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Fig. 3. Phylorate plot from a in Phylogenomics and Fossil Data Inform the Systematics and Geographic Range Evolution of a Diverse Neotropical Ant Lineage
Fig. 3. Phylorate plot from a diversification rate-shift analysis in BAMM. A single rate regime is inferred without any rate shifts detected. Diversification rate gradient legend is in units of species/million years.
Fig. 1 in Phylogenomics and Fossil Data Inform the Systematics and Geographic Range Evolution of a Diverse Neotropical Ant Lineage
Fig. 1. Cephalotes topology inferred with RAxML, with species groups inferred in this study annotated with reference to previous species group designations. Numbers along the phylogeny correspond to species groups listed in the inset. Black circles indicate nodes with bootstrap support <95%, with corresponding bootstrap values displayed. Species (and photo credit) imaged, from top: Cephalotes persimilis de Andrade, 1999 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes pellans de Andrade, 1999 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes pusillus (Klug, 1824) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes guayaki de Andrade, 1999 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes umbraculatus (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Shannon Hartman), Cephalotes manni (Kempf, 1951) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Will Ericson), Cephalotes depressus (Klug, 1824) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes setulifer (Emery, 1894) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee),Cephalotes kukulcan (Ryan Perry),Cephalotes multispinosus (Norton, 1868) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes rohweri (Wheeler, 1916) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes complanatus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes clypeatus (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes unimaculatus (Smith, 1853) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes opacus Santschi, 1920 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Shannon Hartman). Images from antweb.org under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Accessed August 24, 2020.
Fig. 2 in Phylogenomics and Fossil Data Inform the Systematics and Geographic Range Evolution of a Diverse Neotropical Ant Lineage
Fig. 2. MCMCTree time-scaled phylogeny (RAxML topology pruned to one tip per species) with historical biogeographic range inferences from the four-node fossil-constrained BioGeoBEARS analysis mapped onto nodes. An asterisk (*) indicates the location of a fossil node calibration.The light purple shading spans the proposed start and end dates (35–32 Mya) of the GAARlandia land bridge linking South America to the Antilles.The light gold shading spans the potential early start date and the complete closure date of the Panamanian land bridge (10–3.5 Mya).Transitions with boxes outlined in red denote differences from the historical geographic range inference without fossil constraints (Supp Fig. S7 [online only]). A, Antilles; C, Central America; S, South America.
data from: Color pattern diversity and evolution in Oriental velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Aculeata: Mutillidae)
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Spatial phylogenomics of acrobat ants in Madagascar—mountains function as cradles for recent diversity and endemism
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Aim: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A crucial step to protecting biodiversity is assessing species diversity and endemism. We delineate<b> </b>spatial patterns of diversity in Malagasy ants on a phylogenetic and taxonomic level to identify centers of diversity and endemism, and evaluate the 'museum vs cradle' hypothesis with regard to ant endemism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Location: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Madagascar</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Taxon: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ants, genus <i>Crematogaster.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We estimated distribution models for 33 <i>Crematogaster</i> species and generated a phylogeny based on ultraconserved elements. We calculated species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), weighted (WE), phylogenetic endemism(PE), randomized phylogenetic diversity (PD-sig), and relative phylogenetic diversity (RPD) and endemism (RPE). Categorical analyses of neo- and paleo-endemism (CANAPE) and the phylo-jaccard index were used to delineate centers of neo- and paleo-endemism. We correlated these measures with elevation metrics to investigate the role of mountains in generating ant endemism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We found extensive phylogenetic clustering (significantly low PD-sig) and short branches (low RPD) at higher elevations in central and south-central to southern Madagascar. In contrast, phylogenetic overdispersion (significantly high PD-sig) and long branches (high RPD) predominate at lower elevations in eastern humid and northern western dry forests. CANAPE and phylo-jaccard estimated five centers of endemism, whereby neo- and mixed endemism were significantly correlated with higher elevations, and paleo-endemism with lower elevations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Main Conclusions: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Centers of ant endemism are located in western dry and humid forests of northern Madagascar, eastern humid forests, and in the southern Central Highland region. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mountainous areas appear to be cradles of recent diversification for acrobat ants, whereas lower elevations may be regarded as centers of paleo-endemism and thus museums for relict lineages. Species diversification among acrobat ants may have coincided with the arrival of a new biome in the central highlands of Madagascar. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Patterns and drivers of leaf-litter ant diversity along a tropical elevational gradient in Mexico
<p><b>Aim: </b>Given their high environmental variation over relatively short distances, mountains represent ideal systems for evaluating potential factors shaping diversity gradients. Despite a long-standing interest in ecological gradients, ant diversity patterns and their related mechanisms occurring on mountains are still not well understood. Here, we (i) describe species diversity patterns (α and β) of leaf-litter ants along the eastern slope of Cofre de Perote in Veracruz, Mexico, and (ii) evaluate climatic and spatial factors in determining these patterns.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>Veracruz, Mexico</p> <p><b>Taxon: </b>Leaf-litter ants</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>We sampled 320 m<sup>2</sup> of leaf litter spread across 8 equally-spaced sites from sea level to 3500 m of elevation. We used regression models to predict α-diversity patterns with climatic (temperature and precipitation) and spatial (geometric constraints) variables. We also assessed, through multiple regression based on distance matrices (MRM), the relative importance of habitat filtering and dispersal limitations for shaping total dissimilarity (βsor), turnover (βsim) or nestedness (βnes).</p> <p><b>Results: </b>A hump-shaped pattern was observed in the α- diversity with a peak at 600-1000 meters above sea level. This pattern is best explained by the temperature gradient with around 80% of variance explanation. β-diversity showed a non-linear pattern along the elevational gradient with total dissimilarity and turnover components better explained by habitat filtering (i.e., temperature distances).</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> The importance of temperature on both α- and β-diversity patterns reinforces its widespread importance in shaping litter ant diversity patterns across elevational gradients. The hump-shaped pattern in species richness is probably the result of harsh abiotic conditions at the base and the top of the mountain combined with biotic attrition in lowland sites. Niche specialization of ant species in their optimal thermal zones may explain total dissimilarity and ant species replacement along the studied gradient. Taken all together, these results suggest a high relevance of temperature-driven mechanisms in the origin and maintenance of the biodiversity of ectothermic taxa.</p>
FIGURE 100 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 100. Environment of and collecting sites at Nyingchi area (A–E) and Chamdo (ăƀ) (F). A. 80K. B. 96K. C–E. Xiachayu (T察ø). F. pass of Jueba Mountain (ẅ巴山口), Markam (Ẽ康). Photo Credit: A by Zhong Peng; B by Xiao-Bin Song; F by Wen-Xuan Bi.
FIGURE 98 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 98. Environment of and collecting sites at Nyingchi area. A, B. Lage (Ń格). C, D. Hanmi (汗ṁ). E, F. Aniqiao (Nj 尼桥). Photo Credit: A, B by Chao Wu; C, D by Wen-Xuan Bi; E, F by Hao Huang.
FIGURE 99 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 99. Environment of and collecting sites at Nyingchi area. A. Beibeng Township (Ü崩乡). B. Road near Gelin Village (格ff村). C. A bridge at Yarang (亚ü). D. A village near Guoguotang Great Bend (果果Ƌkm弯). E. Environment near Mêdog County (ẸṘ县). F. Path to Renqingbeng Temple (仁ů崩寺). G. An overall view of Guoguotang Great Bend. Photo Credit: E, F by Xiao-Bin Song.
FIGURE 97 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 97. Environment of and collecting sites at Nyingchi area. A. Sign of Yigong Tea Farm (ƌŭē厂). B. Forest near Yigong. C. Forest at Pailong Township (ḦË乡). D. Forest near Tongmai Town (ȃ9W).
FIGURE 96 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 96. Environment of and collecting sites at Nyingchi area (ffż地区). A. Gongbo'gyamda (工布ȕḭ). B. Zhongzhe Village (ΦĖ村). C. Kading Valley (ϮŤ沟). D. Chongge Cuo (ṗẋś). E, F. A slope near Serjila mountain pass (DzĻŃ山 口). Photo Credit: A, B, E, F by Zhong Peng.
FIGURE 94 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 94. Environment of and collecting sites at Yatung Valley (亚东沟). General environment (A) of and collecting sites (B, C) at Xiayadong (T亚东). Photo Credit: A by Jian-Qing Zhu.
FIGURE 95 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 95. Environment of and collecting sites at Lebu Valley (勒布沟). Forests at 2400 m (A, B), and 3650 m (C, D).
FIGURE 93 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 93. Environment of and collecting sites at Zhêntang Valley (ĿƋ沟). Slopes at altitudes of 3700 m (A), 4000 m (B), and 3050 m (C). D. Nadang Village (Ḅ当村). E. Road to Xiuxiongma Village (šŏ玛村). F, G. Environment of Ganma Zangbo Valley (HḼẪ布河ě). Photo Credit: F, G by Zhong Peng.
FIGURE 92 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 92. Environment of Zhangmu Valley (樟木沟). Environment of Youyiqiao (友谊桥) (A, B), Lixin Village (ĒẾ村) (C) and Qu Township (DZ乡) (D). Photo Credit: A, B by Jian-Qing Zhu; C, D by Wen-Xuan Bi.
FIGURE 91 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 91. Environment of and collecting sites at Gyirong Valley. A. General environment surrounding Langjicuo Lake (朗 吉śéae), at an altitude of about 4100 m. B. A slope near Langjicuo Lake, dominated by ferns and bushes. C. A slope near Langjicuo Lake, with Rhododendron trees. Photo Credit: A by Zhong Peng.
FIGURE 90 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 90. Environment of and collecting sites at Gyirong Valley. A. General environment of the valley. B. A slope dominated by conifers along the valley. C. Zhong Peng searching pselaphines under the bark of a fallen trunk.
FIGURE 88 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 88. Environment of and collecting sites at Gyirong Valley (吉P沟). A. General environment of Ru Kupuqiong. B. Collecting site at Ru Kupuqiong (ả库âAE). C. A stone by the path at Ru Kupuqiong, under which two larvae (D) and an adult (E) of Hingstoniella lata Jeannel were spotted. Photo Credit: A, D, E by Wen-Xuan Zhang.
FIGURE 82 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 82. Distribution of Tibetan Batrisini. A. Gyrongita uniformis sp. nov. B. Hingstoniella lata, Jeannel C. Myrmicophila motuoensis Yin.
FIGURE 81 in The Batrisini of Tibet: unveiling an enigmatic ant-loving beetle diversity at Earth's "Third Pole" (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 81. Distribution of Tibetan Batrisini. A. Batrisodes guoguotang sp. nov. (circle) and B. hanmi sp. nov. (triangle). B. Coryphomimus levigatus sp. nov. C. Coryphomodes budda sp. nov. (circle), C. cephalicus sp. nov. (triangle) and C. chenzhilini sp. nov. (square).
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