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Data from: Postcranial anatomy of the extinct terrestrial sloth Simomylodon uccasamamensis (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano and its evolutionary implications
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FIGURE 1 in A new genus and species of Planopinae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada) from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of Cerro Boleadoras site.
FIGURE 6 in A new genus and species of Planopinae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada) from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
FIGURE 6. Left articulated partial pes of Prepoplanops boleadorensis (MLP 97-XI-3-1).
Figure 1 from: Babcock LE (2024) Nomenclatural history of Megalonyx Jefferson, 1799 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Pilosa, Megalonychidae). ZooKeys 1195: 297-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.117999
Figure 1 Megalonyx jeffersonii (Desmarest, 1822), bones of the holotype, left manus (see Daeschler in Thomson 2011a), reproduced from Wistar (1799: pl. 2, with modification), deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ANSP 12507); Quaternary (Pleistocene), probably from Haynes Cave, Monroe County, West Virginia (fideGrady 1997), USA. Wistar's numbers refer to: 1, 5, metacarpals; 2, 3, phalanges; 4, unguals (claw cores). In the articulated digit at top of figure, the second phalanx (middle bone in the figure) is illustrated upside-down. For scale: the longest ungual, upper right, juxtaposed with other bones of the digit, is 17 cm long.
Figure 2 from: Babcock LE (2024) Nomenclatural history of Megalonyx Jefferson, 1799 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Pilosa, Megalonychidae). ZooKeys 1195: 297-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.117999
Figure 2 Megalonyx jeffersonii (Desmarest, 1822), reconstructed skeleton described by Orton (1891a, 1891b), Claypole (1891), and McDonald et al. (2015), from unconsolidated Quaternary sediment, Millersburg, Ohio, USA; mounted in 1896 by Ward's Natural Science Establishment for public display in the Orton Geological Museum of The Ohio State University (OSU 15758; see Babcock et al. 2023). The skull is a cast of a specimen illustrated by Leidy (1855: pls I–III, V), with three teeth inserted from the Millersburg megalonyx. As mounted, the skeleton stands 2.1 m tall.
FIGURE 16 in A new and most complete pampathere (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Quaternary of Bahia, Brazil
FIGURE 16. Chevrons of Holmesina cryptae sp. nov. (holotype, LPP-PV-001). Scale bar = 30 mm.
Table Z in Harpy eagle kill sample provides insights into the mandibular ontogenetic patterns of two-toed sloths (Xenarthra: Choloepus)
<p><b>Table Z:</b> Principal components’ factor loadings of eight mandibular measurements of <i>Choloepus</i> sp.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><b>PC¹</b></th><th><b>PCZ</b></th><th><b>PCƎ</b></th><th><b>PC4</b></th><th><b>PCS</b></th><th><b>PCƂ</b></th><th><b>PC7</b></th><th><b>PCB</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>BAC</th><td>−0.36419</td><td>−0.03257</td><td>−0.37585</td><td>−0.00685</td><td>0.21989</td><td>0.78839</td><td>0.12241</td><td>0.20027</td></tr><tr><th>BCC</th><td>−0.37306</td><td>−0.05151</td><td>−0.04782</td><td>0.07696</td><td>0.19834</td><td>0.01218</td><td>−0.59374</td><td>−0.67672</td></tr><tr><th>HCA</th><td>−0.33771</td><td>−0.40931</td><td>0.39166</td><td>0.70764</td><td>−0.04241</td><td>−0.03279</td><td>0.01090</td><td>0.24754</td></tr><tr><th>HCC</th><td>−0.35614</td><td>−0.02746</td><td>−0.63993</td><td>0.00627</td><td>−0.09856</td><td>−0.50959</td><td>−0.20713</td><td>0.38803</td></tr><tr><th>LAM</th><td>−0.35690</td><td>0.09563</td><td>0.39899</td><td>−0.44229</td><td>−0.55334</td><td>0.16929</td><td>−0.33608</td><td>0.24672</td></tr><tr><th>LCD</th><td>−0.31297</td><td>0.86221</td><td>0.17765</td><td>0.23890</td><td>0.18636</td><td>−0.10852</td><td>0.14633</td><td>0.04581</td></tr><tr><th>LMS</th><td>−0.35341</td><td>−0.25972</td><td>0.29043</td><td>−0.48950</td><td>0.58561</td><td>−0.26349</td><td>0.25401</td><td>0.08244</td></tr><tr><th>TML</th><td>−0.37024</td><td>−0.08940</td><td>−0.13581</td><td>−0.03065</td><td>−0.46577</td><td>−0.08763</td><td>0.62497</td><td>−0.46940</td></tr></tbody></table><p>See main text for measurement abbreviations.</p>
Table ¹: Summary statistics for mandible measurements (in mm) of each age group of Choloepus (mean ± standard deviation [range] sample size). in Harpy eagle kill sample provides insights into the mandibular ontogenetic patterns of two-toed sloths (Xenarthra: Choloepus)
<p><b>Table ¹:</b> Summary statistics for mandible measurements (in mm) of each age group of <i>Choloepus</i> (mean ± standard deviation [range] sample size).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Measurement</b></th><th><b>Age classes</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td><b>Infant</b></td><td><b>Įuvenile</b></td><td><b>Subadult</b></td><td><b>Adult</b></td></tr><tr><th>BAC</th><td>44.08 ± 3.04 [40.7–47.92] 4</td><td>48.54 ± 2.65 [42.39–52.29] 15</td><td>54.46 ± 3.79 [50.78–59.2] 4</td><td>65.12 ± 3.28 [61.05–71.01] 9</td></tr><tr><th>BCC</th><td>20.57 ± 1.47 [18.76–22.35] 4</td><td>23.08 ± 1.33 [20.83–25.78] 16</td><td>26.51 ± 0.73 [25.53–27.25] 4</td><td>31.81 ± 1.59 [28.84–33.69] 9</td></tr><tr><th>HCA</th><td>12.84 ± 1.41 [9.66–15.12] 13</td><td>15.66 ± 1.74 [11.95–20.11] 18</td><td>17.48 ± 1.13 [16.32–18.88] 4</td><td>21 ± 1.25 [18.49–23.08] 9</td></tr><tr><th>HCC</th><td>8.16 ± 1.4 [6.01–10.29] 13</td><td>9.65 ± 1.23 [7.52–11.68] 15</td><td>13.08 ± 0.72 [12.11–13.83] 4</td><td>23.68 ± 0.98 [22.16–25.02] 9</td></tr><tr><th>LAM</th><td>17.74 ± 1.57 [14.58–20.44] 13</td><td>20.6 ± 1.15 [19.15–22.72] 18</td><td>24.11 ± 2.11 [21.29–26.3] 4</td><td>26.28 ± 1.67 [23.31–28.9] 9</td></tr><tr><th>LCD</th><td>8.69 ± 1.11 [7.48–11.43] 13</td><td>9.88 ± 0.75 [8.89–11.73] 18</td><td>11.43 ± 0.8 [10.7–12.54] 4</td><td>12 ± 1.07 [10.18–13.89] 9</td></tr><tr><th>LMS</th><td>14.78 ± 0.84 [13.52–16.22] 13</td><td>16.98 ± 0.54 [16–18.11] 18</td><td>18.74 ± 0.69 [17.72–19.15] 4</td><td>20.06 ± 0.71 [19.15–21.38] 9</td></tr><tr><th>TML</th><td>56.3 ± 3.76 [50.53–61.07] 13</td><td>64.9 ± 1.99 [62.81–68.57] 18</td><td>72.42 ± 2.12 [69.41–74.39] 4</td><td>86.67 ± 3.52 [81.7–91.93] 9</td></tr></tbody></table><p>See main text for measurement abbreviations.</p>
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Neosclerocalyptus Paula Couto (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata): the oldest record of the genus and morphological and phylogenetic aspects
FIGURE 3. Lithostratigraphic profile showing the fossiliferous level.
Figure 7 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 7. Skull and lower jaw of Hapalops. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 3(2), C1 & c1 slightly depressed relative to molariforms in lateral view; 6(1), elongate diastema present; 10(1), orthodentine forms thin layer, thinner than outer layer of cementum; 17(2), occlusal surface of molariforms with strong transverse crests; 27(1), M4 curved anteriorly in lateral view; 31(2), M1 rectangular in cross-section; 56(2), condylar surface inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; 65(2), mandibular symphysis with concave profile in lateral view; 68(1), symphyseal spout of moderate length; 73(0), symphyseal spout horizontal in lateral view; 76(1), mandible with weak fossa posterior to c1; 106(1), buccinator fossa weakly developed; 122(4), palate short, uniformly wide; 140(0), orbital portion of lacrimal larger than facial exposure; 143(1), lacrimal eminence present; 147(1), jugal and lacrimal overlap facial portion of maxilla in lateral view; 169(1), zygomatic process of squamosal horizontal or inclined slightly dorsad in lateral view; 184(1), nuchal crest overhangs occiput posteriorly; 195(0), occipital condyles elongated anteroposteriorly in ventral view; E21(1), anteroventral process of entotympanic present. [Modified from Scott (1903–4).]
Figure 2 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Tardigrada based on PAUP analysis of 286 craniodental characters, including the 85 auditory region characters from Gaudin (1995), in 33 extinct and extant sloth genera. This tree represents a strict consensus of all MPT obtained in the present study under various weighting and outgroup schemes (see Materials and Methods and Results for a discussion). Extant taxa are written in all-capital letters. The clade illustrated with dark grey lines represents the family Megalonychidae. The clade illustrated with single-dashed black lines represents the family Nothrotheriidae; that with single-dashed dark grey lines the family Megatheriidae; that with double-dashed black lines the family Mylodontidae.
FIG. 3 in The Xenarthra (Mammalia) of São José de Itaboraí Basin (upper Paleocene, Itaboraian), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
FIG. 3. — Xenarthra incertae sedis, left humerus (MCT 2396-M); A, caudal view; B, cranial view; C, proximal view; A', B' and C', interpretive drawings of the specimen. Abbreviations: Bg, bicipital groove; Dc, deltoid crest; Dps, deltopectoral shelf; Dt, deltoid tuberosity; Ef, entepicondylar foramen; Ent, entepicondyle; Gt, greater tuberosity; Hh, humeral head; Lt, lesser tuberosity; Pc, pectoral crest; Pt, pectoral tuberosity; Sa, scapular acromion articulation surface; TmLdm, teres major-latissimus dorsi muscles. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIGURE 1 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)
FIGURE 1. Measurements used for comparisons.
Figure 6 in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications
Figure 6. Parsimonious reconstruction of ancestral enamel character states in cingulates. Character 1 is a binary character 'presence of enamel in permanent teeth' [present (0); or absent (1)], and character 2 is the multistate character 'enamel complexity in permanent teeth' [complex multilayered prismatic enamel (0); reduced, thin layer of prismatic enamel (1); or prismless enamel (2)]. Shaded circles, not applicable.
Figure 3. Dasypus sabanicola. A in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications
Figure 3. Dasypus sabanicola. A, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a deciduous molariform. B, C, photomicrographs of the deciduous molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing the vestigial enamel (VE) without crystalline structure. D, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a permanent molariform. E, F, photomicrographs of the permanent molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing detail of the enamel layer. Abbreviations: D, dentine; E, enamel; EDJ, enamel–dentine junction; VE, vestigial enamel; white arrowheads show incremental lines.
Figure 1 in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications
Figure 1. Skulls of Dasypus species studied (in lateral view). A, Dasypus novemcinctus. B, Dasypus sabanicola. C, Dasypus hybridus. D, E, Dasypus punctatus (MN 552-V); a detail of the analysed teeth is shown in E. Abbreviations: dm, deciduous molariform; pm, permanent molariform. Scale bar (not for E): 10 mm.
Figure 3 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 3. Boxplots and ancestral state reconstructions of select linear measurements and angles. Metrics were selected to represent the diversity of observed outcomes, including one example (A) of a trait that is clearly distinct between tree sloths and other taxa, one example (B) of a trait that exhibits significant convergence between tree sloths but not a significant difference between tree sloths and other xenarthrans, and one example (C) of a trait for which tree sloths do exhibit a significant difference with other xenarthrans, but do not exhibit clear evidence of convergence. Ancestral state reconstructions are provided to visualize changes in a phylogenetic context and are not necessarily intended to accurately characterize ancestral states, although they do represent the states used to measure convergence. In the heatmaps, purple represents the direction predicted for suspensory taxa.
Figure 2 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 2. Landmarks and measurements taken in this study. Top row: scapulae shown are (from left to right) Bradypus, Choloepus, Tamandua, Tamandua. Long bones shown are from Tamandua (from left to right): humerus (anterior), humerus (posterior), ulna, tibia, femur, radius, radius (proximal).
FIGURE 19 in A new and most complete pampathere (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Quaternary of Bahia, Brazil
FIGURE 19. Right scapula of Holmesina cryptae sp. nov. (holotype, LPP-PV-001). Scale bar = 30 mm.
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