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Fig. 11. Associated skull SMNS 52348 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 11. Associated skull SMNS 52348 of a juvenile individual of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. The lower jaw bones at the left were detached from the specimen during preparation and are reassembled in this image. All currently identifiable elements are framed and labeled. B. Most of the unlabeled elements in the left center between the right postorbital, left exoccipital, left frontal, and left prefrontal (marked by "?") likely belong to the palate of the skull and may be identifiable after further preparation. Abbreviations: c2–c4, cervical vertebrae 2–4; l., left; r., right.
Fig. 16. A in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 16. A group of blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) crossing the Mara River, East Africa. Photo by Eric Inafuku, Wikimedia commons (https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connochaetes_taurinus_-Wildebeest_crossing_river_-East_Africa.jpg).
Fig. 7 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 7. Field sketches by Hans Reck (Reck, 8th report, September 15, 1912) on the spatial relationships of the two main bonebeds. The two main bonebeds (BB-3 and BB-4) in top (A) and profile (B) views. The indicated large bones in between are labelled with "dinosaur shoulder blade and vertebra" (in German) (A) or simply "Dinos." (B) and indicate the discovery of sauropod remains in the quarry (H. Reck, 8th report, September 15, 1912; Pal. Mus SII, Tendaguru-Expedition 9.5, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN).
Fig. 6 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 6. Scanned image of the first two pages of the field catalogue of Hans Reck from 1912. The first note at the top of the right page says: "19. June 1912 – The quarry Ig will be renamed W.J. due to the ongoing numbering of the bones" (Reck, 1912–1913. GTE field catalogue, Pal. Mus SII, TendaguruExpedition 9.3, Archive of the Historical Division of the MfN)
Fig. 5 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 5. Simplified composite section of the Tendaguru Formation in the type area (based on Bussert et al. 2009). The position of the Ig/WJ-bonebeds is only approximate, based on the field results of the German-Tanzanian Tendaguru Expedition 2000 (Aberhan et al. 2002). Abbreviations: Cl, clay; cS, coarse-grained sand; fS, fine-grained sand; G, gravel; mS, mediumgrained sand; Si, silt.
Fig. 4 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 4. Measurements of a right femur of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, visualized from a CT scan of the bamboo corset Ig 133, using the line measurement tool in Osirix. A. Dashed line marks maximum length of femur. B. Dashed line marks distal width of femur (see also Material and methods).
Fig. 2 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 2. Oil painting by Ina Reck (1912), which depicts the excavations at the Ig/WJ-site (from MfN collections, PM_B_VII_9_Reck).
Fig. 12 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 12. Examples of articulated or closely associated skeletal elements of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. The 7–15th dorsal vertebrae (anterior to the left) of individual dy II (acronym for individual dy II used by Janensch 1955, today catalogued with the collection numbers MB.R.1586.1–9). B. Unlabeled posterior dorsal vertebrae from the SMNS collections in ventral view. C. Closely associated right angular and surangular MB.R.1335. D. Incomplete articulated left pes GPIT/RE/3452 in ventral (D1), dorsal (D2), and medial (D3) views.
Fig. 14 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 14. Examples of states of bone preservation of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. Several tibiae originally labelled with low Ig numbers showing multiple breaks perpendicular to their long axis. B. Isolated shaft of the left femur GPIT/RE/3446 in medial view with its proximal and distal ends broken off but with excellent preservation of the bone surface and of the delicate 4th trochanter. C. The right ilium GPIT/RE/6544 with the usual broken off preacetabular process and net-like surface cracks on the otherwise well-preserved lateral bone surface. D. Dorsal vertebra GPIT/RE/5462 of a juvenile individual in anterior view with plastic deformation of the left diapophysis. The deformation of this side is visible in two additional, potentially associated dorsal vertebrae. E. Unlabeled right humerus from the SMNS collections with well-preserved articular ends but with a distorted and compressed midshaft. F. Excellent preservation of the right calcaneum GPIT/RE/5808 in lateral view. G. The left jugal MB.R.1333 in lateral view with numerous diagenetic cracks which were resealed in situ by calcite. H. Right quadrate MB.R.3478 in lateral view with its cotylar head and upper part of the anterolateral wing broken off and slightly displaced forward whereas the surface of the bone and its delicate processes are generally well preserved. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 1 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 1. Location of the Ig/WJ-locality. A. Position of the Tendaguru locality in Tanzania, redrawn from Google Maps and on the basis of locality information of Aberhan et al. (2002). B. Geological map of the Tendaguru area with main stratigraphic units, the position of quarry Jg/WJ is marked with an asterisk, and some other important quarries from the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913) are labelled with their respective letters. Roads are marked by dashed lines. Data are from Janensch (1925b), Heinrich 1999b), and Aberhan et al. (2002). The names of stratigraphic units are from Bussert et al. (2009).
Fig. 3 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 3. Original, unopened bamboo corsets containing bones of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, which are housed in the collection of fossil reptiles at the MfN. A. Stored as a stack. B. Bamboo corset in lateral view. C. Showing the labelling on the front side. The bamboo corsets are labelled with the quarry numbers and field numbers as assigned to single fossil blocks. Reference to specimens is not possible, because most of them are unprepared sediment blocks. D. CT slice exposing cross-section through bamboo corset Ig 88, bones are in white whereas lighter materials such as clay, cushioning with grass, and bamboo sticks are displaying around.
Fig. 8 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Fig. 8. Tentative reconstruction of the spatial relationships of the four bonebeds of the Ig/WJ-quarry according to the available descriptions and dates of Werner Janensch and Hans Reck. The actual shape and absolute sizes of the bonebeds are schematic and speculative. Top (A) and profile (B) views are in relation to the cardinal points. Note that the actual stratigraphic level of BB-1 in relation to BB-2 is uncertain (double headed arrow). The dotted ellipses show the approximate position of the large, possibly sauropod, bones found in September 1912 within the otherwise bone-free layer in between BB-3 and BB-4 including a scapula and a cervical vertebra. BB, bonebed. See Fig. 7 for comparison.
Fig. 3 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography
Fig. 3. Distribution of the ratio between the maximum width of the dorsal region of the coronoid process (C) and the length of the dental battery D) in a sample of hadrosauroid dinosaurs. Taxon abbreviations: Ac, Acristavus gagslarsoni; Am, Amurosaurus riabinini; Ar, Aralosaurus tuberiferus; Ay, Arenysaurus ardevoli; Ba, Bactrosaurus johnsoni; Bl, Blasisaurus canudoi; Br, Brachylophosaurus canadensis; cfCo, cf. Corythosaurus sp.; Ch, Charonosaurus jiayinensis; Co, Corythosaurus sp.; Eda, Edmontosaurus annectens; Edr, Edmontosaurus regalis; Eot, Eotrachodon orientalis; Ft, Fylax thyrakolasus; Gra,?Gryposaurus alsatei; Grl, Gryposaurus latidens; Hya, Hypacrosaurus altispinus; Hys, H. stebingeri; Krn, Kritosaurus navajovius; Lml, Lambeosaurus lambei; Ma, Maiasaura peeblesorum; Pat, Parasaurolophus tubicen; Pbr, Probrachylophosaurus bergei; Pl, Plesiohadros djadokhtaensis; Pn, Penelopognathus weishampeli; Pr, Prosaurolophus maximus; Pt, Protohadros byrdi; Saa, Saurolophus angustirostris; Sao, Saurolophus osborni; Te, Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus; Ts, Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus; Vel, Velafrons coahuilensis. Silhouettes were downloaded from http:// phylopic.org and drawn by Pete Buchholz (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), Scott Hartman (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/) and Craig Dylke (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).
Fig. 4 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography
Fig. 4. Time calibrated cladogram based on the strict consensus tree (unresolved branches in the consensus are within saurolophine and lambeosaurine hadrosaurids, only shown in the SOM 5) resulting from the parsimony analysis of 67 hadrosauroid taxa, showing the position of IPS-36338. Ancestral areas are reconstructed for each clade of the phylogram, with maximum likelihood proportions indicated by the pie charts. Colors represent the various areas considered in the maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstruction analysis. The global paleogeographic map corresponds to the late Campanian (75–73.8 Ma) and is based on Scotese (2014), except the paleogeographic configuration of the European Archipelago, which is based on the greater detailed offered by Csiki et al. (2015: fig. 3). Geochronological ages are from Walker et al. (2018). The Pyrenean-Provençal Landmass presented in the figure will become part of the Ibero-Armorican Island in the Maastrichtian. Abbreviations: Con, Coniacian; Maast, Maastrichtian; San, Santonian; Tur, Turonian.
Fig. 2 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography
Fig. 2. Dentary of the hadrosauroid dinosaur Fylax thyrakolasus gen. et sp. nov. (IPS-36338, holotype) from the uppermost Maastrichtian Fontllonga-R locality; in posterior (A1), medial (A2), dorsal (A4), anterior (A5), lateral (A6), and ventral (A7) views. A detailed lingual view of the tooth crowns appears in A3.
Fig. 1 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography
Fig. 1. Geographic location and stratigraphic position of Fontllonga-R, the type locality of Fylax thyrakolasus gen. et sp. nov. A. Simplified map showing the location of the Àger syncline in northeastern Spain. B. Geological map of the Àger syncline and adjacent areas displaying the location of the Fontllonga-R locality (asterisk), near the eponymous town. C. Stratigraphic section of the Fontllonga Formation cropping out at the Fontllonga-R locality, showing the position of the holotype dentary IPS-36338 (modified from Fondevilla et al. 2019).
Fig. 8 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 8. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/13 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 100% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Note moderately vascularized cortex that is predominantly composed of parallel-fibred bone and the predominantly longitudinal orientation of vascular canals. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae.
Fig. 7 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 7. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/9-10 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 90% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, A2) and close-ups of the cortex (A3, A4) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the parallelfibred bone in the outermost part of the cortex. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon; tb, trabeculae.
Fig. 6 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 6. Histological sections of femora KOKM 4652/1 (A) and KOKM 4652/11 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; subadult stage; about 63–70% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, B1) under polarized light with lambda waveplate and without lambda waveplate (A3) and close-ups of the cortex (A2, A4, B2) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the presence of the fibrolamellar complex and four LAGs (white arrows). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae. subadults indicate a continuing period of fast growth with a The femur KOKM 4652/11 (about 63% of maximal femocyclical temporary and local decrease in growth rate. ral size; Fig. 6B) is poorly preserved, but reticular canals and
Fig. 3 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 3. Histological sections of femora PM TSU 16/0-55 (A) and PM TSU 16/0-56 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage; about 30% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1), close-up of the cortex (A2), and histological overview of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A3) and without lambda waveplate (A4). Note the presence of erosion bays, secondary bone, and LAGs (white arrows). Microanatomical overview (B1) and close-up of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (B2). Note the presence of erosion bays. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; LAGs, lines of arrested growth; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.