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536 results for “Tyrannosaurus rex”
Fig. 2 in Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry
Fig. 2. Collagen peptide sequences unique to extinct mastodon identified by LC/MS/MS. (A) The four collagen altl peptide sequences found by the approach that are unique to ancient mastodon. Xcorr (cross-correlation score) and Sp (preliminary score) represent the scores resulting from database searching against protein databases using Sequest. The asterisk represents the hydroxylation site after the posttranslationally modified residue. (B) An example of the experimental MS/MS spectrum of a doubly charged tryptic peptide for the collagen altl peptide sequence GSEGPQGTR from the LC/MS/MS analysis of mastodon fossilized bone extract identified from a Sequest search against a theoretical collagen protein database. (C) The synthetic version of the same peptide sequence. All major ions from the experimental spectrum align very well with the ions from the synthetic version, validating the sequence.
Fig. 2 in Comment on "Protein Sequences from Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex Revealed by Mass Spectrometry"
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic networks of α1(I) sequences using Neighbor-Net analysis (A) with the most recent Asara et al. assignments (13) and (B) after our reinterpretation of the mass spectrometric data (12). T. rex does not group with bird/reptile using either set of sequence alignments. More sequence is required for a full, model-based phylogenetic analysis.
FIGURE 5 in The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae)
FIGURE 5—Line drawing of the mounted furcula of Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) in anterior view. Dashed lines indicate missing portions. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
Fig. 4 in Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 4. Graph of tooth dimensions for T. rex, Albertosaurus, and Nanotyrannus, compared with that of the embedded theropod tooth (A and B). When the ICL is plotted against the DCT (A), the three examined taxa are clearly separated, with a large gap existing between T. rex and Albertosaurus, and minor overlap between Albertosaurus and Nanotyrannus. The embedded theropod tooth falls only within the region occupied by T. rex (bold black line in A) and does not overlap with the other two taxa. Graphed ranges of tooth denticles per cm (B) indicates a similar trend, in which the embedded theropod tooth only overlaps T. rex and does not match either Albertosaurus or Nanotyrannus.
Fig. 1 in Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 1. Depiction of a hadrosaur skeleton showing the position in the tail of the fused vertebrae (A) and a lateral view of the affected vertebrae with the circle indicating the location of the theropod tooth (B).
Fig. 3 in Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 3. Lateral view of embedded tooth crown showing well-developed blood grooves oriented obliquely toward the base and large, chisel-shaped mesial denticles typical of T. rex (60); (Scale bar: 5 mm.)
FIGURE 2 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 2. Position vectors of major neck muscles in Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988), with the neck in a neutral to slightly elevated posture. Note that 3-D summation of these vectors yields direction for lines of muscle pull. Muscle abbreviations, origins, and insertions are as listed in Table 1; dots indicate attachment sites and via points. The top figure shows the scale, and vector axes in the frontal and sagittal planes. A, C, and E depict the skeleton and lines of action in dorsal view, and B, D, and F show these in lateral view. In B and E, bones of the neck are shown as dashed lines so that muscle lines of action are not obscured. In C and D, bones are shown as dashed lines to indicate that M. r. c. v. passes ventral or medial to them. A, B, M. longissimus capitis superficialis (M. long. cap. sup.: dark lines) and M. complexus (lighter-shaded lines). C, D, M. longissimus capitis profundus (M. long. cap. prof.; dashed black lines in D) and M. rectus capitis ventralis (M. r. c. v.). E, F, M. transversospinalis capitis (M. trans. cap.: dark gray lines) and M. iliocostalis capitis (M. il. cap.: black lines).
Figure 8 Digitized comparisons between tyrannosaur maxillae and BMR P2007.4.1 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 8 Digitized comparisons between tyrannosaur maxillae and BMR P2007.4.1. Interactive manipulation of digitized NextEngine 3D scan of a cast of the right maxilla of BHI #3033 and BMR P2007.4.1 caudal vertebra. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-8
Figure 7 Maxillary and dentary measurements for BMRP 2002.4.1 and BHI 3033 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 7 Maxillary and dentary measurements for BMRP 2002.4.1 and BHI 3033 mesiodistal and labiolingual dimensions at 5 mm depth compared to the bite marks on BMR P2007.4.1. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-7
Fig. 4 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus
Fig. 4. Examples of variable CGM (blue lines) spacing in tyrannosaurids examined for this study. (A) The variability of CGM spacing in the femur of BMRP 2002.4.1 and (B) the tibia of BMRP 2006.4.4 may imply that these individuals were approaching asymptotic body length. However, CGMs within the innermost cortices of much larger T. rex specimens (C) USNM PAL 555000 and (D) MOR 1128 demonstrate that the CGM spacing is not a reliable indicator of relative maturity status.All panels are shown in transverse thin section.
Fig. 2 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus
Fig. 2. Tibia histology of tyrannosaurid specimens BMRP 2002.4.1 and BMRP 2006.4.4. (A) Transverse mid-cortex thin section of BMRP 2002.4.1. Longitudinal POs are evident, and PPL emphasizes osteocyte lacuna density and variability in shape within laminae. CPL reveals varying birefringence associated with bone fiber orientation, but with a weak arrangement of fibers parallel to the transverse plane of section. Many POs are composed of highly isotropic fibers with rounded osteocyte lacunae. (B) Longitudinal thin section of the mid-cortex of BMRP 2002.4.1. Vascular canals appear as near-vertical, dark columns. Adjacent to the vascular canals, the POs contain laterally compressed osteocyte lacunae. CPL demonstrates that the laterally compressed osteocyte lacunae of POs are embedded within a uniformly birefringent matrix (anisotropic), indicating that the lamellae of POs are LP. Osteocyte lacunae orientation varies in the thin laminae between POs. In CPL, the laminae are weakly isotropic, corresponding to the weak arrangement of parallel fibers in transverse section. (C) In transverse thin section, the periosteal surface of BMRP 2006.4.4 on the anterior side consists of reticular POs within laminae of highly isotropic, woven tissue. (D) Within the anterior and anteromedial innermost cortex of BMRP 2006.4.4, in transverse thin section, six closely spaced LAGs are visible interstitially. Blue lines highlight the LAG trajectories.
Fig. 1 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus
Fig. 1. Femur histology of tyrannosaurid specimens BMRP 2002.4.1 and BMRP 2006.4.4. (A) Mid-cortex of the transverse thin section of BMRP 2002.4.1. Plane-polarized light (PPL) emphasizes osteocyte lacuna density and variability in shape within the laminae, as well as longitudinal primary osteons. In CPL, there is a weak preferred fiber arrangement parallel to the transverse plane of section reflected by regional birefringence. Many primary osteons (POs) have uniformly isotropic fibers with rounded osteocyte lacunae. (B) Mid-cortex of the transverse thin section of BMRP 2006.4.4. Osteocyte lacuna density and variability in shape within the laminae are evident in PPL. CPL reveals varying birefringence associated with bone fiber orientation, but there is a weak preferred fiber arrangement parallel to the transverse plane of section reflected by regional birefringence. Many POs are composed of uniformly isotropic fibers with rounded osteocyte lacunae. (C) Longitudinal section of the mid-cortex of BMRP 2006.4.4. Vascular canals appear as near-vertical, thin, dark columns. As in the transverse section, the primary laminae between POs contain variably arranged osteocyte lacunae. In CPL, the laminae are weakly isotropic (I), corresponding to the poorly organized parallel orientation of fibers in the transverse plane. The laterally compressed osteocyte lacunae in POs are embedded within a uniformly birefringent [anisotropic (AN)] matrix in CPL, indicating that the PO lamellae are longitudinally oriented parallel-fibered bone (LP). (D) On the posteromedial side of the transverse section of BMRP 2006.4.4, there is a parallel-fibered annulus located at the periosteal surface (thickness indicated with blue line). Photographed in CPL. (E) In the transverse section on the posterolateral side, the annulus shown in (D) (blue lines) is overlain by highly isotropic woven-fibered laminae.
Fig. 3 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus
Fig. 3. The presence of an EFS at the periosteal surface of a long bone indicates skeletal maturity, while the absence of an EFS indicates that the bone is still growing at the time of death. (A) An EFS composed of tightly stacked birefringent LAGs (between blue arrowheads) at the periosteal surface of an Alligator mississippiensis. (B) The EFS (between blue arrowheads) in an ostrich (struthio camelus) is made of nearly avascular, birefringent parallel-fibered to lamellar primary tissue. (C) No EFS is present at the periosteal surface of the femur of BMRP 2002.4.1, (D) the tibia of BMRP 2002.4.1, (E) the femur of BMRP 2006.4.4, or (F) the tibia of BMRP 2006.4.4. All panels are shown in transverse thin section, with CPL.
Figure 3 in Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 3. SR-FTIR full spectra of isolated T. rex vascular tissue and chicken type I collagen (no treatment). All key bands for the identification of protein (Amide I, Amide II, Amide III) are present in the dinosaur tissue spectrum. The T. rex spectrum also presents a strong non-peptide carbonyl (C=O) band at 1739 cm−1 and a carbohydrate band at ~1010 cm−1.
Figure 1 in The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 1. Left ilium of Triceratops sp. (MOR 799) in ventrolateral view with ~80 bite marks attributed to Tyrannosaurus rex. A large portion (~17%) of the iliac crest was removed (bracketed) by repetitive, localized biting.
Figure 5 in Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 5. SR-FTIR analysis of T. rex vascular tissue, NaBH4 reduced T. rex vascular tissue, chicken type I collagen without treatment, and chicken type I collagen treated with Fenton reagent and iron-catalysed glycation. (a,b) Average FTIR spectra in the non-peptide carbonyl and protein amide I regions for all five samples. (a) Significant reduction in the non-peptide carbonyl band follows treatment of T. rex vascular tissue with NaBH4, which reduces (immature) peptide crosslinks. The blue-shifted Amide I band of the dinosaur tissue, Fenton reagent-treated chicken type I collagen, and Fe-catalysed glycation-treated chicken type I collagen indicate increasing α-helix structure (~1660 cm−1) as the higher-energy triple-helix and intermolecular sub-bands (see Fig. 1 for method of identification) increasingly predominate the spectra. The development of aldehydic carbonyl, ketoaldehyde, and/or immature ketoimine bands in both treated chicken tissues is consistent with the strong carbonyl band in the dinosaur tissue.
Figure 4 in The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 4. Jaw models of Tyrannosaurus rex paired with idealized beam diagrams, illustrating three- (A) (lateral view), (B) (anterior view) and four-point ((C), anterior view) loading configurations that allowed T. rex to promote failure stresses and fracture rigid structures (e.g., bone) without the aid of occluding dentitions. Teeth (cones) and the osseus palate, composed of the right and left maxillae and an anterior expansion of the vomer (rectangle), are shown as contact points in pink; original beam shapes are dark blue; and idealized plastic deformations (exaggerated) are light blue.
Figure 1. Amide I in Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 1. Amide I sub-band localisation of untreated and treated chicken type I collagen in SR-FTIR spectra. Sub-bands (β-sheet, ~1633 cm−1; triple-helix, ~1658–1660 cm−1; intermolecular, ~1683–1690 cm−1) are indicated in the figures. Red traces denote second derivatives of experimental curves. Although the intermolecular sub-band typically presents at lower wavenumber, the identified value was the nearest local minimum in each of the second derivative traces and consistently appears across all samples; therefore, in this sample, the intermolecular sub-band was indexed at 1697–1699 cm−1.
Figure 3 in The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 3. Tyrannosaurus rex dental functional morphology. (A) Exemplar tooth pressures along the distal 37 mm of the left M5 of BHI 3033 (warmer colours indicate higher pressures), illustrating bone-penetrating shear stresses (>65 MPa4, 39) for almost 25 mm of indentation depth. (B) Mesial and distal facing carinae (white arrows) helped direct pathways of bone fracture towards adjacent maxillary teeth (C) (ventral view of BHI 3033) that were also engaged during indentation, illustrating how the most procumbent maxillary tooth crowns collectively form a fracture arcade (pink arrows) due to pressures generated when biting. (Figure element in (A) derived from digital scan by Virtual Surfaces, Inc).
Figure 3 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 3. Models: right lateral view. See Figure 2ı but skeleton scans/models are ordered from top to bottom. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g003
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