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Fig. 4 in A review of the digger wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) of Hong Kong, with description of one new species and a key to known species

Fig. 4. Distribution of three species in the tribe Scoliini Latreille, 1802: Austroscolia ruficeps (Smith, 1855), Liacos erythrosoma (Burmeister, 1854), Megascolia azurea (Christ, 1791) and Carinoscolia junnanensis (Betrem, 1928). A. World distribution. B. Hong Kong distribution.

Fig. 1 in A review of the digger wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) of Hong Kong, with description of one new species and a key to known species

Fig. 1. Distribution of four species in the tribe Campsomerini Bartlett, 1912: Campsomeriella annulata annulata (Fabricius, 1793), Camps. collaris (Fabricius, 1775), Megacampsomeris formosensis chinensis Betrem, 1941, Megacam. prismatica (Smith, 1855) and Megacampsomeris sp. 1. A. World distribution. B. Hong Kong distribution.

Fig. 5 in A review of the digger wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) of Hong Kong, with description of one new species and a key to known species

Fig. 5 (previous page). Scoliidae Latreille, 1802, measurements and morphological terms. For measurements refer to definitions in Material and methods section, body morphological terms follow Gupta & Jonathan (2003) and the wing terminology follows Goulet & Huber (1993). A. Scolia clypeata pseudovollenhoveni Betrem, 1933, ♀, dorsal view of head, mesosoma, T1 and T2. B. Sc. pakshaoensis sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (CBC), lateral view of head and mesosoma. C. Liacos erythrosoma (Burmeister, 1854), ♀, face fontal view. D. L. erythrosoma, ♀, vertex dorsal view. E. Fore wing cells and venation of Megacampsomeris prismatica (Smith, 1855), ♂. F. Fore wing of L. erythrosoma, ♂. Abbreviations: An. Oc. = Anterior ocellus; Cly. = Clypeus; Cr. fu. = Cross-furrow of mesopleuron; Cr. fu. = Frontal cross-furrow; dl. Ar.Prop. = dorso-lateral area of Propodeum; dm.Ar. Prop. = dorso-median area of Propodeum; Epi. sc. = Episternal scrobe; Fr. Ar. = Frontal area; Fr. Fis. = Frontal fissure; Fr. La. = Frontal lamina; Fr. pi. = Frontal pit; Fr. Spa. = Frontal spatium; Ho. Ar. = Horizontal area of mesopleuron; La. ca. = Lateral carina; La. su. = Lateral Surface; Lo. pl. mes. = Lower plate of mesopleuron; Lo. pl. met. = Lower plate of metapleuron; Mand. = Mandible; Mes. cr. = Mesopleural crest; Mes. sc. = Mesoscutum; Met. = Metanotum; Oc. Sin. = Ocular sinus; Par. fur. = Parapsidial furrow; Po. Oc. = Posterior ocellus; Pro. = Pronotum; Prop. Spi. = Propodeal spiracle; Sca. = Scapula; Scu. = Scutellum; T1 = Tergum 1; T2 = Tergum 2; Teg. = Tegula; Up. pl. mes. = Upper plate of mesopleuron; Up. pl. met. = Upper plate of metapleuron; Ver. = Vertex. Wing cells names: 1M = First medial (1st discal cell); 1m-cu = 1st recurrent vein; 1R1 = 1st submarginal cell; 1Rs = First radial sector (2nd submarginal); 2M = Second medial (2nd discal); 2m-cu = 2nd recurrent vein; 2Rs = Second radial sector (3rd submarginal cell).

Figures 7–8. Aporus hirsutus prey transport. 7 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 7–8. Aporus hirsutus prey transport. 7) Aporus hirsutus female dragging Aptostichus simus juvenile backwards across sand, grasping end of its right foreleg with her mandibles. Sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 17 June 2015; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 8) Aporus hirsutus female dragging Aptostichus simus juvenile backwards across sand, grasping tibia of its 2nd left leg with her mandibles. The wasp's wings are folded on her dorsum, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 17 June 2015; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figure 10 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figure 10. Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) antenna orbit/socket position (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985, this study).

Figures 1–2. Aporus hirsutus and Aptostichus simus. 1 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 1–2. Aporus hirsutus and Aptostichus simus. 1) Aporus hirsutus resting on sand, digging in sand, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 12 June 2014; A. Abela. The species name "hirsutus" refers to the hairiness of the body. Species identification structures include short antennae and forelegs, quasi-triangular flattened head, elongate pronotum, swollen forefemur and foretibia, thick foretarsal rake spines, and only two submarginal cells in forewing. The concave back of the head, not seen to this degree in other Nearctic Aporus species, fits snugly against the front of the convex pronotum, enabling the wasp to tunnel unobstructed through sand. Photograph © Alice Abela. 2) Aptostichus simus female on sand, Montaña de Oro State Park, San Luis Obispo County, CA; 8 June 2014; A. Abela. Females lack obvious distinguishing external morphological features, except for sharply delineated patch of endite cuspules on abdominal venter. All Aptostichus species have psammophilous body coloration (Bond 2012). Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figure 9 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figure 9. Aptostichus species California geographic distribution (from Bond 2012) and Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) geographic range (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985; this study).

Figures 5–6. Aporus hirsutus hunting behavior. 5 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 5–6. Aporus hirsutus hunting behavior. 5) Aporus hirsutus female digging into sand, using her mandibles and foretarsal digging rake, apparently searching for host Aptostichus simus, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 12 June 2014; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 6) Aptostichus simus trapdoor being propped open by a twig. Note the flimsy silk and sand consistency of the trapdoor and sides of entrance, Montaña de Oro State Park, San Luis Obispo, CA; 5 July 2020; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figures 3–4. Aporus hirsutus adult feeding. 3 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 3–4. Aporus hirsutus adult feeding. 3) Aporus hirsutus female taking nectar from flowers of Eriogonum parvifolium, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, CA; 6 August 2014; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 4) Aporus hirsutus female with immobilized Aptostichus simus, immature, on sand, Surf Beach at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, CA; 28 March 2015; A. Abela. The wasp appressed her mouthparts and basal antennal segments to the paralyzed prey and, apparently, used this individual only for adult feeding. Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figure 11 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figure 11. Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) degree of body hairiness (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985; this study).

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Genome-wide sequence data show no evidence of hybridization and introgression among pollinator wasps associated with a community of Panamanian strangler figs

The specificity of pollinator host choice influences opportunities for reproductive isolation in their host plants. Similarly, host plants can influence opportunities for reproductive isolation in their pollinators. For example, in the fig and fig wasp mutualism, offspring of fig pollinator wasps mate inside the inflorescence that the mothers pollinate. Although often host specific, multiple fig pollinator species are sometimes associated with the same fig species, potentially enabling hybridization between wasp species. Here we study the 19 pollinator species (Pegoscapus spp.) associated with an entire community of 16 Panamanian strangler fig species (Ficus subgenus Urostigma, section Americanae) to determine whether the previously documented history of pollinator host switching and current host sharing predicts genetic admixture among the pollinator species, as has been observed in their host figs. Specifically, we use genome-wide ultraconserved element (UCE) loci to estimate phylogenetic relationships and test for hybridization and introgression among the pollinator species. In all cases, we recover well-delimited pollinator species that contain high interspecific divergence. Even among pairs of pollinator species that currently reproduce within syconia of shared host fig species, we found no evidence of hybridization or introgression. This is in contrast to their host figs, where hybridization and introgression have been detected within this community, and more generally, within figs worldwide. Consistent with general patterns recovered among other obligate pollination mutualisms (e.g., yucca moths and yuccas), our results suggest that while hybridization and introgression are processes operating within the host plants, these processes are relatively unimportant within their associated insect pollinators.

Fig. 52 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 52.Glyptapanteles vergrandiacus Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (QM T250990). A. Lateral habitus. B. Anterior head. C. Fore wing. D. Dorsal head. E. Lateral head. F. Dorsal habitus.

Fig. 46 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 46. Glyptapanteles niveus Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (QM T250980). A. Lateral habitus. B. Fore wing. C. Dorsal habitus. D. Dorsal head. E. Anterior head. F. Lateral head.

Fig. 43 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 43. Glyptapanteles lessardi Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (QM T250975). A. Lateral habitus. B. Dorsal head. C. Anterior head. D. Lateral head. E. Dorsal habitus. F. Fore wing.

Fig. 49 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 49. Glyptapanteles rodriguezae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov., A, C, E. Paratype, ♀ (ANIC 32 130333). B, D, F–G. Holotype, ♀ (ANIC 32 130332). A. Lateral habitus. B. Fore wing. C. Dorsal habitus. D. Lateral head. E. Dorsal metasoma. F. Dorsal head. G. Anterior head.

Fig. 37 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 37. Glyptapanteles guzikae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (SAMA 32-46153). A. Lateral mesosoma. B. Dorsal mesosoma. C. Lateral metasoma. D. Dorsal metasoma. E. Lateral head. F. Dorsal head. G. Anterior head. H. Fore wing.

Fig. 40 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 40. Glyptapanteles kittelae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (SAMA 32- 46156). A. Lateral habitus. B. Fore wing. C. Dorsal metasoma. D. Lateral metasoma. E. Dorsal mesosoma. F. Lateral mesosoma. G. Anterior head. H. Dorsal head.

Fig. 33 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 33. Glyptapanteles erucadesolator Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. A, C, F. Paratype, ♀ (ANIC 32 130199). B, D–E, G. Holotype, ♀ (QM T250954). A. Lateral habitus. B. Dorsal mesosoma. C. Dorsal head. D. Fore wing. E. Dorsal propodeum and metasoma. F. Anterior head. G. Ovipositor sheaths.

Fig. 34 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 34. Glyptapanteles ferrugineus Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ANIC: 32 130189). A. Lateral habitus. B. Dorsal mesosoma. C. Anterior head. D. Lateral head. E. Dorsal head. F. Dorsal metasoma. G. Fore wing.

Fig. 38 in Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Fig. 38. Glyptapanteles harveyi Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. A–B, D. Holotype, ♀ (WAM E109888). C, E–G. Paratype, ♀ (WAM E109889). A. Lateral habitus. B. Fore wing. C. Dorsal mesosoma. D. Anterior head. E. Lateral head. F. Dorsal head. G. Dorsal metasoma.