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Figure 11 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 11. Characteristic conodonts from the Aras Valley section (scale bars equal to 100 µm); all specimens stored in the collection of the Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. (a) Merrillina ultima Kozur, 2004, Pa element, FUM no. AJ204.13, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (b) Stepanovites sp., Sc element, FUM no. AJ205-1, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (c) Hindeodus typicalis (Sweet, 1970), FUM no. AJ200-27, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (d) Hindeodus julfensis (Sweet, in Teichert et al., 1973), FUM no. AJ183-8, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (e) Hindeodus julfensis (Sweet, in Teichert et al., 1973), FUM no. AJ183-5, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (f) Hindeodus bicuspidatus Kozur, 2004, FUM no. AJ200-32, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (g) Hindeodus praeparvus Kozur, 1996, FUM no. AJ201-4, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (h) Hindeodus eurypyge Nicoll et al., 2002, FUM no. AJ208-2, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (i) Hindeodus parvus (Kozur and Pjatakova, 1976), FUM no. AJ206-2, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (j) Hindeodus magnus Kozur, 2004, FUM no. AJ211-15, Elikah Formation, Claraia Beds, lateral view; (k) Hindeodus anterodentatus (Dai et al., 1989), FUM no. AJ208-7, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (l) Isarcicella staeschei Dai & Zhang, 1989, FUM no. AJ216-2, Elikah Formation, Claraia Beds, upper view; (m) Isarcicella isarcica (Huckriede, 1958), FUM no. AJ217-13, Elikah Formation, Claraia Beds, upper view.

Figure 3 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 3. Columnar section of the late Permian to Early Triassic succession in the Aras Valley section with colour indications and numbers of microfacies and conodont samples.

Figure 2 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 2. The Permian–Triassic boundary section near the Aras Valley, NW Iran. View towards the north, in the background, beyond the Aras Valley, mountains in Azerbaijan consisting of Triassic rocks.

Figure 12 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 12. Quantity of ostracod specimens per 500 g of rock material and species richness in the Paratirolites Limestone, the Aras Member, and the Claraia Beds of the Aras Valley section and important ostracod species in the lithological units. Scale bar for figured ostracods = 100 µm. Figured ostracods are as follows. (a) Bairdia kemerensis Crasquin-Soleau, 2004. (b) Bairdiacypris ottomanensis CrasquinSoleau, 2004. (c) Liuzhinia sp. 2. (d) Langdaia sp. (e) Cavellina sp. (f) Microcheilinella sp. (g) Cavellina sp. nov. (h) Kempfina qinglaii (Crasquin), 2008. (i) Fabalicypris sp. nov. (j) Carinaknightina sp. nov. (k) Iranokirkbya brandneri Kozur and Mette, 2006. (l) Fabalicypris obunca Belousova, 1965. (m) Fabalicypris blumenstengeli Crasquin, 2008. (n) Orthobairdia sp. nov. (o) Hungaroleberis sp. nov. (p) gen. nov. sp. nov.

Figure 6 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 6. Carbonate microfacies of samples from the upper Julfa Formation and the Paratirolites Limestone of the Aras Valley section. (a) Peloidal–foraminiferal packstone; sample AJ144 (−18.00 m). (b) Peloidal–foraminiferal packstone with algae; sample AJ190 (−2.20 m). (c) Microfacies sample from the topmost 4 cm of the Paratirolites Limestone (sample AJ200; = 0.00 to −0.04 m). Lower part: burrowed bioclastic–intraclastic wackestone with ammonoids, bivalves and ostracods, lithoclasts, and micrite clasts. Upper part: sponge packstone with ammonoids, bellerophontids, and ostracods; uppermost 10 mm with a densely packed sponge meshwork of possible keratose sponges. Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 5. Carbonate microfacies of samples from the Paratirolites Limestone of the Aras Valley section. (a) Burrowed bioclastic mudstone with ammonoids and micritic intraclasts; sample AJ182 (−3.65 m). (b) Burrowed bioclastic wackestone with ammonoids and echinoderms (E); sample AJ186 (−2.95 m). (c) Burrowed bioclastic–intraclastic mudstone with Fe-encrusted ammonoid; sample AJ188 (−2.70 m). (d) Burrowed bioclastic–intraclastic wackestone with shell debris and echinoderms, micrite clasts, and intense brecciation; sample AJ197 (−0.45 m). Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 9. Succession of conodont species and zones in the Aras Valley section. (Wu – Wuchiapingian; Ch – Changhsingian; EH – extinction horizon; P – Permian; Tr – Triassic).

Figure 1 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 1. (a) Geographic position of Permian–Triassic boundary sections in the Transcaucasus and in NW Iran (after Arakelyan et al., 1965); important sections are highlighted. (b) Detail map showing the position of the Aras Valley section. (c) Palaeogeographic position of the Julfa area during the PTB time interval (after Stampfli and Borel, 2002).

Figure 8 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 8. Microfacies types and carbonate content of samples from the Aras Valley section. Dashed lines indicate transitional microfacies change or possible continuation of the microfacies type. (Wu – Wuchiapingian; Ch – Changhsingian; EH – extinction horizon; P – Permian; Tr – Triassic).

Figure 4 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 4. Carbonate microfacies of samples from the lower Julfa Formation (a), upper Julfa Formation (b, c), and Zal Member (d, e) of the Aras Valley section. (a) Crinoidal wacke- to packstone with crinoids, brachiopods, rugose coral, and gastropods as well as peloids in a microspar matrix; sample AJ124 (−27.90 m). (b) Crinoidal wackestone with shell debris and crinoids; sample AJ139 (−21.30 m). (c) Wackestone with disarticulated ostracods, brachiopods, and sub-rounded micritic intraclasts; sample AJ157 (−14.00 m). d) Mudstone with ostracod and echinoderm fragments; sample AJ165 (−10.35 m). (e) Burrowed mudstone; sample AJ174 (−5.65 m). Scale bar units = 1 mm.

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Figure 2 in The westernmost occurrence of Gnathorhiza in the Triassic, with a discussion of the stratigraphic and palaeogeographic distribution of the genus

Figure 2. Palaeobiogeography of Gnathorhiza during Carboniferous and Permian (a) and Triassic (b). 1, Gnathorhiza sp.: USA, southeastern Utah, Cutler Group, Halgaito Formation (Vaughn, 1966, 1969, 1973); 2, Gnathorhiza sp.: USA, New Mexico, Rio Arriba County, Cutler Group (Berman, 1993); 3, G. bothrotreta: USA, New Mexico, Socorro County, Valencia County, Abo Formation (Berman, 1976, 1993), Gnathorhiza sp.: USA, New Mexico, Sandoval County, Abo Formation, San Miguel County, Sangre de Cristo Formation (Berman and Reisz, 1980); 4, Gnathorhiza sp.: USA, Arizona, Cochise County, Black Prince Limestone (Thayer, 1985); 5, G. serrata: USA, Texas, Baylor County, Lauders Formation and Wilbarger County, Arroyo Formation (Cope, 1883; Dalquest, 1968; Dalquest et al., 1989), G. dikeloda: Knox County, Vale and Choza Formation (Olson, 1951), Gnathorhiza sp.: north-central Texas, Nocona, Petrolla, Waggoner ranch Formations (Johnson and May, 2013); 6, G. pusilla: USA, Oklahoma, Grant County, Garber Formation (Case, 1915), G. serrata: Noble County, Wellington Formation (Carlson, 1968), Cleveland County, Hennessey Formation, G. noblensis (Olson, 1970; Olson and Daly, 1972); 7, Gnathorhiza sp.: USA, Kansas, Geary County, Lyon County, Speiser Shale (Schultze, 1985), Brown County, Bern Limestone Formation (Chorn and Schultze, 1990), Greenwood County, Hamilton Quarry (Cunnigham, 1993), Key County, Matfield Formation (McCahon and Miller, 2015); 8, G. serrata, G. dikeloda: USA, Nebraska, Richardson County, Eskridge Formation (Huttenlocker et al., 2005, 2013); 9, G. pusilla: USA, Illinois, Vermillion County (Cope, 1877); 10, aff. Gnathorhiza: Germany, Saar–Nahe Basin (Boy and Schindler, 2000; Schindler, 2007); 11, G. tatarica, G. otschevi: Russia, Orenburg region, Kutulukskaya Svita (Minikh, 1989, 1992), Gnathorhiza sp.: Kulchumovskaya Svita (Tverdokhlebov et al., 2005); 12, Gnathorhiza sp.: Brazil, Sao Paulo State, Corumbatai Formation, Paraná State, Rio do Rasto Formation (Toledo and Bertini, 2005); 13 Gnathorhiza sp.: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, Rio do Rasto Formation (Ragonha, 1989; Richter and Langer, 1998); 14, Gnathorhiza sp.: Oman, Al Wusta region, Gharif Formation (Schultze et al., 2008); 15, Gnathorhiza otschevi: Poland, Czatkowice 1, karst fillings (this paper); 16, G. triassica triassica, G. triassica baskunchakensis, G. triassica beresnikiensis: Russia, Arkhangelsk Oblast (Minikh, 1977); 17, G. triassica triassica: Russia, Komi Republic (Minikh, 1977); 18, G. triassica triassica, G. triassica baskunchakensis: Russia, Kirov Oblast (Minikh, 1977); 19, G. triassica triassica, G. triassica beresnikiensis, G. lozovskii, G. bogdensis: Russia, Vologda Oblast (Minikh, 1977); 20, G. otschevi, G. triassica triassica, G. triassica beresnikiensis, G. bogdensis: Russia, Kostroma Oblast (Minikh, 1977); 21, G. triassica triassica, G. lozovskii: Russia, Yaroslavl Oblast (Minikh, 1977; Novikov and Sennikov, 1997); 22, Gnathorhiza otschevi: Russia, Vladimir Oblast (Newell et al., 2010); 23, G. triassica triassica: Russia, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Minikh, 1977, 2000); 24, G. otschevi, G. triassica triassica, G. triassica beresnikiensis, G. triassica baskunchakensis, G. lozovskii: Russia, Orenburg Oblast (Minikh, 1977; Minikh and Minikh, 1997); 25, G. triassica triassica, G. triassica baskunchakensis: Kazakhstan, Atyrau Oblast (Minikh and Minikh, 1997); 26, G. otschevi, G. triassica baskunchakensis, G. bogdensis: Russia, Bolshoye Bogdo Mountain (Minikh, 1977; Minikh and Minikh, 1997). Numbers not in stratigraphic order. Lower Permian and Early Triassic palaeogeographic maps modified from http://cpgeosystems.com/paleomaps.html.

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Figure 1 in The westernmost occurrence of Gnathorhiza in the Triassic, with a discussion of the stratigraphic and palaeogeographic distribution of the genus

Figure 1. Tooth plates of Gnathorhiza otschevi from Czatkowice 1. (a, b) Upper tooth plate, ZPAL P. VII/6 in occlusal view and (c) in lateral view, and (d) a section of the first ridge; (e, f) lower tooth plate, ZPAL P. VII/7, in occlusal view and in dorsal view (g); (h) lower tooth plate, ZPAL P. VII/9, in occlusal view and (i) in medial view; (j) upper tooth plate, ZPAL P. VII/5, in occlusal view; (k) measurements of Minikh (1977) method. Scale bar for (a)–(c) and (e)–(j) 1 mm, 0.5 mm for (d).

Fig. 5. A in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 5. A suite of traces in the rhynchosaurid archosauromorph Hyperodapedon mariensis (Tupi Caldas, 1933), UFRGS-PV-1581-T #14, bone fragment from Buriol Site, Brazil, Hyperodapedon AZ, Carnian. A. Two feeding traces of Osteocallis mandibulus Roberts et al., 2007, overlapped by a cluster of larger grooves. B. Natural cast formed by a cover of iron oxide showing the grooves in positive relief. Image mirrored to facilitate comparison. C, D. Clusters of grooves on different surfaces of the same bone fragment. E. Small Osteocallis mandibulus close to the trails shown in A and B.

Fig. 6 in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 6. Clusters of grooves on bone fragments of the rhynchosaurid archosauromorph Hyperodapedon mariensis (Tupi Caldas, 1933) from Buriol Site, Brazil, Hyperodapedon AZ, Carnian. A. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #20, arcuate and paired grooves, similar to feeding traces of Osteocallis mandibulus Roberts et al., 2007, but without forming a trail. B. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #22, densely concentrated grooves, giving the bone surface an etched appearence. C. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #5, straight and arcuate grooves closely associated to an incipient Osteocallis mandibulus (arrow). D. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #26, straight and arcuate grooves and some isolated grooves. E. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #6, dentary fragment; E1, two clusters of grooves; E2, schematic drawing. F. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #17; F1, subparallel grooves; F2, subparallel grooves associated to a subcircular cluster of grooves (arrow).

Fig. 4 in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 4. Feeding traces of Osteocallis on bone fragments of the rhynchosaurid archosauromorph Hyperodapedon mariensis (Tupi Caldas, 1933) from Buriol Site, Brazil, Hyperodapedon AZ, Carnian. A. UFRGS-PV-1581 #3; A1, Osteocallis mandibulus Roberts et al., 2007, associated to arthropod bioerosion trace fossil Amphifaoichnus isp.; A2, details of one of the trails. B. UFRGS-PV-1581 #23; B1, Osteocallis mandibulus associated to a cluster of grooves in crescent shape; B2, schematic drawing highlighting the grooves. C. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #12 showing two overlapping Osteocallis infestans Paes Neto et al., 2016. D. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #11 showing Osteocallis isp. (arrow) associated to a cluster of larger grooves.

Fig. 2 in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 2. Identified cranial elements of the rhynchosaurid archosauromorph Hyperodapedon mariensis (Tupi Caldas, 1933) in UFRGS-PV-1581-T from Buriol Site, Brazil, Hyperodapedon AZ, Carnian. A. Left dentary in lateral view (A1) and medial view (A2) showing the dentary blade with at least one lingual tooth arrow). B. Left and right dentaries in dorsal view. C. Partial left pterygoid in medial view. D. Right maxilla in ventral view. E. Left maxilla in ventral view.

Fig. 8 in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 8. Indiscrete borings on bone fragments of the rhynchosaurid archosauromorph Hyperodapedon mariensis (Tupi Caldas, 1933) from Buriol Site, Brazil, Hyperodapedon AZ, Carnian. A. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #3; A1, a boring in the opposite face of the arthropod bioerosion trace fossil Amphifaoichnus, but also penetrating it; A2, close up view showing the presence of bone chips in the base of the boring. B. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #7 showing a boring with one rounded termination. C. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #9; C1, an elongated boring with a rounded termination and bone chips scattered on the base; C2, close up view highlighting the bone chips scattered on the base.

Fig. 1. Geological and geographic context. A in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 1. Geological and geographic context. A. Location of the Paraná Basin in Brazil. B. Limits of the Triassic rocks of Rosário do Sul Group and the Triassic rocks of Paraná Basin in Rio Grande do Sul state. C. Location of the Buriol Site, locality of UFRGS-PV-1581-T, and nearby Predebon and Janner sites. D. Chrono-, lito-, and biostratigraphy of southern Brazilian Triassic (modified from Schultz et al. 2020). Arrow indicates stratigraphical position of UFRGS-PV-1581-T; * refers to absolute ages from Langer et al. (2018); ** refers to absolute ages from Philipp et al. (2018).

Fig. 7 in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 7. Subcircular clusters on bone fragments of the rhynchosaurid archosauromorph Hyperodapedon mariensis (Tupi Caldas, 1933) from Buriol Site, Brazil, Hyperodapedon AZ, Carnian. A. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #17; A1, subcircular cluster connected to a cluster of grooves; A2, schematic drawing. B. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #13; B1, subcircular cluster associated to an irregular cluster of grooves (arrow), possibly a partially preserved subcircular cluster; B2, schematic drawing. C. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #16 showing an isolated subcircular cluster of grooves.

Fig. 3 in New bioerosion traces in rhynchosaur bones from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenera Osteocallis and Amphifaoichnus

Fig. 3. Arthropod bioerosion trace fossil Amphifaoichnus isp. on bone fragments of the rhynchosaurid archosauromorph Hyperodapedon mariensis (Tupi Caldas, 1933) from Buriol Site, Brazil, Hyperodapedon AZ, Carnian. A. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #3; A1, close up showing Amphifaoichnus isp. (note the bone chips) associated to a perpendicular boring (dashed outline) and feeding traces of Osteocallis mandibulus Roberts et al., 2007 (arrow; see also Fig. 4A1); A2, axial view of µCT scan showing the internal morphology of the tube, meniscate structures and the perpendicular boring; A3, coronal view of µCT scan showing the trace (dotted surface) and the destruction of both cortical (black outline) and trabecular bone. B. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #4; B1, specimen arrow) showing the uneven distribution of bone chips in the filling; B2, specimen in transversal view showing the rounded morphology of the filling. C. UFRGS-PV-1581-T #10; C1, specimen in negative relief with a small portion of filling still preserved (arrow); C2, close up of filling; C3, specimen in transversal view showing the U-shape of the boring.