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FIGURES 45 a–c in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 45 a–c. Sinopoda tibang spec. nov., holotype female from Mount Tibang, copulatory organ. a Epigyne, ventral; b Vulva, dorsal; c Schematic course of internal duct system.

FIGURES 53 a–b in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 53 a–b. Sinopoda lot spec. nov., holotype female from Tham Lot, copulatory organ. a Epigyne, ventral; b Vulva, dorsal.

FIGURES 42 a–c in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 42 a–c. Sinopoda tawau spec. nov., holotype female from Tawau Hill Park, copulatory organ. a Epigyne, ventral; b Schematic course of internal duct system, c Vulva, dorsal.

FIGURES 40 a–c in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 40 a–c. Sinopoda steineri Jäger 2012, male from Tham Klang Hm Prang. a–c left male palp (a prolateral, b ventral, c retrolateral).

FIGURES 38 a–c in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 38 a–c. Sinopoda scurion Jäger 2012, male from foot cave close to Thakek, Khammuan. a–c left male palp (a prolateral, b ventral, c retrolateral). Arrow on spike of vRTA.

FIGURES 15 a–c. Sinopoda hanya spec. nov., holotype male from Gunung Mulu. a–c in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 15 a–c. Sinopoda hanya spec. nov., holotype male from Gunung Mulu. a–c left male palp (a prolateral, b ventral, c retrolateral).

FIGURES 13 a–c in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 13 a–c. Sinopoda flexura spec. nov., holotype female from Indochina, copulatory organ. a Epigyne, ventral; b Vulva, dorsal; c Schematic course of internal duct system.

FIGURES 10 a–b in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 10 a–b. Sinopoda emei spec. nov., holotype female from Emei-Shan, copulatory organ. a Epigyne, ventral; b Vulva, dorsal.

FIGURES 8 a–b in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 8 a–b. Sinopoda crassa Liu et al. 2008, holotype female from Gin Lun Cave, copulatory organ. a Epigyne, ventral; b Vulva, dorsal.

FIGURES 2 a–e in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 2 a–e. Sinopoda arboricola spec. nov., holotype male and paratype female from Matang reserve. a–c left male palp (a prolateral, b ventral, c retrolateral); d Epigyne, ventral; e Vulva, dorsal. AP—anterior part of spermathecae, C—conductor, dRTA—dorsal branch of RTA, E—embolus, EA—embolic apophysis, EP—epigynal pockets, FD—fertilization ducts, LL—lateral lobes, LS—lobal septum, PP—posterior part of spermathecae, SP— spermophore, TE—tegulum, vRTA—ventral branch of RTA.

FIGURES 1 a–d in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 1 a–d. Sinopoda aenyk spec. nov., holotype female from Tham Xiang, copulatory organ. a–b Epigyne (ventral, anterior); c Vulva, dorsal; d Schematic course of internal duct system. CA—copulatory atrium, FD—fertilization ducts, GA—glandular appendage, LL—lateral lobes, S—spermathecae.

FIGURES 11 a–c. Sinopoda empat spec. nov., holotype male from Gua Gereja Hujan. a–c in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 11 a–c. Sinopoda empat spec. nov., holotype male from Gua Gereja Hujan. a–c left male palp (a prolateral, b ventral, c retrolateral).

FIGURES 17 a–e in Forty-seven new species of Sinopoda from Asia with a considerable extension of the distribution range to the South and description of a new species group (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae)

FIGURES 17 a–e. Sinopoda inthanon spec. nov., holotype male and paratype female from Doi Inthanon. a–c left male palp (a prolateral, b ventral, c retrolateral); d Epigyne, ventral; e Vulva, dorsal.

opennotspecifiedNov 2019View details →

FIGURE 3 in Integrative taxonomy reveals first country record of Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii Señaris and Ayarzagüena 2001, and distribution range extensions for Cochranella nola Harvey 1996, and Rulyrana spiculata Duellman 1976 (Anura: Centrolenidae) in Peru

FIGURE 3. Dorsolateral and ventral views in life of adult males of Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii from Las Piedras Amazon Center (LPAC), Madre de Dios, Peru. A, B) CORBIDI 18221; C, D) CORBIDI 18222.

opennotspecifiedNov 2019View details →

FIGURE 5. A in Integrative taxonomy reveals first country record of Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii Señaris and Ayarzagüena 2001, and distribution range extensions for Cochranella nola Harvey 1996, and Rulyrana spiculata Duellman 1976 (Anura: Centrolenidae) in Peru

FIGURE 5. A) Habitat of Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii in the floodplain Amazonian rainforest at Las Piedras Amazon Center (LPAC), Madre de Dios. Peru; B) gelatinous mass containing undeveloped eggs in a clutch in the same locality; C) embryos of

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Drought sensitivity of Empetrum nigrum shrub growth at the species' southern lowland distribution range margin

The ongoing warming of the Earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a northward shift of species' distributions, as they track their climatic optimum. In the rapidly warming Arctic, this has already led to an increase of shrubs in tundra ecosystems. While this northern expansion of woody biomass has been studied relatively extensively over the last decade, little research has been devoted to shrub growth responses at the southern margins of Northern Hemisphere shrubs. Here, we studied shoot length growth, its responses to climate over the period 2010-2017, and differences in leaf C and N content of the evergreen dwarf shrub Empetrum nigrum, as well as the vegetation composition and soil parameters at four sites located along a gradient of increasing dune age on the island Spiekeroog, northern Germany. The sites are located in the tri-national UNESCO world heritage site, the Wadden Sea. E. nigrum has a predominantly circum-arctic-boreal distribution and its southern distribution mbargin in European lowlands runs through northern Germany, where it is retreating northwards. We found a negative response to autumn (surface) temperatures and previous summer surface temperatures and/or a positive response to summer precipitation of E. nigrum growth, except at the oldest dune with the strongest E. nigrum dominance. Growth rates and plant species diversity declined with dune age. Our results suggest that E. nigrum growth is drought sensitive at its European southern range margin. We hypothesize that this sensitivity may form the basis for its northward retreat, which is supported by recent observations of E. nigrum dieback in Germany after the extreme drought in 2018 and model projections.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Spatial distribution, movements, and geographic range of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska

The two stocks of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska include an endangered western stock, recently recovering in parts of its range following decades of decline, and an eastern stock which was removed from the U.S. Endangered Species List in 2013 following increasing numbers since the 1970s. Information on overlapping distributions of eastern and western sea lions is needed for management considerations. We analyzed >30,000 sightings collected from 2000-2014 of 2,385 sea lions that were branded as pups at 10 Alaskan rookeries to examine mesoscale (mostly <500km) spatial distribution, geographic range, and geographic population structure based on natal rookery, sex, and age during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Analyses of summary movement measures (e.g., natal rookery, sex, and age-class differences in spatial distribution and geographic range) indicate wide variation in rookery-specific movement patterns. Correlations between movement measures and population dynamics suggested movement patterns could be a function of density dependence. Animals from larger rookeries, and rookeries with slower population growth and lower survival, had wider dispersion than animals from smaller rookeries, or rookeries with high growth and survival. Sea lions from the largest rookery, Forrester Island, where survival and population trends are lowest, were the most widely distributed. Analysis of geographic population structure indicated that animals born in the eastern Aleutian Islands had the most distinct movements and had little overlap with other western sea lions. Northern Southeast Alaska, within the eastern stock, is the area of greatest overlap between stocks, and is important to western animals, especially those born in Prince William Sound. Detailed knowledge of distribution and movements of western sea lions is useful for defining recovery and population trend analysis regions that better reflect dispersion and population structure and provides valuable information to managers as critical habitat is re-evaluated and the location of the stock boundary reconsidered.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Do island plant populations really have lower genetic variation than mainland populations? Effects of selection and distribution range on genetic diversity estimates

Ecological and evolutionary studies largely assume that island populations display low levels of neutral genetic variation. However, this notion has only been formally tested in a few cases involving plant taxa, and the confounding effect of selection on genetic diversity (GD) estimates based on putatively neutral markers has typically been overlooked. Here, we generated nuclear microsatellite and plastid DNA sequence data in Periploca laevigata, a plant taxon with an island-mainland distribution area, to (i) investigate whether selection affects GD estimates of populations across contrasting habitats and (ii) test the long-standing idea that island populations have lower GD than their mainland counterparts. Plastid data showed that colonization of the Canary Islands promoted strong lineage divergence within P. laevigata, which was accompanied by selective sweeps at several nuclear microsatellite loci. Inclusion of loci affected by strong divergent selection produced a significant downward bias in the GD estimates of the mainland lineage, but such underestimates were substantial (>14%) only when more than one loci under selection were included in the computations. When loci affected by selection were removed, we did not find evidence that insular Periploca populations have less GD than their mainland counterparts. The analysis of data obtained from a comprehensive literature survey reinforced this result, as overall comparisons of GD estimates between island and mainland populations were not significant across plant taxa (N=66), with the only exception of island endemics with narrow distributions. This study suggests that identification and removal of markers potentially affected by selection should be routinely implemented in estimates of GD, particularly if different lineages are compared. Furthermore, it provides compelling evidence that the expectation of low GD cannot be generalized to island plant populations.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Tests of species-specific models reveal the importance of drought in postglacial range shifts of a Mediterranean-climate tree: insights from integrative distributional, demographic and coalescent modelling and ABC model selection

Past climate change has caused shifts in species distributions and undoubtedly impacted patterns of genetic variation, but the biological processes mediating responses to climate change, and their genetic signatures, are often poorly understood. We test six species-specific biologically informed hypotheses about such processes in canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) from the California Floristic Province. These hypotheses encompass the potential roles of climatic niche, niche multidimensionality, physiological trade-offs in functional traits, and local-scale factors (microsites and local adaptation within ecoregions) in structuring genetic variation. Specifically, we use ecological niche models (ENMs) to construct temporally dynamic landscapes where the processes invoked by each hypothesis are reflected by differences in local habitat suitabilities. These landscapes are used to simulate expected patterns of genetic variation under each model and evaluate the fit of empirical data from 13 microsatellite loci genotyped in 226 individuals from across the species range. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), we obtain very strong support for two statistically indistinguishable models: a trade-off model in which growth rate and drought tolerance drive habitat suitability and genetic structure, and a model based on the climatic niche estimated from a generic ENM, in which the variables found to make the most important contribution to the ENM have strong conceptual links to drought stress. The two most probable models for explaining the patterns of genetic variation thus share a common component, highlighting the potential importance of seasonal drought in driving historical range shifts in a temperate tree from a Mediterranean climate where summer drought is common.