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Fig. 11 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 11. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–G. Y-nauplius Type W. H–M. Y-nauplius Type AD. Shown either in life (A–C, H–J) or as slide-mounted exuviae (D–G, K–M). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 8. Last-stage nauplii of three different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–D. Type F. E–G. Type G. H–J. Type H. Shown either in life (A–B, E–F, H–I) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–D, G, J). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 10 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 10. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–F. Y-nauplius Type E*. G–K. Y-nauplius Type AG*. Shown either in life (A–B, G–H) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–F, I–K). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 3. Example of canvasses used to sort images of more than 500 last-stage y-nauplii obtained during field work at Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan) in 2018 and 2019 into morphospecies. This canvas shows different developmental stages of 52 specimens of a particularly distinctive morphospecies, Type C (nicknamed 'Bumblebee' due to its distinct color pattern), with color codes indicating each specimen's manner of preservation and storage.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 7. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–G. Type D* ("Big brown"). H–M. Type B. Shown either in life (A–B, H–J) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–G, K–M). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 2. Y in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 2. Y-naupliar (Facetotecta) diversity at Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A. Schematic life cycle of y-larvae (modified from Itô 1991; Glenner et al. 2008). B. Overview of 34 morphospecies of lecithotrophic last-stage y-nauplii obtained by laboratory rearing of earlier-stage nauplii collected in the plankton; three of them represent formally described species while 31 remain undescribed. C. Nine types of planktotrophic y-larvae, of which only Type A* is treated in detail in this paper. All photos in B and C are to the same scale. Figure also used in Olesen (2004). Examples of live video of most of the y-naupliar morphospecies can be seen at https://youtu.be/er0mYLswV-c and are also deposited at Figshare.com: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24953568.v1.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of three significantly different kinds of last-stage lecithotrophic (non-feeding) y-nauplii (Facetotecta) illustrating key characters (general body size and shape, and morphology of labrum and caudal spines) used herein to separate and describe 34 y-naupliar morphospecies, with various measurements explained directly on the figure. A–B. Hansenocaris demodex Olesen et al., 2022, ventral view with detail of labral area. C. Hansenocaris cristalabri Olesen & Grygier, 2022 (holotype, NHMD), lateral view. D–F. Type K, lateral view with details of labrum and caudal spines. A–B from Olesen et al. (2022); C from Olesen & Grygier (2022).

Fig. 12 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 12. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–D. Y-nauplius Type U*. E–G. Y-nauplius Type V. Shown either in life (A, E–G) or as slide-mounted exuviae (B–D). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 1. Field work to collect y-larvae (Facetotecta) at Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan) in 2018 and 2019. A. Example of newly collected y-nauplii (19 specimens) and y-cyprids (1 specimen). B. Seven lecithotrophic y-nauplii showing internal yolk and pigment, too early in development to be identified except for a specimen of Type AM and possible specimens of Types K and AG. C. Two common morphospecies of planktotrophic nauplii, Types A* and I*. D. Tray with code-labelled petri dishes used for rearing. E. Sesoko Island. F. Pier of Sesoko Station. G. Sorting and photography of y-larvae in the lab. A–C from Olesen et al. (2002).

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 6. Last-stage nauplii of two different (morpho)species of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–F. Hansenocaris demodex Olesen et al., 2022 (all paratypes). G–L. Type C ('Bumblebee'). Shown either in life (A–B, G–H) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–F, I –L). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Figure 2. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 2. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. on the inner side of a Tridacna maxima bivalve shell from the Pleistocene–Holocene coral reef deposits in the Marsa Alam area, Red Sea, Egypt. (a) Inner side of valve (left; prior to sectioning) with hundreds of N. carnelia specimens, and outer surface (right) intensely bioeroded by the sponge boring Entobia isp. (b) Section of the valve (MB.W 5640) with the holotype (centre) and the paratypes (all other specimens) in various ichnogenetic stages. (c) Close-up of the holotype trace. (d–e) Respective micro-CT scan of the holotype in plan and angular views as seen from inside the substrate.

Figure 1 in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 1. The Pleistocene raised coral reef limestones exposed at the type locality of Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. just south of the Carnelia Beach Resort, located between El Quseir and Marsa Alam, exhibiting scleractinian corals as primary reef builders (a) and giant clams Tridacna spp. weathering from the carbonate–siliciclastic rocks (b) that mix with Holocene and modern Tridacna valves, forming a highly time-averaged assemblage (c).

Figure 4. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 4. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. on the outer surface of a large recent Tridacna squamosa valve from Nosy-BØ, northern Madagascar (ZMB/Mol 102671). (a) Shell surface with various encrusters as well as bioerosion traces. (b) Close-up of a cluster of N. carnelia. (c) A large specimen with distinct pitted arrays developed in most of the branches.

Figure 3 in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 3. SEM images (BSE detector) of Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. of the inner side of a Tridacna maxima bivalve shell from the Pleistocene–Holocene coral reef deposits in the Marsa Alam area, Red Sea, Egypt. (a–c) Overview and close-ups of the holotype. (d–e) Overview and close-up of an early ichnogenetic stage. (f–g) Overview and close-up of a specimen with authigenic gypsum crystals, calcite spar, and clay minerals within the boring as well as on the host's shell surface. (h) Different morphologies possibly developed in the trace, comprising deep open canals (1), isolated deep pits (2), shallow open canals (3), pits in shallow canals (4) and discontinuities (5). (i) Cross section of a trace showing deep (1) and shallow (2) open canals. (j–k) Overview and detail of an epoxy resin cast of a specimen, illustrating the smooth surface texture and the high degree of microbioerosion in the surrounding (partly mechanically removed to gain a view of the dendrinid).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Data for "Examining functional impact and trophic morphology of small, sand-sifting fishes on coral reefs"

This data is the product of the study published as "Examining functional impact and trophic morphology of small, sand-sifting fishes on coral reefs " It contains: Feeding depth count of the two fish species used Granulometry on the experimental sediment Gut content analysis of the 8 fish used in the experiment. Measurements of maximum and minimum size of each individual prey item noted. Feeding experiment count data. ID and count data of meiobenthos (benthic meiofauna) found during the feeding experiment. The benthic community was assessed in 3 replicates for each fish individual at each timepoint. See the methods in publications for details or contact the Ole Brodnicke or Camilla Hansen for details.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Data from 'Fast-growing species shape the evolution of reef corals'

Datasets and scripts generated and/or analysed in the paper 'Fast-growing species shape the evolution of reef corals', published in Nature Communications. More details can be found in the README file.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Cloudiness delays projected impact of climate change on coral reefs

The increasing frequency of mass coral bleaching and associated coral mortality threaten the future of warmwater coral reefs. Although thermal stress is widely recognized as the main driver of coral bleaching, exposure to light also plays a central role. Future projections of the impacts of climate change on coral reefs have to date focused on temperature change and not considered the role of clouds in attenuating the bleaching response of corals. In this study, we develop temperature- and light-based bleaching prediction algorithms using historical sea surface temperature, cloud cover fraction and downwelling shortwave radiation data together with a global-scale observational bleaching dataset observations. The model is applied to CMIP6 output from the GFDL-ESM4 Earth System Model under four different future scenarios to estimate the effect of incorporating cloudiness on future bleaching frequency, with and without thermal adaptation or acclimation by corals.  The results show that in the low emission scenario SSP1-2.6 incorporating clouds delays the bleaching frequency conditions by multiple decades in some regions, yet the majority (>70%) of coral reef cells still experience dangerously frequent bleaching conditions by the end of the century. In the moderate scenario SSP2-4.5, however, thermal stress would overwhelm the mitigating effect of clouds by mid-century. Thermal adaptation or acclimation by corals could further shift the bleaching projections by up to 40 years, yet coral reefs would still experience dangerously frequent bleaching conditions by the end of century in SPP2-4.5. The findings show that multivariate models incorporating factors like light may improve the near-term outlook for coral reefs and help identify future climate refugia, but the long-term future of coral reefs remains questionable in moderate to higher emissions scenario.

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Larval dispersal patterns and connectivity of Acropora on Florida's Coral Reef and its implications for restoration

Since the 1980s, populations of Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata have experienced severe declines due to disease and anthropogenic stressors; resulting in their listing as threatened, and their need for restoration. In this study, larval survival and competency data were collected and used to calibrate a very high-resolution hydrodynamic model (up to 100m) to determine the dispersal patterns of Acropora species along the Florida's Coral Reef. The resulting connectivity matrices was incorporated into a metapopulation model to compare strategies for restoring Acropora populations. This study found that Florida's Coral Reef was historically a well-connected system, and that spatially selective restoration may be able to stimulate natural recovery. Acropora larvae are predominantly transported northward along the Florida's Coral Reef, however southward transport also occurs, driven by tides and baroclinic eddies. Local retention and self-recruitment processes were strong for a broadcast spawner with a long pelagic larval duration. Model simulations demonstrate that it is beneficial to spread restoration effort across more reefs, rather than focusing on a few reefs. Differences in population patchiness between the Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata drive the need for different approaches to their management plans. This model can be used as a tool to address the species-specific management to restore genotypically diverse Acropora populations on the Florida's Coral Reef, and its methods could be expanded to other vulnerable populations.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

NOAA NCCOS Assessment: Priority Areas Recommended for Shallow Coral Reef Management in the South Florida Coast from 2021-04-26 to 2021-05-21

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) developed a spatial framework, process, and online application (Buja and Christensen 2019) to identify mapping needs along the south Florida coast to support shallow coral reef management by NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP). Eighteen participants from local federal, state, academic, and other institutions entered their priorities in an online participatory Geographic Information System (pGIS). Participants used virtual coins to denote their priorities in 10.4 km2 hexagonal grid cells overlaid on the study area. Grid cells with more coins were higher priorities than cells with fewer coins. Participants also reported why these locations were important, what data types were needed, and data collection methodologies using a pre-set list of options. Results were compiled, summarized, and mapped to identify high priority areas, reasons for those priorities, and information needs. Identifying these high priority areas provide a critical spatial framework for prioritizing mapping efforts in shallow coral reef ecosystems in south Florida. The overall goal of the project was to systematically gather and quantify suggestions for mapping needs to support management of shallow coral reef ecosystems along the coast of south Florida. This dataset supports these goals by compiling input from a diversity of regional experts on their recommended priorities for mapping data collection. An advisory group was established which included individuals from NOAA CRCP and NOAA Fisheries. This advisory team customized the pGIS process specifically to meet the needs of CRCP and local coral reef manager priorities. In the online pGIS, the study area was divided into 1761 hexagonal grid cells 10.4 km2 in size. Existing relevant spatial datasets (e.g., bathymetry, Sanctuary Protection Areas, etc.) were provided as a digital atlas to help participants understand information and data gaps within the project area and to identify locations they wanted to prioritize for future data collections. The pGIS was used by 18 participants to convey their recommendations. Each participant was provided with 530 virtual coins to place into grid cells that they wished to prioritize. They were instructed to place more coins in grid cells that were higher priorities. A maximum of 53 coins could be placed into an individual grid cell by each respondent. Respondents also reported why these locations were important by selecting a minimum of one, and a maximum of two, management uses from the following list: endangered species management (e.g.,), habitat restoration, monitoring, coastal vulnerability planning, watershed management, fisheries management, consultations and permitting, emergency response, and spatial protection and management. Respondents also reported what data types were needed in priority cells. A minimum of one, to a maximum of two choices were selected from the following list: habitat map/characterization, shoreline characterization, ground truthing (e.g. photos and videos collected using ROVs or AUVs), elevation (e.g. bathymetry and topography), backscatter and intensity (e.g. surfaces used to delineate between hard and soft substrate), 2D map product (e.g. static images used to visualize bottom type, presence/absence of taxa), georectified photomosaics (e.g. 3D products created from structure for motion), and water column (e.g. for fish biomass detection). Respondents also reported what method of data collection was desired in each priority cell. Only one response was required and were selected from the following list: satellite, lidar, multibeam echosounder, split beam echosounder, side-scan sonar, photogrammetry, drop-camera, and uncrewed systems. Coin values were summarized and mapped to identify high priority areas, reasons for those priorities, and information needs. This ESRI shapefile contains the 10.4 km2 grid cells used in this prioritization and their associated coin values overall, as well as by management use, data product, and mapping methodology. Other summary values include the number of participants, number of participating groups, number of management uses, and number of data products. Also included is a ranking of each grid cell based on the total number of coins, management uses, and agencies allocating coins in the respective cell. For a complete description of the process and analysis see: Kraus et al., 2022.