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FIG. 13 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 13. — Photomicrographs of the radiolarians and conodonts from the Orbuklukeli section: A, Saitoum sp. aff. S. triumphense Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32; B, Saitoum sp. A, Orbuk-32; C-E, Katroma ninstintsi Carter in Carter, Cameron & Smith, 1988, Orbuk-46; F-G, Ares sutherlandi Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32; H-I, Bipedis douglasi Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32; J-L, Bipedis hannai Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998; J, Orbuk-27; K, L, Orbuk-32; M, Bipedis helenae Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-27; N, Epigondolella sp. cf. E. postera Kozur & Mostler, 1971, Orbuk-2; O, Hindeodella sp., Orbuk-12; P, Misikella hernsteini (Mostler, 1967), Orbuk-9; Q-T, Misikella posthernsteini Kozur & Mock, 1974; Q-R, Orbuk-13, S, T, Orbuk-15; U, Misikella rhaetica Mostler, 1978, Orbuk-9; V-X, Misikella ultima Kozur & Mock, 1991, Orbuk-15. Scale bar: A-B, F-M, 100 µm; N-X, 150 µm; C-E, 180 µm.

FIG. 11 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 11. — Photomicrographs of the radiolarians from the Orbuklukeli section; A, B, Droltus sp. aff. D. eurasiaticus Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-32; C, Droltus hecatensis Pessagno & Whalen, 1982, Orbuk-32; D-F, Droltus laseekensis Pessagno & Whalen, 1982, Orbuk-27; G-J, Trexus dodgensis Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998; G-H, Orbuk-27; I, J, Orbuk-32; K-O, Canoptum cephalobulbosum Tekin, n. sp.; K, Holotype, Orbuk-15; L-O, Paratypes, Orbuk-15; P, Canoptum columbiaense Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-27; Q, Canoptum merum Pessagno & Whalen, 1982, Orbuk-15; R-U, Canoptum productum Tekin, n. sp.; R, Holotype, Orbuk-15; S-U, Paratypes, Orbuk-15; V-X, Canoptum rarum Tekin, n. sp.; V, Holotype, Orbuk-15; W-X, Paratypes, Orbuk-15. Scale bar: A, B, 200 µm; C, P, 120 µm; D-J, 100 µm; K-O, R-X, 80 µm.

FIG. 5 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 5. — Field photographs from the Lower Jurassic part of the section: A, Thin to medium-bedded, gray, red to purple-colored limestones with red-colored chert interlayers from where the sample Orbuk-39 was collected; B, Alternating thin-bedded, purple-colored limestone, and thin-bedded, red-colored chert corresponding to the level of sample Orbuk-42; C, Thin-bedded, red-colored cherts with thin-bedded, purple-colored limestone interlayers of the sample point Orbuk-45; D, General view of purple-colored, nodular limestones showing typical features of Ammonitico Rosso facies from the top of the section; E-J, Different ammonite taxa from the Ammonitico rosso facies in the section place and Kuzyurt region to the 850 m NE of section place (E, Pseudomercaticeras sp.; F, phylloceratid; G, H, J,? harpoceratid; I, lytoceratid); K, General view from southwest to northeast showing section location; L, General view from southeast to northwest showing the eastern side of Orbuklukeli hill. Abbreviation: A.R., Ammonitico rosso.

FIG. 2 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 2. — Detailed geological map of the Orbuklukeli hill surroundings, northwest of Mersin city (after Tekin et al. 2016a). Key: a, Mersin Mélange; 1, Middle Permian brecciated limestone; 2, Middle Triassic basic volcanic rocks; 3, Upper Triassic conglomerate, sandstone, and silt-claystone; 4, Upper Triassic massive platform limestone; 5, Upper Triassic alternating tuff, tuffite with limestone; 6, Upper Triassic cherty limestone; 7, Lower Jurassic alternating chert and limestone (including Ammonitico rosso facies); 8, Middle-Upper Jurassic radiolarite and mudstone; 9, Lower Cretaceous alternating chert and mudstone; 10, Undifferentiated mélange (mainly matrix); b, Stratigraphic contact; c, Fault; d, Strike-slip fault; e, Thrust; f, Toarcian ammonite fauna near the Kuzyurt region; g, Section location (revised after Tekin et al. 2016a).

FIG. 1 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 1. — Geological base map showing the distribution of the Mersin Ophiolitic Complex and surrounding tectonic units in the northwest of Mersin city, southern Turkey (revised after Senel 2002 and Alan et al. 2007). For a detailed geological sketch of the Orbuklukeli section, see Fig. 2. Inset: Distribution of ophiolites and mélanges in Turkey with the location of Fig. 1.

FIG. 3 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 3. — Columnar section of the Orbuklukeli section and sampling points. Key: a, Limestone; b, Limestone with chert nodules; c, Alternating chert and limestone with chert nodules; d, Brecciated limestone; e, Nodular limestone with ammonites; f, Tuffite; g, Radiolarian occurrence; h, Conodont occurrence; i, Tuffite sample. Abbreviations: Sinemur., Sinemurian; Toar., Toarcian.

FIG. 4 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 4. — Field photographs of the Orbuklukeli section: A-G, Upper Triassic part of the section; A, General view of the Orbuklukeli section around Orbuklukeli hill, view from southwest to northeast; B, Basal part of the section represented by medium to thick-bedded, gray-colored limestones with chert nodules; C, Medium-bedded, gray to yellow-colored limestones with chert nodules where sample Orbuk-3 was collected, overlain by meter-thick mass-flow bed; D, Thin to medium-bedded, gray to beige-colored limestones of sample Orbuk-10 with thin-bedded, gray-colored chert interlayers; E, Medium-bedded, gray to beige-colored, brecciated limestones with rare gray-colored chert nodules and beds where sample Orbuk-12 was obtained; F, Brecciated limestones with pyritized chert and limestone pebbles from where sample Orbuk-13 was collected; G, The upper part of the Upper Triassic sequence of the section representing by thin to medium-bedded, gray to beige-colored, locally brecciated limestones with chert nodules; H, The upper part of the limestones with chert nodules of Late Triassic age followed by Early Jurassic chert-rich platy limestone; I, The boundary between Upper Triassic limestones with chert nodules, tuffite layer and thin-bedded, chert-rich limestone of Early Jurassic age; J, Basal part of the Lower Jurassic sequence characterized by alternating thin-bedded, gray-colored limestone and thin-bedded, gray-colored chert from where samples from Orbuk-16 to Orbuk-20 have been collected; K, Alternating thin-bedded, gray-colored limestone, and thin-bedded, gray-colored chert corresponding to the level of sample Orbuk-30. Abbreviation: T., Tuffite.

FIG. 9 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 9. — Photomicrographs of the radiolarians from the Orbuklukeli section: A-E, Orbiculiformella pulchra Tekin, n. sp.; A, Holotype, Orbuk-32; B-E, Paratypes; B, Orbuk-31; C-E, Orbuk-32; F-G, Orbiculiformella? trispina trispina (Yeh, 1987), Orbuk-32; H, Orbiculiformella sp. A, Orbuk-27; I, Danubea sp. A, Orbuk-27; J-L, Charlottea elegantissima Tekin, n. sp.; J, Orbuk-32, Holotype; K-L, Paratypes; K, Orbuk-27; L, Orbuk-32; M, N, Charlottea johnsoni Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32; O, Charlottea sp. A sensu Whalen & Carter (2002), Orbuk-41; P-R, Tozerium orbuklukeliense Tekin, n. sp.; P, Holotype, Orbuk-32; Q-R. Paratypes; Q, Orbuk-32; R, Orbuk-31; S-T, Tozerium sp. A; S, Orbuk-41; T, Orbuk-44; U, Ferresium sp. cf. F. teekwoonense Carter, 1993, Orbuk-15; V, Palaeosaturnalis blomei Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-32; W, Palaeosaturnalis liassicus Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-38; X, Palaeosaturnalis schaafi Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-38; Y, Palaeosaturnalis subovalis Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-38. Scale bar: A-E, 200 µm; F-H, 170 µm; I, 80 µm; J-L, P-R, 120 µm; M-O, S-U, 150 µm; W, X, 220 µm.

FIG. 10 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 10. — Photomicrographs of the radiolarians from the Orbuklukeli section: A, Palaeosaturnalis subovalis Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-44; B, C, Mesosaturnalis artus (Donofrio & Mostler, 1978), Orbuk-21; D, E, Mesosaturnalis octospinus Sugiyama, 1997, Orbuk-21; F, G, Praehexasaturnalis merici Tekin, 2002; F, Orbuk-46; G, Orbuk-47; H, I, Praehexasaturnalis poultoni Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-31; J, K, Praehexasaturnalis tenuispinosus (Donofrio & Mostler, 1978); J, Orbuk-26; K, Orbuk-31; L, M, Praehexasaturnalis tetraradiatus Kozur & Mostler, 1990; L, Orbuk-31; M, Orbuk-32; N-O, Stauroacanthocircus dickinsoni (Yeh, 1989); N, Orbuk-31; O, Orbuk-47; P, Q, Stauroacanthocircus? poetschensis Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-31; R, Stauroacanthocircus sp. A, Orbuk-32; S, T, Pseudoacanthocircus mediospinosus Kozur & Mostler, 1990; S, Orbuk-38; T, Orbuk-44; U, Pseudoacanthocircus mocki Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-44; V, Pseudoacanthocircus troegeri Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-44; W, Pseudoacanthocircus sp. B sensu Sugiyama (1997), Orbuk-31; X, Y, Droltus eurasiaticus Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-32. Scale bar: A, 220 µm; B, C, 120 µm; D-G, L-P, R-V, 200 µm; H-K, W, 170 µm; Q, 240 µm; X, Y, 90 µm.

aquila (Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998), Orbuk-32; R, Pseudoeucyrtis busuangaensis (Yeh & Cheng, 1998), Orbuk-32; S, Farcus graylockensis Pessagno, Whalen & Yeh, 1986, Orbuk-32; T-U, Farcus sp. A, Orbuk-26; V, Farcus sp. B, Orbuk-27; W-X, Anaticapitula anatiformis (De Wever, 1982); W, Orbuk-32; X, Orbuk-38; Y, Saitoum sp. aff. S. triumphense Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32. Scale bar: A-C, K-L, T-U, W-Y, 100 µm; D-J, M-O, 120 µm; P-S, V, 150 µm. in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

aquila (Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998), Orbuk-32; R, Pseudoeucyrtis busuangaensis (Yeh & Cheng, 1998), Orbuk-32; S, Farcus graylockensis Pessagno, Whalen & Yeh, 1986, Orbuk-32; T-U, Farcus sp. A, Orbuk-26; V, Farcus sp. B, Orbuk-27; W-X, Anaticapitula anatiformis (De Wever, 1982); W, Orbuk-32; X, Orbuk-38; Y, Saitoum sp. aff. S. triumphense Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32. Scale bar: A-C, K-L, T-U, W-Y, 100 µm; D-J, M-O, 120 µm; P-S, V, 150 µm.

FIG. 7 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 7. — Photomicrographs of the radiolarians from the Orbuklukeli section: A-D, Praeudalia rhaetica Tekin, n. gen., n. sp.; A, Holotype, Orbuk-15; B-D, Paratypes, Orbuk-15; E, Udalia dennisoni Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32; F-G, Udalia infrequens Tekin, n. sp.; F, Holotype, Orbuk-36; G, Paratype, Orbuk-36; H-J, Udalia primaeva Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-27; K-M, Thurstonia gibsoni Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-26; N, Thurstonia minutaglobus Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32; O, Thurstonia timberensis Whalen & Carter in

FIG. 6 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 6. — Photomicrographs of the radiolarians from the Orbuklukeli section: A, Betraccium kennecottense Carter, 1993, Orbuk-15; B, Betraccium perilense Carter, 1993, Orbuk-15; C, D, Gorgansium alpinum Kozur & Mostler, 1990, Orbuk-32; E, F, Gorgansium gongyloideum Kishida & Hisada, 1985, Orbuk-41; G, Pantanellium fosteri Pessagno & Blome, 1980, Orbuk-15; H-J, Pantanellium freboldi Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998; H-I, Orbuk-27; J, Orbuk-31; K-O, Pantanellium giganteum Tekin, n. sp.; K, Holotype, Orbuk-26; L-O, Paratypes; L, Orbuk-26; M, Orbuk-27; N-O, Orbuk-31; P, Pantanellium kluense Pessagno & Blome, 1980, Orbuk-26; Q, R, Pantanellium tanuense Pessagno & Blome,1980; Q, Orbuk-26; R, Orbuk-27; S-U, Novamuria impensa (Whalen & Carter in

FIG. 12 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 12. — Photomicrographs of the radiolarians from the Orbuklukeli section; A, B, Canoptum rhaeticum Kozur & Mostler, 1981, Orbuk-15; C, Canoptum striatum (Kozur & Mostler, 1990), Orbuk-27; D-J, Laxtorum breve Tekin, n. sp.; D, Holotype, Orbuk-32; E-J, Paratypes, Orbuk-32; K-L, Laxtorum obscurum Tekin, n. sp., K, Holotype, Orbuk-27; L, Paratype, Orbuk-27; M-N, Atalantria emmela (Cordey & Carter, 1996), Orbuk-32; O, Atalantria sp. A, Orbuk-27; P-Q, Pseudoeucyrtis

FIG. 14 in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys

FIG. 14. — Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic radiolarian, Conodont and Ammonoid zonations from North America (after Carter 1993; Carter et al. 1998, 2010). Abbreviations: Hettan., Hettangian; M.U. Norian, Middle-Upper Norian; UA, Unitary Association.

opencc-zeroAug 2019View details →

Data from: Natural selection and repeated patterns of molecular evolution following allopatric divergence

Background: Geographic speciation is a major force in generating biodiversity. However, how genomes diverge over time after geographic isolation has halted gene flow has remained unclear. We examine genome-wide divergence of putatively single-copy orthologous genes (POGs) from transcriptomes in 20 allopatric species/variety pairs from diverse angiosperm clades. Sixteen of these pairs reflect the well-known eastern Asia – eastern North America floristic disjunction; these species have been isolated for different lengths of time, from the Miocene to Pleistocene. Results: Molecular evolutionary analyses revealed that >90% of the genes examined are under purifying selection and <10% are under positive selection, and this pattern was observed for all taxon pairs, despite differences in divergence time. The divergence level at synonymous sites shared by most POGs in each taxon pair predicts the divergence time between the species/varieties. Divergence time estimates were positively correlated with abundance of genes under moderate purifying selection, but negatively correlated with abundance of genes under strong purifying selection. We identified 200 genes under strong positive selection across the species pairs, with 14 shared by 10-15 pairs and one shared by all taxon pairs. An additional 15 loci annotated to biological processes responding to various stimuli were present in 1-3 pairs.Conclusions: Our results suggest a common "most genes conserved–few genes adaptive" genomic architecture for the taxon pairs, which may be a key for maintaining a balance between the ability to conserve ancestral functions and the ability to evolve new features beneficial for new adaptations. As geographic isolation proceeds through time, the evolutionary trajectory of some genes changed from strong purifying selection to more relaxed selection. The allopatric divergence of these taxon pairs involved both neutral and adaptive evolution of functional genes.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Evolution under pH stress and high population densities leads to increased density-dependent fitness in the protist Tetrahymena thermophila

Abiotic stress is a major force of selection that organisms are constantly facing. While the evolutionary effects of various stressors have been broadly studied, it is only more recently that the relevance of interactions between evolution and underlying ecological conditions, that is, eco-evolutionary feedbacks, have been highlighted. Here, we experimentally investigated how populations adapt to pH-stress under high population densities. Using the protist species Tetrahymena thermophila, we studied how four different genotypes evolved in response to stressfully low pH conditions and high population densities. We found that genotypes underwent evolutionary changes, some shifting up and others shifting down their intrinsic rates of increase (r0). Overall, evolution at low pH led to the convergence of r0 and intraspecific competitive ability (α) across the four genotypes. Given the strong correlation between r0 and α, we argue that this convergence was a consequence of selection for increased density-dependent fitness at low pH under the experienced high density conditions. Increased density-dependent fitness was either attained through increase in r0 , or decrease of α, depending on the genetic background. In conclusion, we show that demography can influence the direction of evolution under abiotic stress.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Data for: Faster rates of molecular sequence evolution in reproduction-related genes and in species with hypodermic sperm morphologies

This repository contains a record of analysis scripts and sequence alignments used for the analyses presented in the manuscript. Some of the R scripts depend on supplementary tables associated with the manuscript.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees

The stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) are an extremely diverse lineage of hymenopteran insects, encompassing over 70,000 described species and a diversity of life history traits, including ectoparasitism, cleptoparasitism, predation, pollen feeding (bees [Anthophila] and Masarinae) and eusociality (social vespid wasps, ants, and some bees) [1]. The most well-studied lineages of Aculeata are the ants, which are ecologically dominant in most terrestrial ecosystems [2], and the bees, the most important lineage of angiosperm-pollinating insects [3]. Establishing the phylogenetic affinities of ants and bees helps us understand and reconstruct patterns of social evolution as well as fully appreciate the biological implications of the switch from carnivory to pollen feeding (pollenivory). Despite recent advancements in aculeate phylogeny [4–11], considerable uncertainty remains regarding higher level relationships within Aculeata, including the phylogenetic affinities of ants and bees [5–7]. We used ultraconserved element (UCE) phylogenomics [7,12] to resolve relationships among stinging wasp families, gathering sequence data from > 800 UCE loci and 187 samples, including 30 out of 31 aculeate families. We analyzed the 187-taxon data set using multiple analytical approaches, and we evaluated several alternative taxon sets. We also tested alternative hypotheses for the phylogenetic positions of ants and bees. Our results present a highly supported phylogeny of the stinging wasps. Most importantly, we find unequivocal evidence that ants are the sister group to bees+apoid wasps (Apoidea) and that bees are nested within a paraphyletic Crabronidae. We also demonstrate that taxon choice can fundamentally impact tree topology and clade support in phylogenomic inference.

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Data from: Diversification rates have no effect on the convergent evolution of foraging strategies in the most speciose genus of bats, Myotis

Adaptive radiations are defined as rapid diversification with phenotypic innovation led by colonization to new environments. Notably, adaptive radiations can occur in parallel when habitats with similar selective pressures are accessible promoting convergent adaptions. While convergent evolution appears to be a common process, it is unclear what are the main drivers leading the reappearance of morphologies or ecological roles. We explore this question in Myotis bats, the only Chiropteran genus with a worldwide distribution. Three foraging strategies –gleaning, trawling, and aerial netting– repeatedly evolved in several regions of the world, each linked to characteristic morphologies recognized as ecomorphs. Phylogenomic, morphometric, and comparative approaches were adopted to investigate convergence of such foraging strategies and skull morphology as well as factors that explain diversification rates. Genomic and morphometric data were analyzed from ~80% extant taxa. Results confirm that the ecomorphs evolved multiple times, with trawling evolving more often and foliage gleaning most recently. Skull morphology does not reflect common ancestry, evolves convergently with foraging strategy. While diversification rates have been roughly constant across the genus, speciation rates are area-dependent in taxa with temperate distributions. Results suggest that in this species-rich group of bats, first, stochastic processes have led divergence into multiple lineages. Then, natural selection in similar niches has promoted repeated adaptation of phenotypes and foraging strategies. Myotis bats are thus a remarkable case of ecomorphological convergence and an emerging model system for investigating the genomic basis of parallel adaptive radiation.