arid-zone species should be a high priority consideration for management actions to mitigate the impacts of global change on ecosystem resilience. The knowledge gained from these outcomes must be actively incorporated into restoration initiatives.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Global Maps of 21st-Century Land Surface Temperature Change

The introduction and methodology will be added after publication.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Appendix of "Extreme Precipitation Formation in the south Siberia and Mongolia: Wave Propagation Patterns and zonal Temperature Gradient Changes"

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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Attribution of daily ocean temperatures to climate change data

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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2014View details →

Data and codes for Toda et al. 2024 Walker circulation strengthening driven by sea surface temperature changes outside the tropics

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opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Skin temperature changes in wild chimpanzees upon hearing vocalizations of conspecifics

A growing trend of research using infrared thermography (IRT) has shown that changes in skin temperature, associated with activity of the autonomic nervous system, can be reliably detected in human and non-human animals. A contact-free method, IRT provides the opportunity to uncover emotional states in free-ranging animals during social interactions. Here, we measured nose and ear temperatures of wild chimpanzees of Budongo Forest, Uganda, when exposed to naturally occurring vocalizations of conspecifics. We found a significant temperature decrease over the nose after exposure to conspecifics' vocalizations, whereas we found a corresponding increase for ear temperature. Our study suggests that IRT can be used in wild animals to quantify changes in emotional states in response to the diversity of vocalizations, their functional significance and acoustical characteristics. We hope that it will contribute to more research on physiological changes associated with social interactions in wild animals.