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Fig 3 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763

Fig 3 Phase III: Mesentrepsis. Images left to right showing the posterior end of the egg: A. Stage 12; B. Stage 13; C. Stage 14; D. Lateral view of same stage 14 embryo. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Fig 2 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763

Fig 2 Phase II: Anatrepsis. Images show the posterior end of the egg: A. Stage 7 to 8; B. Stage 9; C. Stage 10; D. Stage 11 with micropyles clearly visible. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Fig 5 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763

Fig 5 Phase V: Dorsal closure A. Stage 19, ventral view; B. Stage 20, ventral view; C. Stage 21, lateral view; D. Stage 21 to 22, ventral view; Phase VI: Completion E. Stage 23, ventral view; F. Stage 23, lateral view; G. Stage 24, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Fig 1 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763

Fig 1 Phase I: Formation and differentiation of the embryonic primordium. Images show the posterior end of the egg only: A. Stage 4; B. Stage 5; C. Stage 6; and D. Stage 6 transitioning to Stage 7. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Fig 6 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763

Fig 6 The minimum age of each embryo from day of oviposition (maximum age indicated by error bar). Embryos that were between two stages (e.g., Stage 6 to 7) were given a value half-way between the two stages (e.g., 6.5). Closed circles: embryos incubated at a daily 12:12 h cycle of 30:15°C; open circles: embryos incubated at 30:15°C for the initial 35 days and then the daily maximum and minimum temperatures were varied each week thereafter. Inset: embryos in various stages of development in week 8.

Fig 4 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763

Fig 4 Phase IV: Katatrepsis. A. Stage 15, lateral view with anterior end of embryo to the left; B. Stage 15, dorso-lateral view with chorion removed; C. Stage 16, lateral view with anterior end of embryo to the right; D. Stage 17, lateral view; E. Stage 18, ventral view showing its length relative to the whole egg. Scale bars: 2 mm.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

dryad28/100

Plastic adjustments of biparental care behaviour across embryonic development under elevated temperature in a marine ectotherm

<p>Phenotypic plasticity in parental care investment allows organisms to promptly respond to rapid environmental changes by potentially benefiting offspring survival and thus parental fitness. To date, a knowledge gap exists on whether plasticity in parental care behaviours can mediate responses to climate change in marine ectotherms. Here, we assessed the plasticity of parental care investment under elevated temperatures in a gonochoric marine annelid with bi-parental care, Ophryotrocha labronica, and investigated its role in maintaining the reproductive success of this species in a warming ocean. We measured the time individuals spent carrying out parental care activities across three phases of embryonic development, as well as the hatching success of the offspring as a proxy for reproductive success, at control (24°C) and elevated (27°C) temperature conditions. Under elevated temperature we observed: (i) a significant decrease in total parental care activity, underpinned by a decreased in male and simultaneous parental care activity, in the late stage of embryonic development; and ii) a reduction of hatching success, that was however not significantly related to changes in parental-care activity levels. These findings, along with the observed unaltered somatic growth of parents and decreased brood size, suggest that potential cost-benefit trade-offs between offspring survival (i.e. immediate fitness) and parents somatic condition (i.e. longer-term fitness potential) may occur under ongoing ocean warming. Finally, our results suggest that plasticity in parental care behaviour is a mechanism able to partially mitigate the negative effects of temperature-dependent impacts.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Embryonic development of the ornamental shrimp, Urocaridella arabianensis Akash et al., 2020

Fig. 2 — Mean embryonic volume at different developmental stages (incubation period) of U. arabianensis (n = 7; mean±SD), (ANOVA; F = 177; p <0.0001)

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

FIGURE 10 in Morphological variation during post-embryonic development in the centipede Lithobius melanops: traditional and geometric morphometrics approaches

FIGURE 10 Shape variation of (A) The forcipular apparatus; (B) The cephalic capsule; and (C) The ultimate leg among epimorphic groups was performed by Canonical Variate Analyses (CVA) [circle: black – agenitalis, white – maturus; rectangles: black – praematurus male, white – praematurus female (in the case of the forcipular aparatus) and praematurus (both sexes in the case of the cephalic capsule and the ultimate leg)]. Thin plate spline deformation grids and vector positions illustrate the shape variation pattern among analyzed groups.

Fig. 19 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 19 Ultrastructural details of opposing embryonic and embryo sac tissues in Plumatella casmiana (TEM). a Embryo showing extensions towards the embryo sac and vice versa (arrows). b Massive cytoplasmic extensions of the embryo sac mesoderm including large vesicles, partly opening to the lumen of the embryo sac (asterisk). c Filiform extensions between the cells of the embryo sac and the embryo. d Cells of the

Fig. 20 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 20 Ultrastructure of the contact area between the embryo sac and the embryo (a, c, d) and the embryo sac facing the maternal coelom (b, e) in Plumatella casmiana (TEM). a Mesodermal cell of the embryo sac (left) with a large nucleus and surrounding endoplasmatic reticulum. Vesicles release their contents (arrows) to the lumen of the embryo sac. A presumed endocytotic vesicle (wide arrow) is present in the cytoplasmic extension of the cell of the embryo. A large expelled(?) autophagosome is located in the lumen between the embryo sac and the embryonic cells, the latter with several cytoplasmic processes in contact with the former. Embryonic cells are interconnected by adherens junctions (arrowheads).

Fig. 10 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 10 Semithin sections of the embryo sac of Plumatella casmiana. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac wall are shown by a dashed line in b–d. a Attachment site of the embryo sac to the body wall showing continuity of its layers with those of the body wall. b Embryo sac with prominent outer mesodermal and thin inner ectodermal layer of (separated by dashed line). Contact cells of blastula-staged embryo are in connection with the ectoderm and mesoderm of the embryo sac (arrowheads). c Longitudinal section showing a cavity lined by the distal maternal ectodermal cells. Contact cells are indicated by arrowhead. d Section of a blastula and its central cavity. Contact cells are apparent in the upper part of the embryo (arrowheads). The epi- thelial lining of the embryo in this region is thicker and indicates mesoderm formation. Abbreviations: b polypide bud, e embryo, ed epidermis (ectodermal origin), esm mesoderm of embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 4 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 4 Gonads and early embyo sac of Plumatella casmiana (semithin sections a, c, d), and whole-mount of Plumatella sp. (b). a Ovary with several oocytes. b Testes at the funiculus. Spermatids contain mostly the nucleus (insert). c Early cleavage stage with an embryo consisting of several blastomeres located at the free end of the embryo sac. The maternal ectodermal lining of the embryo covers the entire embryo (dashed line). d Oblique section of a blastula stage with commencing mesoderm formation (arrowheads indicate first mesodermal cells delaminating from the ectoderm). The maternal ectodermal lining persists (dashed line). Abbreviations: bwm body wall musculature, e embryo, ebs embryo sac, ed epidermis (ectodermal origin), ese embryo sac ectoderm, esm embryo sac mesoderm, fu funiculus; mec maternal ectoderm cells, nu nucleus, nuc nucleolus, ooc oocytes, ov ovary, ovc follicle cell, p peritoneum (mesodermal origin), sp sperm, yd yolk droplets

Fig. 1 Plumatella casmiana. a and b in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 1 Plumatella casmiana. a and b Overview of colonies showing the branching growth pattern. c Detail of a piece of a colony showing extended lophophores

Fig 6 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 6 Effects of water extracts of frass produced by desert locusts (Sg), migratory locusts (Lm), and Bombay locusts (Ns) fed with rescue grass leaves on the number of A. Egg pods and B. Holes dug by adult desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Three cups containing frass extracts of the three locust species were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages (light and dark histograms) for seven days. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Different letters in each comparison (light or dark histograms) in (A) indicate significant differences at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple comparison test. n.s. indicates no significant differences in each comparison with ANOVA (light or dark histograms).

Fig 5 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 5 Effects of water extracts of frass produced by A, B. Bombay locusts and C, D. Migratory locusts fed with rescue grass leaves on the numbers of egg pods laid (A, C) and holes dug (B, D) by adult female desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Two cups containing frass extract (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 2 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 2 Effects of water extracts of frass obtained from lab-reared desert locust fed with romaine lettuce in Tunisia on the number of A. Egg pods laid and B. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts presented with sand mixed with frass extracts. Two cups containing frass extracts (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for seven or eight days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Asterisks indicate a significant difference at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 9 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 9 Effects of water extracts of rescue grass-fed desert locust frass on A. Egg widths (mean ± SD; n = 10) and B. Antennal lengths of embryos (mean ± SD; n = 6–11). Eggs were incubated in sand wetted with the frass extract (treated) or water (control) on day three after oviposition at 30°C. C–F. Photographs show embryos observed on days 5 and 9. Triangles in (A) and (B) indicate the time when the treatment started. Vertical bars in C–F indicate 1 mm. White arrows indicate an embryonic antenna in C–E.

Fig 1 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 1 Effects of water extracts of desert locust frass collected under umbrella thorn trees in the Mauritanian desert on the number of A., B. Egg pods laid, and C., D. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Frass were collected at sites #1 and #2 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Two cups containing frass extracts (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for seven or five days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate a significant difference at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 8 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 8 Effects of water extracts of rescue grass-fed Bombay locust (Ns) and migratory locust (Lm) frass on desert locust egg hatching rates. Five groups of 20 eggs were buried in sand wetted with each extract and water alone (control, C) within three days after oviposition and were observed for hatching at 30°C. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with GLMM.