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866 results for “closely related species”
Drivers of interspecific spatial segregation in two closely related seabird species at a pan-Atlantic scale
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Data for: Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species
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Ericoid mycorrhizal fungal metacommunity facilitates closely related Rhododendron species coexistence
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Life history strategies complement niche partitioning to support the coexistence of closely related Gilliamella species in the bee gut
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Similar parasite communities but dissimilar infection patterns in two closely related chickadee species
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Fig. 8 in New species of Monepidosis Mamaev, 1966 and Antipodosis gen. nov., a closely related genus from New Zealand (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Fig. 8. Antipodosis rotoroa gen. et sp. nov., Ƌ, holotype. A. Genitalia, ventral. B. Parameres and
Fig. 3 in New species of Monepidosis Mamaev, 1966 and Antipodosis gen. nov., a closely related genus from New Zealand (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Fig. 3. Antipodosis elongata gen. et sp. nov., Ƌ, holotype. A. Genitalia, ventral. B. Parameres and
Closely related tree species support distinct communities of seed-associated fungi in a lowland tropical forest
<p>Previous theoretical work has highlighted the potential for natural enemies to mediate the coexistence of species with similar life-histories via density-dependent effects on survivorship. For plant pathogens to play this role, they must differ in their ability to infect or induce disease in different host plant species. In tropical forests characterized by high diversity, these effects must extend to phylogenetically closely related species pairs. Mortality at the seed and seedling stage strongly influences the abundance and distribution of tropical tree species, but the host preferences and spatial distributions of fungi are rarely determined.</p> <p>We examined how host species identity, relatedness, and seed viability influence the composition of fungal communities associated with seeds of four co-occurring pioneer trees (<em>Cecropia insignis</em>, <em>C. longipes</em>, <em>C. peltata</em>, and <em>Jacaranda copaia</em>). Seeds were buried in mesh bags in five common gardens in the understory of a lowland tropical forest in Panama and retrieved at intervals from 1-30 months. A subset of the seeds in each bag was used to determine germination success. One half of each remaining seed was tested for viability; the other half was used to culture and identify seed-infecting fungi.</p> <p>Seeds were infected by fungi after burial. Although fungal communities differed in viable vs. dead seeds, and across burial locations, community composition primarily varied as a function of plant species identity (30.7% of variation in community composition vs. 4.5% for viability and location together), even for congeneric <em>Cecropia</em> species. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that relatedness of fungi mostly reflected differences between <em>Jacaranda</em> (Bignoniaceae) and <em>Cecropia</em> (Urticaceae).</p> <p>Although the proportion of germinable seeds decreased gradually over time for all species, intraspecific variation in survival was high at the same location (e.g., ranging from 0-100% for <em>C. peltata</em>) suggesting variable exposure or susceptibility to seed pathogens.</p> <p>Synthesis: Our study provides evidence under field conditions that congeneric tree species with similar life-history differ markedly in seed-associated fungal communities when exposed to the same soilborne fungi. This is a critical first step supporting pathogen mediated coexistence of closely related tree species.</p>
Data from: Species-specific variation in germination rates contributes to spatial coexistence more than adult plant water use in four closely-related annual flowering plants
1. Spatial partitioning is a classic hypothesis to explain plant species coexistence, but evidence linking local environmental variation to spatial sorting, demography, and species' traits is sparse. If co-occurring species' performance is optimized differently along environmental gradients because of trait variation, then spatial variation might facilitate coexistence. 2. We used a system of four naturally co-occurring species of Clarkia (Onagraceae) to ask if distribution patchiness corresponds to variation in two environmental variables that contribute to hydrological variation. We then reciprocally sowed Clarkia into each patch type and measured demographic rates in the absence of congeneric competition. Species sorted in patches along one or both gradients, and in three of the four species, germination rate in the "home" patch was higher than all other patches. 3. Spatially variable germination resulted in the same three species exhibiting the highest population growth rates in their home patches. 4. Species' trait values related to plant water use, as well as indicators of water stress in home patches, differed among species and corresponded to home patch attributes. However, post-germination survival did not vary among species or between patch types, and fecundity did not vary spatially. 5. Synthesis Our research demonstrates the likelihood that within-community spatial heterogeneity affects plant species coexistence, and presents novel evidence that differential performance in space is explained by what happens in the germination stage. Despite the seemingly obvious link between adult plant water-use and variation in the environment, our results distinguish the germination stage as important for spatially variable population performance.
Data from: A multi-dimensional selective landscape drives adaptive divergence between and within closely related Phlox species
<p>Selection causes local adaptation across populations within species and simultaneously divergence between species. However, it is unclear if either the force of or the response to selection is similar across these scales. We show that natural selection drives divergence between closely related species in a pattern that is distinct from local adaptation within species. We use reciprocal transplant experiments across three species of <em>Phlox </em>wildflowers to characterize widespread adaptive divergence. Using provenance trials, we also find strong local adaptation between populations within a species. Comparing divergence and selection between these two scales of diversity we discover that one suite of traits predicts fitness differences between species and that an independent suite of traits predicts fitness variation within species. Selection drives divergence between species, contributing to speciation, while simultaneously favoring extensive diversity that is maintained across populations within a species. Our work demonstrates how the selection landscape is complex and multidimensional.</p>
Adaptive divergence generates distinct plastic responses in two closely related Senecio species
<p><span>The evolution of plastic responses to external cues allows species to maintain fitness in response to the environmental variation they regularly experience. However, it remains unclear how plasticity evolves during adaptation. To test whether distinct patterns of plasticity are associated with adaptive divergence, we quantified plasticity for two closely related but ecologically divergent Sicilian daisy species (<i>Senecio, </i>Asteraceae). We sampled c.40 representative genotypes of each species from their native range on Mt Etna and then reciprocally transplanted multiple clones of each genotype into four field sites along an elevational gradient that included the native elevational range of each species, and two intermediate elevations. At each elevation we quantified survival and measured leaf traits that included investment (specific leaf area), morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment content and gene expression. Traits and differentially expressed genes that changed with elevation in one species often showed little change in the other species, or changed in the opposite direction. As evidence of adaptive divergence, both species performed better at their native site and better than the species from the other habitat. Adaptive divergence is therefore associated with the evolution of distinct plastic responses to environmental variation, despite these two species sharing a recent common ancestor.</span></p>
Data from: Why does the complexity of functionally equivalent signals vary across closely related species?
<p>Animal signals are observed to vary widely in complexity among species, but why this should be the case—especially among closely related taxa—is unclear. Identifying the selective forces that drive these differences is important for understanding signal evolution, as well as the origins of communication more generally. We used a measure derived from information theory to quantify the complexity of visual territorial advertisement displays performed by males of closely related taxa of Puerto Rican <em>Anolis </em>lizard. In general, the information potential of visual displays appeared to be high compared to signals of other taxonomic groups (e.g., other lizards, birds). Nevertheless, there was still considerable variation in signal complexity among the <em>Anolis </em>taxa studied. We found a strong relationship between signal complexity and phylogeny for some aspects of the advertisement display traditionally thought to be important in species recognition. Other aspects of the display tended to vary independently of phylogeny, with differences in signal complexity among taxa reflecting the distance over which displays were typically viewed by territorial neighbours, and to some extent the number of sympatric congeners present in the environment. More generally, we highlight a little used, but tractable means of quantifying complexity in different species—and in different aspects of the same signal (the number, timing and type of components)—that can reveal the evolutionary processes generating increases (or decreases) in communicative complexity.</p>
Evolutionary targets of gene expression divergence in a complex of closely related pine species
<p>The environment is a powerful selective pressure for sessile organisms, such as plants, and adaptation to the environment is particularly important for long-lived species, like trees. Despite the importance of adaptive trait variation to the survival and success of trees, the molecular basis of adaptation is still poorly understood. Gene expression patterns in three closely related, but phenotypically and ecologically divergent, pine species were analyzed to detect differentiation that may be associated with their adaptation to distinct environments. Total RNA of <em>Pinus mugo</em>, <em>P. uncinata </em>and <em>P. sylvestris</em> samples grown under common garden conditions was used for <em>de novo</em> transcriptome assembly, providing a new reference dataset that includes species from the taxonomically challenging <em>Pinus mugo</em> complex. Gene expression profiles were found to be very similar with only 121 genes significantly diverged in any of the pairwise species comparisons. Functional annotation of these genes revealed major categories of distinctly expressed transcripts including: wood trait properties, oxidative stress response, and response to abiotic factors such as salinity, drought and temperature. We discuss putative associations between gene expression profiles and adaptation to different environments, for example: upregulation of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in the species which have adapted to mountainous regions characterized by strong winds and thick snow cover. Our study provides valid candidates for verification of the importance of the gene expression role, in addition to evidence for selection within genomic regions, in the process of ecological divergence and adaptation to higher altitudes in pine taxa.</p>
Response of distribution patterns of two closely related species in Taxus genus to climate change since last inter-glacial
<p>Climate change affects species' spatio-temporal distribution deeply. However, how climate affects the spatio-temporal distribution pattern of related species on the large scale remains largely unclear. Here, we selected two closely related species in the <em>Taxus</em> genus, <em>Taxus chinensis</em> and <em>Taxus mairei,</em> to explore their distribution pattern. Four environmental variables were employed to simulate the distribution patterns using the optimized Maxent model. The results showed that the highly suitable area of <em>T. chinensis</em> and <em>T. mairei</em> in the current period was 1.616 × 10<sup>5</sup> km<sup>2</sup> and 3.093 × 10<sup>5</sup> km<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The distribution area of <em>T. chinensis</em> was smaller than that of <em>T. mairei</em> in different periods. Comparison of different periods shows that the distribution area of the two species was almost in stasis from LIG to the future periods. Temperature and precipitation were the main climate factors that determined the potential distribution of the two species. The centroids of <em>T. chinensis</em> and <em>T. mairei</em> were in Sichuan and Hunan provinces in current period, respectively. In the future, the centroid migration direction of the two species would shift towards the northeast. Our results revealed that the average elevation distribution of <em>T. chinensis</em> was higher than that of <em>T. mairei</em>. This study sheds new insights into the habitat preference and limiting environmental factors of the two related species and provides a valuable reference for the conservation of these two threatened species.</p>
Molecular phenotyping uncovers differences in basic housekeeping functions among closely related species of hares (Lepus spp., Lagomorpha: Leporidae)
<p>Speciation is a fundamental evolutionary process, which results in genetic differentiation of populations and manifests as discrete morphological, physiological as well as behavioral differences. Each species has had its own evolutionary trajectory, formed by many types of selection pressures and random drift, making it extremely complicated to associate genetic differences between the species with the phenotypic differences. In the present study, we have used an in vitro model to analyze in depth the genetic and gene regulation differences between fibroblasts of two closely related mammals, arctic/subarctic mountain hare (Lepus timidus Linnaeus) and a temperate, steppe-like climate adapted brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas). We discovered the existence of a species-specific expression pattern of 1,623 genes, manifesting in differences in cell growth, respiration, and metabolism. Interspecific differences in the housekeeping functions of fibroblast cells suggest speciation acts on fundamental processes, even in these two interfertile species. Our results help to understand the molecular constituents of a species difference on a cellular level, which could contribute to the maintenance of the species boundary.</p>
Figs 14–16 in New records of Quartinia mongolica (Morawitz, 1889), with a comment on a closely related species Q. funebris Kostylev, 1935 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae)
Figs 14–16. Male genitalia in dorsal view: 14 – Quartinia mongolica (Morawitz, 1889),
Figs 9–13 in New records of Quartinia mongolica (Morawitz, 1889), with a comment on a closely related species Q. funebris Kostylev, 1935 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae)
Figs 9–13. Quartinia mongolica (Morawitz, 1889) from Mongolia (Khovd Province): 9–
Figs 1–8 in New records of Quartinia mongolica (Morawitz, 1889), with a comment on a closely related species Q. funebris Kostylev, 1935 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae)
Figs 1–8. Quartinia mongolica (Morawitz, 1889): 1–4 – ♀, lectotype (1 – habitus, dorsal
Fig. 4 in To The Knowledge Of Some Closely Related Species Of The Genus Pachyrhynchus Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Pachyrhynchini) From Luzon Island (Philippines), With Usage Of Eversion Of Endophallus
Fig. 4. Different colour variants of P. barsevskisi Rukmane, 2016.
Fig. 5 in To The Knowledge Of Some Closely Related Species Of The Genus Pachyrhynchus Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Pachyrhynchini) From Luzon Island (Philippines), With Usage Of Eversion Of Endophallus
Fig. 5. Different colour variations of P. niisatoi Yoshitake, 2017.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.