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Refugia during the last glacial period and the origin of the disjunct distribution of the insular plant Microtropis japonica (Celastraceae)
<p><span><b>Aim: </b>While many phylogeographical studies have focused on continental refugia, the function of islands as refugia has been long overlooked. In this study, we examined the biogeographic history of <i>Microtropis japonica </i>and its insular distribution to elucidate the hidden status of islands on the range expansion of plants.</span></p> <p><span><b>Location: </b>Two disjunct island areas of Japan (the Izu and Ryukyu Islands) and their adjacent areas (the Japanese mainlands Honshu and Kyushu, and Taiwan).</span></p> <p><span><b>Taxon: </b><i>Microtropis japonica </i>(Celastraceae).</span></p> <p><span><b>Methods: </b>Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses were performed using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. In addition, ecological niche modeling of current suitable habitats and those during the last glacial maximum were conducted using occurrence and climate data.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results: </b>Both cpDNA and nuclear SNP data showed genetic differentiation between two disjunct regions (mainly the Izu and Ryukyu Islands). However, at the intra-regional level, the genetic structures revealed by different markers showed different geographic patterns. While cpDNA data indicated genetic differentiation within the Ryukyu Islands but not within the Izu Islands, nuclear SNP data indicated genetic differentiation within both island groups. Ecological niche modeling showed that both the Izu and Ryukyu Islands have continuously been potential distribution areas regardless of historical climate oscillations.</span></p> <p><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>Genetic data suggest that the current disjunct distribution pattern of <i>M. japonica</i> strongly reflects the refugia locations during the last glacial period and the subsequent range expansion. Ecological niche modeling revealed the importance of islands as refugia in the disjunct distribution of <i>M. japonica</i>.</span></p>
Distribution. Central Highlands and E Madagascar; populations are likely to be disjunct. in Tenrecidae
Distribution. Central Highlands and E Madagascar; populations are likely to be disjunct.
Distribution. Disjunct in Senegal and SW Niger; it may also occur in extreme S Mauritania. in Muridae
Distribution. Disjunct in Senegal and SW Niger; it may also occur in extreme S Mauritania.
Distribution. Disjunct in Somalia, SW Ethiopia, and WC Kenya. in Muridae
Distribution. Disjunct in Somalia, SW Ethiopia, and WC Kenya.
Figure 2 from: Kaňuch P, Dorková M, Mikhailenko AP, Polumordvinov OA, Jarčuška B, Krištín A (2017) Isolated populations of the bush-cricket Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) in Russia suggest a disjunct area of the species distribution. ZooKeys 665: 85-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.665.12339
Figure 2 - Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree for 16 haplotypes of Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi (pf1–pf16; GenBank accession numbers KF706416–KF706428, KY554960–KY554962) with outgroup species (KC852400, KY554963–KY554966) based on a 778 bp fragment of the mtDNA COI gene. Tree topology and branch lengths of Bayesian inference were congruent with ML analysis. Nodes with significant support values are indicated (upper, ML bootstrap > 50%; lower, Bayesian posterior probability > 0.90).
Figure 1 from: Kaňuch P, Dorková M, Mikhailenko AP, Polumordvinov OA, Jarčuška B, Krištín A (2017) Isolated populations of the bush-cricket Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) in Russia suggest a disjunct area of the species distribution. ZooKeys 665: 85-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.665.12339
Figure 1 - Sampled sites of Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi populations in Central and Eastern Europe. Three geographically homogeneous genetic clusters in the Carpathian Mountains defined by spatial analysis of molecular variance are colour coded according to Kaňuch et al. (2014). Arrows denote sites in eastern Romania where individuals that share the most similar haplotypes to populations found in Russia (ellipse) have occurred (see Fig. 2). The species range validated by the IUCN Red List (Hochkirch et al. 2016) is outlined by the dotted line.
FIGURE 4 in Hypogean presumably sister species Quedius repentinus sp. n. from Altai and Q. roma from Sikhote-Alin (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): a disjunct distribution or poorly sampled Siberia?
FIGURE 4. Typical talus-associated habitat at Mt. Evrechala (SE Altai). Photo by I.I. Lubechanskiy.
FIGURE 1 in Hypogean presumably sister species Quedius repentinus sp. n. from Altai and Q. roma from Sikhote-Alin (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): a disjunct distribution or poorly sampled Siberia?
FIGURE 1. Distribution of the hypogean Microsaurus in continental Asia.
FIGURE 18 in Omophorus (Sinomophorus) wallaCei: a new weevil from Borneo highlights the enigmatic Ethiopian-Oriental disjunct distribution (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae)
FIGURE 18. The distribution map of genus Omophorus Schoenherr, 1835.
Figure 19 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 19. Hedecardium (Titanocardium) marwicki (DSIRGS 11188). A, dorsal view of paired valves, anterior to left of figure, scale in cm indicated in figure. B, posterior view of paired valves, scale in cm indicated in figure. C, external view of right valve, scale bar = 20 mm.
Figure 26 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 26. Posterior slope of right valve of Hedecardium (Hedecardium) waitakiense (DSIRGS 10837). A, dorsalmost region of posterior slope. Arrow on right of figure indicates change in ribbing pattern between central slope and posterior slope. Arrow on left of figure indicates small simple spines on top of radial ribs. Scale bar = 5 mm. B, same specimen as in A, view more toward ventral margin; posterior margin visible at left of figure. Larger arrow indicates change in ribbing pattern between central and posterior slopes. Smaller arrow indicates small spine on top of rib. This rib and the next two posteriormost ribs display the eucardiid feature of a primary radial thread (see Schneider, 1998a). Scale bar = 7 mm.
Figure 28 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 28. Posterior view of the anatomy of Afrocardium exochum (NMP D7639). Note presence of persiphonal suture (pss) between incurrent aperture (ia) and pedal gape (pdg). Absence of pss is a synapomorphy of Fraginae (Schneider, 1998b), where Afrocardium has usually (Keen, 1969a, 1980) been placed. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 21 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 21. External view of right valve of Europicardium multicostatum (NHM L8760). A, posterior slope. B, anterior slope. White arrows point to nonimbricated simple spines which are set on top of ribs early in ontogeny; dark arrow points to imbricated twisted frills emanating from posterior edge of ribs which develop later in ontogeny. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 2. Dorsal views of right valves to illustrate various degrees of prosogyry. Arrows point to apex of umbo. A, Planicardium virginianum (USNM 2831). B, Dinocardium robustum (UMMZ 265445). C, Clinocardium nuttallii (FMNH 278016). All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figures 1-6 from: Minaei K, Mound L (2015) Thysanoptera disjunct distribution between western America and the Mediterranean with a new Psilothrips species (Thripidae) from Iran. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.62.8563
Figures 1-6 - Psilothrips spp: Head (1) Psilothrips pardalotus; female (a: ocellar setae I) (2) Psilothrips zygophylli; paratype (a, b, c: ocellar setae I-III; d: pigmented facet). Pronotum (3) Psilothrips bimaculatus; female (a: no elongate posteroangular setae) (4) Psilothrips priesneri; female (a: no elongate posteroangular setae) (5) Psilothrips zygophylli; holotype (a: S1, b: S2, c: S3, d: S4). Pro, meso and metanotum (6) Psilothrips pardalotus; female (a: posteroangular setae, b: metanotal sculpture).
Figures 7-13 from: Minaei K, Mound L (2015) Thysanoptera disjunct distribution between western America and the Mediterranean with a new Psilothrips species (Thripidae) from Iran. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.62.8563
Figures 7-13 - Metanotum (7) Psilothrips priesneri; female (a: metanotal sculpture) (8) Psilothrips zygophylli; paratype (a: metanotal sculpture; b, c: median setae). Antenna (segments II–VIII) (9) Psilothrips zygophylli; paratype. Forewing (10) Psilothrips zygophylli; paratype (a: setae). Abdominal tergites (11) Psilothrips pardalotus (V–VIII); female (a, b: median tergal setae) (12) Psilothrips priesneri (VIII–X); female (a, b: campaniform sensilla; c: tergite X without split) (13) Psilothrips zygophylli (VI–VIII); paratype (a, b: median tergal setae).
Refugia during the last glacial period and the origin of the disjunct distribution of the insular plant Microtropis japonica (Celastraceae)
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Data from: Understanding the formation of ancient intertropical disjunct distributions using Asian and Neotropical hinged-teeth snakes (Sibynophis and Scaphiodontophis: Serpentes: Colubridae)
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Distribution. Endemic to Chile, with a disjunct distribution in the forests of Chiloé Island, and on the mainland coastal mountains in Nahuelbuta National Park. Evidence of a new population was foud recently at Punta Chan Chan, N of Valdivia. in Canidae
Distribution. Endemic to Chile, with a disjunct distribution in the forests of Chiloé Island, and on the mainland coastal mountains in Nahuelbuta National Park. Evidence of a new population was foud recently at Punta Chan Chan, N of Valdivia.
Distribution. Found in lowland rainforest regions of W & C Africa, including S Nigeria (perhaps one population remaining that may be an intermediate form), S & C Cameroon, S Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (extinct on Bioko I), Sao Tomé and Principe Is, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, C & N DR Congo, W & C Angola (two disjunct populations). in Bovidae
Distribution. Found in lowland rainforest regions of W & C Africa, including S Nigeria (perhaps one population remaining that may be an intermediate form), S & C Cameroon, S Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (extinct on Bioko I), Sao Tomé and Principe Is, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, C & N DR Congo, W & C Angola (two disjunct populations).
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