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403 results for “captivity”
Figure 5 in Tolerance limit of physicochemical water parameters in giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in a captive condition
Figure 5. Variation of different pH levels (7.02, 3.50, 2.02, and 1.98) in the experimental tank.
Fig. 7. Captive individual did not eat frogs when offered. Photo credit Dikansh S in Description of head scalation variation, hemipenis, reproduction, and behavior of the Indian Smooth Snake, Coronella brachyura (Günther 1866)
Fig. 7. Captive individual did not eat frogs when offered. Photo credit Dikansh S. Parmar.
Fig. 4 in Captive breeding program for Scinax alcatraz (Anura: Hylidae): introducing amphibian ex situ conservation in Brazil
Fig. 4. Frequency of the founder Scinax alcatraz breeding events from 2012 to 2017.
Fig. 1 in Captive breeding program for Scinax alcatraz (Anura: Hylidae): introducing amphibian ex situ conservation in Brazil
Fig. 1. Adult male of Scinax alcatraz. Photo by Cybele Lisboa.
Source population and time spent in captivity affect survival and reproduction of long-distance translocated northern bobwhites
<p>Northern bobwhites (<em>Colinus virginianus</em>) have become a species of great conservation priority because of widespread and ongoing population declines. Long-distance translocations are becoming increasingly used to access a source population with densities high enough to support translocation. Two key uncertainties exist regarding the efficacy of long-distance translocations: choosing a source population with adaptations that will be successful in a novel environment and mitigating the stress response common during the translocation process. We translocated bobwhites from the South Texas Plains and the Floridian Coastal Plain to a recipient site in the Floridian Coastal Plain in 2021 and 2022 to compare the survival and productivity of bobwhites translocated from two different source populations. We also evaluated how varying holding times during the translocation process influenced the success of the translocated individuals. Breeding season survival, nest propensity, and fecundity were greater for Florida resident and Florida translocated bobwhites relative to Texas translocated bobwhites. We observed high rates of mortality during the transport and holding processes, but holding time did not affect breeding season survival of Texas translocated bobwhites. Both nest success and fecundity of Texas translocated bobwhites were negatively affected by holding time. Bobwhites translocated long distances may have the adaptive capacity to be successful in novel environments, but the consequences of translocation stress can be detrimental. Future translocation planning should consider choosing source populations from similar ecoregions to simultaneously decrease translocation distances and potential stress from translocation.</p>
Figure 4 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 4. Megophrys nasuta larvae in stages 25 to 45. Drawings: M. Wildenhues.
Figure 3 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 3. Megophrys nasuta larvae in stages 18 to 22. Drawings: R. Bach.
Figure 7 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 7. Megophrys nasuta larvae in stages 30 to 34. Photos: M. Wildenhues.
Figure 6 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 6. Megophrys nasuta larvae in stages 25 to 29. Photos: M. Wildenhues.
Figure 9 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 9. Megophrys nasuta larvae in stages 41 to 46. Photos: M. Wildenhues.
The mark of captivity: plastic responses in the ankle bone of a wild ungulate (Sus scrofa)
Deciphering the plastic (non-heritable) changes induced by human control over wild animals in the archaeological record is challenging. We hypothesized that changes in locomotor behaviour in a wild ungulate due to mobility control could be quantified in the bone anatomy. To test this, we experimented the effect of mobility reduction on the skeleton of wild boar (Sus scrofa), using the calcaneus shape as a possible phenotypic marker. We first assessed differences in shape variation and covariation in captive reared and wild caught wild boars, taking into account differences in sex, body mass, available space for movement, and muscle force. This plastic signal was then con-trasted with the phenotypic changes induced by selective breeding in domestic pigs. We found that mobility reduction induces a plastic response beyond the shape variation of wild boars in their natural habitat, associated with a reduction in the range of locomotor behaviors and muscle loads. This plastic signal of captivity in the calcaneus shape differ from the main changes induced by selective breeding for larger muscle and earlier development that impacted the pigs' calcaneus shape in a much greater extent than the mobility reduction during the domestication process of their wild ancestors.
Fig. 6 in The Effects Of Human-Dolphin Interaction Programmes On The Behaviour Of Three Captive Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa Chinensis)
Fig. 6. Association index of each dyad before and after each programme.
Fig. 5 in The Effects Of Human-Dolphin Interaction Programmes On The Behaviour Of Three Captive Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa Chinensis)
Fig. 5. Average SPI before and after the MWD programme. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
Fig. 4 in The Effects Of Human-Dolphin Interaction Programmes On The Behaviour Of Three Captive Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa Chinensis)
Fig. 4. Average SPI before and after the SWD programme. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
Data and R code from: Nature calls: intelligence and natural foraging style predict welfare problems in captive parrots
<p>Around half of all parrots (a highly threatened order) live in captivity. Here, some species thrive. Others, however, breed poorly or display stereotypic behaviours indicating stress. Using data on the prevalence of three types of stereotypic behaviour in pet (50 species; 1,378 individuals) and aviculture hatch rates (115 species; 10,255 breeding pairs), we applied Phylogenetic Comparative Methods (PCMs) to test hypothesised causes of this variation (relating to species' rarity and constraints on natural behaviour). In the first empirical evidence that high intelligence increases vulnerability to poor captive welfare, species with large relative brain sizes were found to be most at risk of oral and whole-body stereotypic behaviour. This suggests that if they are to be kept in private homes, such parrots must be offered substantially more cognitive stimulation. Self-harming behaviours involving feather damage were predicted by naturally relying on food items that require substantial handling, highlighting inadequacies in captive diets (often highly processed); while relatively low hatch rates in aviculture were predicted by small captive population sizes, potentially due to genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding, and/or low availability of compatible mates. These novel findings should help advance captive parrot husbandry, and inspire further research applying PCMs to understand and improve animal welfare.</p>
The effect of captivity on cranial and postcranial ontogenetic trajectories in wild boar
<p>R for Zenodo: script containing all the analyses (can be open in R or RStudio or any text reader)</p> <p>Landmark coordinates: Raw coordinates for all specimens</p> <p>Metadata CSV: files containing all the information of the specimens</p>
Time to independence and predator-prey relationships of wild-born, captive-raised cheetahs released into private reserves in Namibia
<p><strong>Data associated with the manuscript:</strong></p> <p>Marker, L., Schmidt-Küntzel, A., Walker, E. H., Nghikembua, M., Cristescu, B. Time to independence and predator-prey relationships of wild-born, captive-raised cheetahs released into private reserves in Namibia. Ecological Solutions and Evidence.</p> <p><strong>Contact:</strong></p> <p>Dr. Bogdan Cristescu</p> <p>bogdan@cheetah.org</p> <p><strong>Description:</strong></p> <p>This manuscript estimated the time to independence and cheetah-prey relationships for cheetahs released onto three private reserves in Namibia. The cheetahs were rescued as wild-born cubs, were raised in captivity and went through a rehabilitation process at the Cheetah Conservation Fund, Namibia, and then released with collars to monitor their success post-release in the wild.</p> <p>The data is a MS Excel file that includes separate spreadsheets for:</p> <p>- Time to independence ("TimeToIndependence"): number of weekly supplemental feedings of cheetahs post-release before achieving independence</p> <p>- Prey composition ("PreyComposition"): the species, sex, age class, and size class of prey that cheetahs killed and were recorded during monitoring post-release </p> <p>- Prey availability ("PreyAvailability"): the prey species recorded along driven dirt road transects, and which were used to estimate prey density in a distance sampling framework </p> <p>- Habitat use ("HabitatUse"): the number of kills made by released cheetahs that have associated habitat class information, partitioned by chetah reproductive status (SF: solitary female, CF: coalition females, CM: coalition males) </p>
Fig. 1 in Ex-situ conservation of the critically endangered swamp forest crab Parathelphusa reticulata Ng, 1990 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae): observations on its reproduction and biology in captivity
Fig. 1. Captive breeding facility in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Photograph: Daniel J. J. Ng.
Effects of endozoochory and diploendozoochory by captive mammals on Juniperus deppeana seeds
<p><span>Carnivorous mammals disperse seeds through endozoochory and diploendozoochory. The former consists of ingestion of the fruit, passage through the digestive tract, and expulsion of the seeds, a process that allows scarification and dispersal of the seeds over long or short distances. The latter is typical of predators that expel seeds that were contained in the prey and the effects of which may differ from those of endozoochory with respect to the retention time of the seeds in the tracts, as well as their scarification and viability. The objective of this study was to conduct an experimental evaluation comparing the capacity of each mammal species in terms of the dispersal of<em> Juniperus deppeana</em> seeds and, at the same time, to compare this capacity through the two dispersal systems: endozoochory and diploendozoochory. We measured dispersal capacity using indices of recovery, viability, changes in testas, and retention time of seeds in the digestive tract. <em>Juniperus deppeana </em>fruits were collected in the Sierra Fría Protected Natural Area in Aguascalientes, Mexico, and were administered in the diet of captive mammals: gray fox (<em>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</em>), coati (<em>Nasua narica</em>) and domestic rabbits (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>). These three mammals represented the endozoochoric dispersers. For the diploendozoochoric treatment, seeds excreted by rabbits were incorporated into the diets of captive mammals: bobcat (<em>Lynx rufus</em>) and cougar (<em>Puma concolor</em>), in a local zoo. Seeds present in the scats were then collected, and recovery rates and retention times were estimated. Viability was estimated by X-ray optical densitometry and testa thicknesses were measured and surfaces checked using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed a recovery of seeds greater than 70% in all the animals. The retention time was < 24 h in the endozoochory, but longer at 24-96 h in the diploendozoochory (P < 0.05). Seed viability (</span><span> </span><span>± SD) was decreased in rabbits (74.0 ± 11.5 %), compared to fruits obtained directly from the canopy (89.7 ± 2.0 %), while gray fox, coati, bobcat, and cougar did not affect seed viability (P < 0.05). An increase in the thickness of the testas was also observed in seeds excreted from all mammals (P < 0.05). Through evaluation, our results suggest that mammalian endozoochory and diploendozoochory contribute to the dispersal of <em>J. deppeana</em> by maintaining viable seeds with adaptive characteristics in the testa to promote forest regeneration and restoration. In particular, feline predators can provide an ecosystem service through scarification and seed dispersal.</span></p>
Large captivity effect based on gene expression comparisons between captive and wild shrew brains
<p class="MsoNormal">Compared to their free-ranging counterparts, wild animals in captivity are subject to different conditions with lasting effects on their physiology and behavior. Alterations in gene expression in response to environmental changes occur upstream of physiological and behavioral phenotypes, but there are no experiments analyzing differential gene expression in captive vs. free-ranging mammals. We assessed gene expression profiles of three brain regions (cortex, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus) of wild juvenile shrews (<em>Sorex araneus</em>) in comparison to shrews kept in captivity for two months. We found hundreds of differentially expressed genes in all three brain regions, suggesting a large and uniform captivity effect. Many of the downregulated genes in captive shrews significantly enrich pathways associated with neurodegenerative disease (p<0.001), oxidative phosphorylation (p<0.001), and genes encoding ribosomal proteins (p<0.001). Transcriptomic changes associated with captivity in the shrew resemble responses identified in several human pathologies, such as major depressive disorder and neurodegeneration. Thus, not only does captivity impact brain function and expression, but captivity effects may also confound analyses of natural physiological processes in wild individuals under captive conditions.</p>
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