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224 results for “Tradeoff”
Data from: Muscle tradeoffs in a power-amplified prey capture system
Should animals operating at great speeds and accelerations use fast or slow muscles? The answer hinges on a fundamental tradeoff: muscles can be maximally fast or forceful, but not both. Direct lever systems offer a straightforward manifestation of this tradeoff, yet the fastest organisms use power amplification, not direct lever action. Power-amplified systems typically use slow, forceful muscles to pre-load springs which then rapidly release elastic potential energy to generate high speeds and accelerations. However, a fast response to a stimulus may necessitate fast spring-loading. Across 22 mantis shrimp species (Stomatopoda), this study examined how muscle anatomy correlates with spring mechanics and appendage type. We found that muscle force is maximized through physiological cross-sectional area, but not through sarcomere length. Sit-and-wait predators had the shortest sarcomere lengths (fastest contractions) and the slowest strike speeds. The species that crush shells ("smashers") had the fastest speeds, most forceful springs and longest sarcomeres. The origin of the smasher clade yielded dazzlingly high accelerations, perhaps due to the release from fast spring-loading for evasive prey capture. This study offers a new window into the dynamics of force-speed tradeoffs in muscles in the biomechanical, comparative evolutionary framework of power-amplified systems.
Data from: Integrated metabolic strategy: a framework for predicting the evolution of carbon-water tradeoffs within plant clades
1. The fundamental tradeoff between carbon gain and water loss has long been predicted as an evolutionary driver of plant strategies across environments. Nonetheless, challenges in measuring carbon gain and water loss in ways that integrate over leaf lifetime have limited our understanding of the variation in and mechanistic bases of this tradeoff. Furthermore, the microevolution of plant traits within species versus the macroevolution of strategies among closely related species may not be same, and accordingly, the latter must be addressed using comparative phylogenetic analyses. 2. Here we introduce the concept of 'integrated metabolic strategy' (IMS) to describe the ratio between carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and oxygen isotope composition above source water (Δ18O) of leaf cellulose. IMS is a measure of a leaf-level conditions that integrate several mechanisms contributing to carbon gain (δ13C) and water loss (Δ18O) over leaf lifespan, with larger values reflecting higher metabolic efficiency and hence less of a trade-off. We tested how IMS evolves among closely related yet ecologically diverse milkweed species, and subsequently addressed phenotypic plasticity in response to water availability in species with divergent IMS. 3. IMS varied strongly among 20 Asclepias species when grown under controlled conditions, and phylogenetic analyses demonstrate species-specific tradeoffs between carbon gain and water loss. Larger IMS values were associated with species from dry habitats, with larger carboxylation capacity, smaller stomatal conductance and smaller leaves; smaller IMS was associated with wet habitats, smaller carboxylation capacity, larger stomatal conductance and larger leaves. The evolution of IMS was dominated by changes in species' demand for carbon (δ13C) more so than water conservation (Δ18O). Although some individual physiological traits showed phylogenetic signal, IMS did not. 4. In response to experimental decreases in soil moisture, three species maintained similar IMS across levels of water availability because of proportional increases in δ13C and Δ18O (or little change in either), while one species increased IMS due to disproportional changes in δ13C relative to Δ18O. 5. Synthesis: IMS is a broadly applicable mechanistic tool; IMS variation among and within species may shed light on unresolved questions relating to evolution and ecology of plant ecophysiological strategies.
Data from: The evolution of novel host use is unlikely to be constrained by tradeoffs or a lack of genetic variation
The genetic and ecological factors that shape the evolution of animal diets remain poorly understood. For herbivorous insects, the expectation has been that trade-offs exist, such that adaptation to one host plant reduces performance on other potential hosts. We investigated the genetic architecture of alternative host use by rearing individual Lycaeides melissa butterflies from two wild populations in a crossed design on two hosts (one native and one introduced) and analysing the genetic basis of differences in performance using genomic approaches. Survival during the experiment was highest when butterfly larvae were reared on their natal host plant, consistent with local adaptation. However, cross-host correlations in performance among families (within populations) were not different from zero. We found that L. melissa populations possess genetic variation for larval performance and variation in performance had a polygenic basis. We documented very few genetic variants with trade-offs that would inherently constrain diet breadth by preventing the optimization of performance across hosts. Instead, most genetic variants that affected performance on one host had little to no effect on the other host. In total, these results suggest that genetic trade-offs are not the primary cause of dietary specialization in L. melissa butterflies.
Data from: Natural variation in preparation for nutrient depletion reveals a cost-benefit tradeoff
Maximizing growth and survival in the face of a complex, time-varying environment is a common problem for single-celled organisms in the wild. When offered two different sugars as carbon sources, microorganisms first consume the preferred sugar, then undergo a transient growth delay, the "diauxic lag," while inducing genes to metabolize the less preferred sugar. This delay is commonly assumed to be an inevitable consequence of selection to maximize use of the preferred sugar. Contrary to this view, we found that many natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae display short or nonexistent diauxic lags when grown in mixtures of glucose (preferred) and galactose. These strains induce galactose utilization (GAL) genes hours before glucose exhaustion, thereby "preparing" for the transition from glucose to galactose metabolism. The extent of preparation varies across strains, and seems to be determined by the steady-state response of GAL genes to mixtures of glucose and galactose rather than by induction kinetics. Although early GAL gene induction gives strains a competitive advantage once glucose runs out, it comes at a cost while glucose is still present. Costs and benefits correlate with the degree of preparation: strains with higher expression of GAL genes prior to glucose exhaustion experience a larger upfront growth cost but also a shorter diauxic lag. Our results show that classical diauxic growth is only one extreme on a continuum of growth strategies constrained by a cost–benefit tradeoff. This type of continuum is likely to be common in nature, as similar tradeoffs can arise whenever cells evolve to use mixtures of nutrients.
Data from: Lifetime fitness in wild baboons: tradeoffs and individual heterogeneity in quality
Understanding the evolution of life histories requires information on how life histories vary among individuals, and how such variation predicts individual fitness. Using complete life histories for females in a well-studied population of wild baboons, we tested two non-exclusive hypotheses about the relationships among survival, reproduction, and fitness: the quality hypothesis, which predicts positive correlations between life history traits, mediated by variation in resource acquisition, and the tradeoff hypothesis, which predicts negative correlations between life history traits, mediated by tradeoffs in resource allocation. In support of the quality hypothesis, we found that females with higher rates of offspring survival were themselves better at surviving. Further, after statistically controlling for variation in female quality, we found evidence for two types of tradeoffs: females who produced surviving offspring at a slower rate had longer lifespans than those who produced surviving offspring at a faster rate, and females who produced surviving offspring at a slower rate had a higher overall proportion of offspring survive infancy than females who produced surviving offspring at a faster rate. Importantly, these tradeoffs were evident even when accounting for: (i) the influence of offspring survival on maternal birth rate, (ii) the dependence of offspring survival on maternal survival, and (iii) potential age-related changes in birth rate and/or offspring survival. Our results shed light on why tradeoffs are evident in some populations, while variation in individual quality masks tradeoffs in others.
Data from: Metabolic erosion primarily through mutation accumulation, and not tradeoffs, drives limited evolution of substrate specificity in Escherichia coli
Evolutionary adaptation to a constant environment is often accompanied by specialization and a reduction of fitness in other environments. We assayed the ability of the Lenski Escherichia coli populations to grow on a range of carbon sources after 50,000 generations of adaptation on glucose. Using direct measurements of growth rates, we demonstrated that declines in performance were much less widespread than suggested by previous results from Biolog assays of cellular respiration. Surprisingly, there were many performance increases on a variety of substrates. In addition to the now famous example of citrate, we observed several other novel gains of function for organic acids that the ancestral strain only marginally utilized. Quantitative growth data also showed that strains with higher mutation rate exhibited significantly more declines, suggesting that most metabolic erosion was driven by mutation accumulation and not by physiological tradeoffs. These reductions in growth by mutator strains were ameliorated by growth at lower temperature, consistent with the hypothesis that this metabolic erosion is largely caused by destabilizing mutations to the associated enzymes. We further hypothesized that reductions in growth rate would be greatest for substrates used most differently from glucose, and we used flux balance analysis to formulate this question quantitatively. To our surprise, we found no significant relationship between decreases in growth and dissimilarity to glucose metabolism. Taken as a whole, these data suggest that in a single resource environment, specialization does not mainly result as an inevitable consequence of adaptive tradeoffs, but rather due to the gradual accumulation of disabling mutations in unused portions of the genome.
Figure 6 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 6 Gantt chart showing tasks (T), milestones (M), and deliverables (D) as well as involvement of human resources according to the time plan – T, M and D are described in the text.
Figure 4 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 4 Example classifications of tradeoffs from the perspective of regional stewardship programs: Distributed: each ecosystem service category is 20-30% (exclusive); Emphasized: ≥ 1 category is 30-50% (exclusive); Dominant: one categories is >50%.
Figure 2 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 2 Two hypotheses regarding drivers of adaptation, illustrated by simulated effects of individual drivers on an adaptation index (see below Tasks 1.1, 1.2, 3.2 in the Work Plan). Categories of drivers distinguished by symbols: diamond (u) = science; square (■) = culture; circle (●) = climate; triangle (▲) = cross-border; and × = regional program capacity. Whiskers represent 95% Bayesian credibility intervals; open symbols illustrate significant positive effects. Cx = communication.
Figure 3 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 3 Two hypotheses regarding drivers of adaptation, illustrated by simulated values representing absence (A) or presence (B) of interactions between effects on an adaptation index (see below Tasks 1.1, 1.2, 3.2 in Work Plan). Simulated effects include progress toward adaptation by countries of focal regions and by neighbors of these regions. Categories of progress toward adaptation defined as 'more advanced' (at or above median index value) or 'less advanced' (below median index value). Whiskers represent 95% Bayesian credibility intervals; non-overlapping whiskers illustrate statistically significant contrasts.
Figure 1 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 1 Candidate drivers of adaptation by a program working at a regional scale, partially adapted from Figures 1.1 and 3.1 in Swart et al. (2009). This conceptual framework provides a basis for constructing hypotheses in this project. Each dashed border encapsulates a category of putative drivers. Neither relationships among individual drivers nor feedbacks between categories of drivers and adaptation actions are shown. Bolded boxes represent drivers that will be examined in this study. Underlined drivers can be at least partly informed from literature sources, whereas the remainder will be based solely on surveys and interviews with regional program administrators. (*Communication can also include coordination of adaptation planning/implementation in other regions).
Figure 5 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 5 Hypothetical result of an emphasis on regulating and cultural services consistent with the diverse value tradeoffs hypothesis. General classes of value tradeoffs distinguished by shapes: distributed (u), dominant (●) and double emphasis (■).Whiskers represent 95% Bayesian credibility intervals; open symbol illustrates a significant difference.
Supplementary material 1 from: Strokov AS, Potashnikov VY (2022) Environmental tradeoffs of agricultural growth in Russian regions and possible sustainable pathways for 2030. Russian Journal of Economics 8(1): 60-80. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.78331
Maps of main environmental indicators of Russian regional agricultural development
Supplementary material 2 from: Strokov AS, Potashnikov VY (2022) Environmental tradeoffs of agricultural growth in Russian regions and possible sustainable pathways for 2030. Russian Journal of Economics 8(1): 60-80. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.78331
The dataset on agricultural waste, nitrogen concentration, and GHG emissions in Russian regions
Data from: Variable mesophyll conductance among soybean cultivars sets a tradeoff between photosynthesis and water-use-efficiency
Photosynthetic efficiency is a critical determinant of crop yield potential, though it remains below the theoretical optimum in modern crop varieties. Enhancing mesophyll conductance, i.e. the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from substomatal cavities to the sites of carboxylation, may increase photosynthetic and water use efficiencies. To improve water-use-efficiency mesophyll conductance should be increased without concomitantly increasing stomatal conductance. Here we partition variance in mesophyll conductance to within and among cultivar components across soybeans grown under both controlled and field conditions, and examine the covariation of mesophyll conductance with photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water-use-efficiency and leaf mass per area. We demonstrate that mesophyll conductance varies more than 2-fold and that 38% of this variation is due to cultivar identity. As expected mesophyll conductance is positively correlated with photosynthetic rates. However, a strong positive correlation between mesophyll and stomatal conductance among cultivars apparently impedes positive scaling between mesophyll conductance and water-use-efficiency in soybean. Contrary to expectations, photosynthetic rates and mesophyll conductance both increased with increasing leaf mass per area. The presence of genetic variation for mesophyll conductance suggests there is potential to increase photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance by selecting for greater leaf mass per area. Increasing water-use-efficiency though, is unlikely unless there is simultaneous stabilizing selection on stomatal conductance.
Tradeoffs with utility-scale solar development and ungulates on western rangelands
<p>Utility scale solar energy (USSE) has become an efficient and cost-effective form of renewable energy, with an expanding footprint into rangelands that provide important habitat for many ungulate populations. Using GPS data collected before and after construction, we documented the potential impacts of USSE on pronghorn, including direct habitat loss, indirect habitat loss, and barrier effects to both resident and migratory population segments. Our case study highlights the challenges that USSE poses to ungulate conservation, including 1) impermeable security fencing that removes habitat and reduces connectivity, and 2) the lack of guidelines for minimizing solar impacts to ungulates. We encourage agencies and industry to work towards a unified siting process and develop ungulate-specific best management practices to minimize habitat loss and retain landscape connectivity. Ungulate biodiversity and ecosystem services (e.g., long-distance migrations) in arid rangelands are important considerations when balancing the global benefits of renewable energy with local wildlife impacts.</p>
Data from: Reproductive tradeoffs and phenotypic selection change with body condition, but not with predation regime, across island lizard populations
<p>Tradeoffs between reproduction and survival are central to life-history theory and are expected to shape patterns of phenotypic selection, but the ecological factors structuring these tradeoffs and resultuant patterns of selection are generally unknown. We manipulated reproductive investment and predation regime in island populations of brown anole lizards (<em>Anolis sagrei</em>) to test (1) whether previously documented increases in the survival of experimentally non-reproductive females (OVX = ovariectomy) reflect the greater susceptibility of reproductive females (SHAM = control) to predation, and (2) whether phenotypic selection differs as a function of reproductive investment and predation regime. OVX females exceeded SHAM controls in growth, mass gain, and body condition, indicating pronounced energetic costs of reproduction. Although mortality was greatest in the presence of bird and snake predators, differences in survival between OVX and SHAM were unrealted to predation regime, as were patterns of natural selection on body size. Instead, we found that body condition at the conclusion of the experiment differed significantly across populations, suggesting that local environments varied in their ability to support mass gain and positive energy balance. As mean body condition improved across populations, the magnitude of the survival cost of reproduction increased, linear selection on body size shifted from positive to negative, and quadratic selection shifted from stabilizing to weakly disruptive. Our results suggest that reproductive tradeoffs and patterns of phenotypic selection in female brown anoles are more sensitive to inferred variation in environmental quality than to experimentally induced variation in predation.</p>
Data from: Heritable variation and lack of tradeoffs suggest adaptive capacity in Acropora cervicornis despite negative synergism under climate change scenarios
<p>Knowledge of multi-stressor interactions and the potential for trade-offs among tolerance traits is essential for developing intervention strategies for the conservation and restoration of reef ecosystems in a changing climate. Thermal extremes and acidification are two major co-occurring stresses predicted to limit the recovery of vital Caribbean reef-building corals. Here we conducted an aquaria-based experiment to quantify the effects of increased water temperatures and pCO2 individually and in concert on 12 genotypes of the endangered branching coral, Acropora cervicornis, currently being reared and outplanted for large-scale coral restoration. Quantification of 11 host, symbiont, and holobiont traits throughout the 2-month long experiment showed several synergistic negative effects, where the combined stress treatment often caused greater reduction in physiological function than the individual stressors alone. However, we found significant genetic variation for most traits and positive trait correlations among treatments indicating an apparent lack of tradeoffs, suggesting that adaptive evolution will not be constrained. Our results suggest that it may be possible to incorporate climate-resistant coral genotypes into restoration and selective breeding programs, potentially accelerating adaptation. </p>
Does a tradeoff between temporal stability and sampling frequency contribute to prediction accuracy of alternative stable states of soil moisture?
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Unexpected Tradeoffs of Fossil Fuel Reduction on PM2.5 and O3 Pollution Regulation Can be Offset by Synergistic Control of VOCs Source
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