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Fig. 3 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 3. Ammonoids from the Skały Formation cropping out in an abandoned quarry near old water mill at Śniadka (exposure 6a of Sobolew 1909), 1 m below sample Sn−1. A–J. Holzapfeloceras sp. aff. H. croyi House, 1978; restored conch proportions (A), sutures (B, C; based on specimens ZPAL AmVII/97 and 487, respectively), growth lines (D; based on ZPAL AmVII/490), shell preserved three−dimensionally in concretion (E; ZPAL AmVII/485), crushed specimens showing partially preserved suture (F; ZPAL AmVII/484) and growth lines (G, H; ZPAL AmVII/490 and 488), and phragmocone fragments with preserved septa (I, J; ZPAL AmVII/487 and 79); all × 2 except for J which is × 3. K–M. Agoniatites sp., possibly A. vanuxemi (Hall, 1879); specimen ZPAL AmVII/483; restored cross section (K), suture (L), and actual specimen (M), × 2.

Fig. 4 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 4. Correlation of studied sections of the Frasnian in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland and position of conodont samples and ammonoid−bearing horizons. Note that the complete section of the Płucki main trench (extreme left) is drawn in different scale; samples between Pł−25 and Pł−18 come from small trenches. Above is a map of the Wietrznia quarries with locations of the sampled sections; the basal part of the section, with Ancyrodella soluta, has not been sampled because of low frequency of conodont elements (see Racki 1993); provisional zonation based on other Ancyrodella species is shown. Kowala section was measured at the eastern end of the quarry, the highest exploitation level. A. Wietrznia 1d of Racki et al. (1993; Racki and Bultynck 1993). B. Wietrznia 1e. C. Wietrznia block D of Szulczewski (1989). D. Wietrznia II.

Fig. 47 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 47. Succession of the earliest Famennian Klapperilepis gen. nov. populations at Płucki (see also Fig. 46). Aratio of the relative extent of the free carina (C/L) to the caudal lobe proclination angle is plotted for P1 (sp) elements. All measurable palmatolepidid platform elements from each sample are included (shape of the platform alone does not allow to discriminate species; they differ also in their more or less flat appearance). The number of species changes from one (Pł−20 and Pł−16) to two (Pł−42) to three (Pł−32). The pattern of variability of K. praetriangularis in the first Famennian sample Pł−20 (where it occurs alone as the only palmatolepidid) is indistinguishable from that in the latest Frasnian. Note increase of variability in sample Pł−16 which may be an effect of released competition from other palmatolepidids and character displacement in Pł−42, where the lineage of K. clarki appears, documented both by the diagnostic M (ne) elements and bimodal frequency distribution of P1 elements morphs. Subsequent changes resulted from a combination of immigration events and a phyletic evolution at the site.

Fig. 53 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 53. Silicified goniatites from the topmost Frasnian strata at Kowala Quarry. Specimens rarely preserve suture, species identification is thus in many cases based on pressumed conspecifity with better preserved specimens from nearby coeval cephalopod limestone of Płucki; all × 2. A. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901), sample Ko−134, specimen ZPAL AmVII/1667. B–E. Manticoceras adorfense (Wedekind, 1913), samples Ko−134 (B) Ko−142 (C, D) and Ko−159 (E), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1610, 1717, 1713, and 963.F–H. Involute Manticoceras? sp. sample Ko−159, specimens ZPAL AmVII/964, 962, and 960. I, J. Manticoceras drevermanni (Wedekind, 1913), sample Ko−142 (I) and Ko−134, specimens ZPAL AmVII/1714 and 1675. K–N. Linguatornoceras sp. aff L. clausum (Glenister, 1958), samples Ko−142 (K, M, N) and Ko−134 (L), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1716, 1671, 1715, and 1718. O. Crickites holzapfeli Wedekind, 1913 (or perhaps Sphaeromanticoceras sp.), sample Ko−159, specimen ZPAL AmVII/958.P–R. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931), samples Ko−142 (P, R) and Ko−134 (Q), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1719, 1668, and 1714.

Fig. 6 in Conodont faunas with Lenodus variabilis in the upper Arenigian to lower Llanvirnian of Sweden

Fig. 6. Relative abundance of major taxa in the samples for different areas and stratigraphic intervals. "Skåne" comprises samples from Killeröd and Tommarp, "Närke" samples from Lanna and Yxhult and "Dalarna" samples from Leskusänget and Kårgärde.

Fig. 2 in Conodont faunas with Lenodus variabilis in the upper Arenigian to lower Llanvirnian of Sweden

Fig. 2. Chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic subdivisions in the Kundan. The interval investigated here,the L. variabilis and Y. crassus zones,approxi − mately equals the lower half (Da 1−2) of the Darriwilian Stage (Da 1−4).

Fig. 5 in Conodont faunas with Lenodus variabilis in the upper Arenigian to lower Llanvirnian of Sweden

Fig. 5. Stratigraphic ranges of key taxa in Swedish sections. The range of Scalpellodus latus applies to Finngrundet only; in other areas,except possibly in Jämtland, the species disappeared before the beginning of the L. variabilis Zone interval.

Fig. 4 in Conodont faunas with Lenodus variabilis in the upper Arenigian to lower Llanvirnian of Sweden

Fig. 4. Distribution of conodont elements in samples from Närke,Dalarna and Västergötland not previously presented. Samples with an asterisk (samp les D70−102, GB81−900, HK88−2 and HK88−3) represent the Y. crassus Zone; the remaining samples are from the L. variabilis Zone.

Fig. 8. Additional conodont elements from the upper L. variabilis and Y. crassus zones. A–D in Conodont faunas with Lenodus variabilis in the upper Arenigian to lower Llanvirnian of Sweden

Fig. 8. Additional conodont elements from the upper L. variabilis and Y. crassus zones. A–D. Yangtzeplacognathus crassus Chen and Zhang,1993 (in Ding et al. 1993) from samples Öl92−9 (A) and Öl87−3 (B–D), Y. crassus Zone,Gillberga quarry. A. Dextral Pa element,LO 8708t,× 50. B. Sinistral Pa element,LO 8707t,× 55. C. Dextral Pb element,LO 8710t,× 60. D. Sinistral Pb element,LO 8709t,× 40. E–I. Dzikodus hunanensis Zhang,1998b from samples HK88−3 (E, F, H) and HK88−2 (I),Hällekis quarry,and Öl93−8 (G),Gillberga quarry,all from the Y. crassus Zone. E. Sinistral juvenile Pa element,LO 8849t,× 90. F. Sinistral subadult Pa element,LO 8850t,× 50. G. Dextral? Pb element,LO 8851t,× 55. H. Sb element,LO 8852t,× 100. I. M element,LO 8853t,× 80. J–N. Parapanderodus quietus Bagnoli and Stouge,1997 from sample Öl87−1, L. variabilis Zone,Gillberga quarry. J. Slender element (?Sb),lateral view,LO 8854t, × 75. K. Slender element (?Sb),posterior−lateral view,LO 8855t,× 70. L. Small,laterally compressed element (?Sc),LO 8856t,× 100. M. Small,asymmetrical element (?Sd),LO 8857t,× 105. N. Bicostate element (?Sa),posterior view,LO 8858t,× 75. O–Q. Protopanderodus calceatus Bagnoli and Stouge,1997 from sample HK88−3,Hällekis quarry, Y. crassus Zone. O. Square−based asymmetrical element,LO 8804t,× 45. P. Short−based asymmetrical element,LO 8805t, × 60. Q. Scandodontiform element,LO 8806t,× 45. R–U. Protopanderodus rectus (Lindström,1955) from sample Vg98−4B, L. variabilis Zone,Österplana quarry. R. Scandodontiform element,LO 8807t,× 50. S. Short−based asymmetrical element,LO 8808t,× 55. T. Square−based acontiodontiform element,LO 8809t,× 50. U. High−based acontiodontiform element,LO 8810t,× 60. V–W. Parapaltodus simplicissimus Stouge,1984 from sample Öl87−3, Y. crassus Zone, Gillberga quarry. V. Scandodontiform element,LO 8829t,× 80. W. Drepanodontiform element,LO 8830t,× 45. X. Ansella jemtlandica (Löfgren,1978) from sample Öl87−3, Y. crassus Zone,Gillberga quarry,LO 8859t,× 110. Y, Z. Periodon flabellum (Lindström,1955),late form from sample Öl87−3, Y. crassus Zone,Gillberga quarry. Y. Sb element,LO 8860t,× 80. Z. M element,LO 8861t,× 80. AA. Strachanognathus parvus Rhodes,1955 from sample Öl87−2, Y. crassus Zone,Gillberga quarry,LO 8862t,× 120. AB–AD. Costiconus mysticus (Barnes and Poplawski,1973) from sample GB81−900, E. crassus Zone, Gullhögen quarry. AB. Multicostate element,LO 8831t,× 100. AC. Geniculate element,LO 8832t,× 110. AD. Scandodontiform element,LO 8833t,× 80.

FIGURE 7 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 7. Simple cone elements from Garrison Core. All specimens in lateral view except for 6. 1-2, Panderodus equicostatus, graciliform, GC 124.66–124.93 m, SUI 142251 (1) and graciliform, GC 121.92-121.88 m, SUI 142253 (2). 3-5, Panderodus panderi, graciliform, GC 124.66–124.93 m, SUI 142252 (3); arcuatiform, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142254 (4); and graciliform, GC 111.38–111.63 m, SUI 142255 (5). 6, Psuedooneotodus beckmanni, oral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142256. 7, Panderodus cf. P. unicostatus, falciform, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142257. 8- 11, Panderodus unicostatus, falciform, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142258 (8); fused cluster of 8 elements, GC 130.20–130.48 m, specimen destroyed processing for SEM (9); fused cluster of 6 elements, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142260 (10); and tortiform element, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142261 (11); 12-13, Walliserodus curvatus, dyscritiform, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142262 (12) and curvatiform, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142263 (13). 14-15, Panderodus greenlandensis, arcuatiform GC 118.20–118.41 m, SUI 142264 (14) and graciliform, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142265 (15). White scale bar represents 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 3. Cross section of Silurian strata in eastern Iowa. The lower two members of the Hopkinton Formation become indistinguishable in the western part of the cross section. The Sweeney and Marcus members are referred to as Hopkinton A, the Farmers Creek Quarry Member as Hopkinton B, and the Picture Rock Member as Hopkinton C in this manuscript. Note the change in datum at the CC core in Linn County. Modified from Witzke (1992, figure 6).

FIGURE 11. P1 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 11. P1 elements of Wurmiella? polinclinata estonica and Wurmiella? polinclinata polinclinata. 1-11 are classified as W.? polinclinata polinclinata. 12 and 14 show some characteristics of each subspecies, but compare most closely to W.? polinclinata polinclinata. 13, 15-17 are classified as W.? polinclinata estonica. All specimens in lateral view. 1, GC 121.92–121.88 m, SUI 142321; 2, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142322; 3-5, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142323 (3), 142324 (4), and 142325 (5); 6, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142326; 7-11, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142327 (7), 142328 (8), 142329 (9), 142330 (10), and 142331 (11); 12-14, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142332 (12), 142333 (13), and 142334 (14); and 15-17, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142335 (15), 142336 (16), and 142337 (17).

FIGURE 5 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 5. Stratigraphic column and conodont range chart for the LPC in the Garrison Core. Dashed lines indicate uncertainty in range. M = mudstone, W = Wackestone, P = Packstone, F = Floatstone for carbonate lithologies. L.H. = Lower Hopkinton. Log colors represent the color of the rock. Correlation of conodont biozonation to chronostratigraphic units from Cramer et al. (2011).

FIGURE 10 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 10. Conodonts from the Garrison Core and DX5 outcrop. 1-7, Pterospathodus amorphognathoides angulatus, Sc1 element, posterior view, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 142304 (1); Pb1? element, lateral view, GC 115.51– 115.76 m, SUI 142305 (2); Pb2 element, GC 111.38–111.63 m, SUI 142306 (3); Pb1 element, inner lateral, and oral views, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 132410 (4 and 5); Pa element, oral view, DX5 3.49–3.59 m, SUI 142307 (6); and Pa element, lateral view, DX5 4.59–4.61 m, SUI 142308 (7). 8-19, Pterospathodus eopennatus ssp. n. 2 sensu Männik (1998), Sb2 element, posterior, and lateral views, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142309 (8 and 9); Sc1 element, lateral view, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142310 (10); M element, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142311 (11); Pb1 element, lateral view, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142312 (12); Pc element, lateral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142313 (13); Pb1 element, lateral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142314 (14); Pa element, lateral view, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142315 (15); Pb1 element, lateral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142316 (16); Pa element, lateral, and oral views, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142317 (17 and 18); and Pa element fragment, oral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142318 (19). 20-21, Aulacognathus sp., juvenile P1 element, oral, and lateral-anterior views, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142319. 22-23, Kockelella cf. K. abrupta, P1 element, oral, and lateral views, DX5 0.67–0.74 m, SUI 142320.

FIGURE 2. 1 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 2. 1, Paleogeographic map showing the locations of the continents during the lower to middle Silurian. Black box indicates approximate location of the Illinois Basin. From Torsvik et al. (1996, figure 13). 2, Map showing the deepest part of the Illinois and East-Central Iowa basins, and trans-Iowa sag in Iowa and nearby states during the Silurian. Shading indicates extent of basins. Modified from Cramer et al. (2006, figure 1).

FIGURE 4 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 4. Specimens reported from the DX5 outcrop section in Metzger (2005). All specimens in lateral view. 1-3, 5, Pterospathodus eopennatus ssp. n. 2 sensu Männik (1998), Pa element, DLH 4, SUI 132418 (1); Pa element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (2); Pb element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (3); and Pa element, DLH 9, SUI 132423 (5). 4, 6-9, Pterospathodus amorphognathoides angulatus, Pa element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (4); Pb element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (6); Pa element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (7); Pb element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (8); and Pa element, DLH 11, SUI 132425 (9). 10, Aulacognathus bullatus? Pb element, DLH 11, SUI 132425.

FIGURE 9 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 9. Conodonts from the Garrison Core and DX5 outcrop. 1-8, Wurmiella? polinclinata polinclinata, S0 element, anterior view, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142286 (1); S1/2 element, posterior view, GC 115.51–115.79 m, SUI 142287 (2); S3/4 element, lateral view, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 142288 (3); M element, lateral view, GC 130.20– 130.48 m, SUI 142289 (4); P2 element, lateral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142290 (5); P2 element, GC 130.79– 131.09 m, SUI 142291 (6); P1 element, lateral view, DX5 4.59–4.61 m, SUI 142292 (7); and P1 element, lateral view, DX5 3.49–3.59 m, SUI 142293 (8). 9-10, Aulacognathus angulatus, P1 element, oral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142294 (9) and S1/2? element, posterior view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142295 (10). 11-14, Aulacognathus bullatus, P2 element, lateral view, DX5 1.34–1.54 m, SUI 142296 (11); P1 element, oral view, DX5 4.59–4.61 m, SUI 142297 (12); P1 element, oral view, DX5 0.67–0.74 m, SUI 142298 (13); and P1 element, oral view, GC 120.88– 121.13 m, SUI 142299 (14). 15-16, Aulacognathus kuehni, P1 element, oral view, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142300 (15) and juvenile P1 element, oral view, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142301 (16). 17, Astrolecignathus cf. milleri, Pa element, oral view, GC 121.92–121.88 m, SUI 142302. 18, Apsidognathus tuberculatus, Pa element, oral view, DX5 1.34–1.54 m, SUI 142303.

FIGURE 8. Conodonts from the Garrison Core. 1-12, 19 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 8. Conodonts from the Garrison Core. 1-12, 19, Psuedolonchodina sp. n., Sa element, posterior view, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 152266 (1); Sa element, posterior-aboral view, GC 121.62–121.88 m, SUI 142267 (2); Sb element, anterior view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142268 (3); Sc element, lateral view, GC 130.20–130.48, SUI 142269 (4); Sc/M? element fragment, lateral view, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142270 (5); M element, lateral-posterior view, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142271 (6); M element, anterior-lateral view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142272 (7); Pa element, oral view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142273 (8); Pa element, oral view, GC 130.79–131.09m, SUI 142274 (9); Sc element, lateral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142259 (10); Pb element, lateral, and lateral-aboral views, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 142275 (11 and 12); and Pb element, lateral view, GC 130.79-131.09 m, SUI 142276 (19). 13, 15, Oulodus sp. indet., Sa element, anterior-lateral view, GC 137.12–137.40 m, SUI 142277 (13) and Pa element, posterior view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142278 (15). 14, 16-17, Oulodus cf. Ou. petilus pacificus, Sc element, lateral view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142279 (14); Sb element, posterior-oral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142280 (16); and Pb element, anterior-lateral view, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142281 (17). 18, 21-22, Distomodus staurognathoides, Sb element, posterior view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142282 (18); Pa element, oral view, GC 135.65– 136.10 m, SUI 142283 (21); and Pa element, oral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142282 (22). 20, Aulacognathus angulatus, P2 element, lateral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142285.

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FIGURE 5 in Evolutionary convergence in conodonts revealed by Synchrotron-based Tomographic Microscopy

FIGURE 5. Microtomographic longitudinal sections focused on the posterior platform of Epigondolella vialovi, E. uniformis, and E. triangularis aimed to show the ontogenesis of the posterior node growing behind the cusp. For each section a 3D model of the correspondent conodont is provided. 1, E. vialovi; 2, E. uniformis; 3, juvenile specimen of E. uniformis from sample NA43 (from Mazza and Martínez-Pérez, 2015; repository number Micro-Unimi no. 2005); 4, E. triangularis; 5, juvenile specimen of E. triangularis from sample NA43 (from Mazza and Martínez-Pérez, 2015; repository number Micro-Unimi no. 2004). Scale bars equal 200 µm. Legend: cu, cusp; pn, posterior node; wm, white matter.