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1,131 results for “grasshopper”
Annual occupancy estimates for butterflies, grasshoppers and dragonflies in Bavaria (Germany), 1980-2019
<p>Recent climate and land-use changes are having substantial impacts on biodiversity, including population declines, range shifts, and changes in community composition. However, few studies have compared these impacts among multiple taxa, particularly because of a lack of standardized time series data over long periods. Existing datasets are typically of low resolution or poor coverage, both spatially and temporally, thereby limiting the inferences that can be drawn from such studies. Here, we compare climate and land-use driven occupancy changes in butterflies, grasshoppers, and dragonflies using an extensive dataset of highly heterogeneous observation data collected in the central European region of Bavaria (Germany) over a 40-year period. Using occupancy models, we find occupancies (the proportion of sites occupied by a species in each year) of 37% of species have decreased, 30% have increased and 33% showed no significant trend. Butterflies and grasshoppers show strongest declines with 41% of species each. By contrast, 52% of dragonfly species increased. Temperature preference and habitat specificity appear as significant drivers of species trends. We show that cold-adapted species across all taxa have declined, while warm-adapted species have increased. In butterflies, habitat specialists have decreased, while generalists increased or remained stable. The trends of habitat generalists and specialists both in grasshoppers and semi-aquatic dragonflies however did not differ. Our findings indicate strong and consistent effects of climate warming across insect taxa. The decrease of butterfly specialists could hint towards a threat from land-use change, as especially butterfly specialists' occurrence depends mostly on habitat quality and area. Our study not only illustrates how these taxa showed differing trends in the past, but also provides hints on how we might mitigate the detrimental effects of human development on their diversity in the future.</p>
Genomic evidence of speciation by fusion in a recent radiation of grasshoppers
<p><span>Post-divergence gene flow can trigger a number of creative evolutionary outcomes, ranging from the transfer of beneficial alleles across species boundaries (<em>i.e.</em>, adaptive introgression) to the formation of new species (<em>i.e.</em>, hybrid speciation). While neutral and adaptive introgression has been broadly documented in nature, hybrid speciation is assumed to be rare and the evolutionary and ecological context facilitating this phenomenon still remains controversial. Through combining genomic and phenotypic data, we evaluate the hypothesis that the dual feeding regime (based on both </span><span>scrub legumes and gramineous herbs)</span><span> of the taxonomically controversial grasshopper <em>Chorthippus saulcyi</em> <em>algoaldensis</em> resulted from hybridization between the sister taxa </span><em><span>C. binotatus </span></em><span>(that exclusively feeds on scrub legumes) and </span><em><span>C. saulcyi</span></em><span><em> </em>(that only feeds on </span><span>gramineous herbs)</span><span>. Genetic clustering analyses and inferences from coalescent-based demographic simulations confirm that <em>C. s. algoaldensis</em> represents an independently evolving lineage and support the ancient hybrid origin of this taxon (<em>ca. </em>1.4 Ma), which sheds light on its uncertain phylogenetic position and might explain its broader trophic niche. We propose a Pleistocene hybrid speciation model where range shifts resulting from climatic oscillations can promote the formation of hybrid swarms and facilitate its long-term persistence through geographic isolation from parental forms in topographically complex landscapes.</span></p>
Data from: Seasonality, body size and maturation time in the neotropical grasshopper Sphenarium histrio across an altitudinal gradient
<p>In insects, male mating success and female fecundity usually increase with body size. However, natural selection favors faster maturation, reducing the risk of pre-reproductive death when the reproductive season is short in habitats located at high altitudes or far from the equator. Also, if males that mature earlier than females under these conditions increase their mating opportunities, protandry may evolve in their populations. Nonetheless, since body size is strongly correlated with maturation time in insects, a faster sexual maturation is reached at the expense of having a small body size. We analyzed the differences in the adult body size of males and females of the grasshopper Sphenarium histrio in three sites across an altitudinal gradient in southern Mexico. We also evaluated the possibility of protandry in these sampling sites using a common garden experiment. Male and female grasshoppers collected from low altitude sites in the field and reared in the laboratory were larger than those from a high altitude, suggesting genetic differentiation. Grasshoppers from a high altitude hatched earlier, had a shorter development time, presented fewer instars, and were smaller than grasshoppers from the other sampling sites. Moreover, development time in the three sampling sites was shorter in males than in females, suggesting protandry. Interestingly, the males from the three sites showed similar growth rates, but the females from low and high altitudes, respectively, had the fastest and slowest growth rates. In general, the adaptive value of the evolution of protandry has been focused on males. However, it may be that the growth rates of females in these sites could modify the degree of protandry as a response to their risk of pre-reproductive death and the potential benefits associated with multiple matings.</p> <p>The xlsx file contains the data for all the statistical analyses.</p>
Data collected for: The contrasted impacts of grasshoppers on soil microbial activities in function of ecosystem productivity and herbivore diet
<p>Herbivory can have contrasted impacts on soil microbes and nutrient cycling, which has stimulated the development of conceptual frameworks exploring the links between below- and aboveground processes. The "productivity model" predicts that herbivores stimulate microbial activities and accelerate nutrient mineralization in productive ecosystems, while they have an opposite effect in less productive ecosystems. In parallel, the "diet model" predicts that herbivores feeding on conservative plants accelerate nutrient cycling while those feeding on exploitative plants decelerate nutrient cycling, due to changes in litter inputs. Since these two frameworks can lead to conflicting predictions in some cases, experimental evidence combining herbivore diet and productivity is required.</p> <p>During two consecutive years, we conducted an experiment controlling the presence of three grasshopper species consuming either grasses, forbs or both in twelve natural and managed alpine grasslands of contrasted productivities. In order to assess the effects of herbivory on soil microbes, we measured their enzymatic activities, their biomass and the soil potential nitrogen mineralization (PNM). Soil and vegetation characteristics were also determined in order to test if they modulated the effects of herbivory on microbes.</p> <p>Contrary to the predictions of the diet model, the effects of herbivory on microbial characteristics did not depend on the herbivores diet but relied on ecosystem productivity. The most productive sites were characterized by exploitative plant species which depleted N resources in the soil, and by microbes producing relatively few extracellular enzymes, leading to a lower PNM. Herbivory increased microbial biomass and decreased the production of extracellular enzymes in those sites, possibly through the stimulation of root exudates produced by exploitative species. The least productive sites were characterized by conservative plants, which led to the sequestration of soil C, and by microbes having a resource acquisition strategy (more extracellular enzymes, higher PNM). Herbivory decreased microbial biomass and increased the production of extracellular enzymes in those sites. This pattern can be explained by the loss of carbon associated with insect respiration, which increases the need for microbes to acquire resources and by a lower production of root exudates by conservative species. Therefore, the effects of two years of herbivory on soil microbes were at odds with the productivity model, which focuses instead on longer term effects corresponding to herbivory-induced changes in plant species composition. This highlights the multidimensional feature of the impacts of herbivory on ecosystem functioning, both in space and time.</p>
Figs 13–17 in Two new species of grasshopper from China (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
Figs 13–17. Tagasta nigritibia sp. nov. 13–14. Head and pronotum, dorsal and lateral views, ♂. 15. Terminalia, dorsal view, ♂. 16. Epiphallus, dorsal view. 17. Phallic complex, lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figs 5–12 in Two new species of grasshopper from China (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
Figs 5–12. Chlorizeina yunnana sp. nov. 5–6. Head and pronotum, dorsal and lateral views, ♂. 7–8. Cerci, lateral views, ♂. 9–10. Terminalia, dorsal view, ♂. 11. Phallic complex, lateral view. 12. Epiphallus, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figs 1–4. Adults. 1–2 in Two new species of grasshopper from China (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
Figs 1–4. Adults. 1–2. Chlorizeina yunnana sp. nov., habitus, lateral view, ♂, ♀. 3–4. Tagasta nigritibia sp. nov., habitus, lateral and dorsal views, ♂. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 2. Jump distance versus the maximum horizontal velocity component for 13 in Jumping Performance in Flightless Hawaiian Grasshopper Moths (Xyloryctidae: Thyrocopa spp.)
Figure 2. Jump distance versus the maximum horizontal velocity component for 13 total jumps of male T. apatela. The regression is given by: y = 1.01 x + 16.39, r2=0.57, P<0.004.
Figure 1 in Jumping Performance in Flightless Hawaiian Grasshopper Moths (Xyloryctidae: Thyrocopa spp.)
Figure 1. Representative jump trajectories for shortest and longest jumps of one individual Thyrocopa apatela (accession no. 06A32). The maximum vertical (Vy,max) and horizontal (V x,max) velocity components are indicated for each jump. The points here represent intervals of 1/30 sec.
Figure 2 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil
Figure 2. Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 specimens. A) Male holotype, lateral view with lateral and dorsal head details (photos by Holger Braun from UMMZ). B) Male paratype, lateral view with labels (photo by Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (France) MNHN-EO-CAELIF4529). C) Male, lateral view from INPA. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 3 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil
Figure 3. Distribution of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986. A) Map of Brazil indicating the new specimen record (red circle), and iNaturalist and additional records (black circles), and a dorsal view of the Maranhão specimen. B) Area where the specimen from Goiás, Catalão municipality countryside was collected (photo by Guilherme Rabelo D'Angelis). C) Area where the specimen from Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul was collected (photo by Urielton Martins Monteiro).
Figure 1 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil
Figure 1. Legua crenulata (Stoll, 1813) specimens. A) Male, lateral view with labels from ANSP. B) Female, lateral view with labels from ANSP. C) Male dissected, lateral view with labels from ANSP. D) Female, lateral view with labels from MNHN. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 4 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil
Figure 4. Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 A–C) Newly reported male specimen from Goiás state. A) Lateral view. B) Hair tufts on the final abdominal sternites. C) Slight concavity of the sternum. D–E) Male specimen from Mato Grosso do Sul state. D) Lateral view. E) Dorsal view.
Fig. 2 in Evolution of chromosome number in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididae)
Fig. 2 Male chromosome numbers mapped on the phylogeny of Acrididae constructed by Song et al. (2018). Mapping and ancestral state reconstruction of chromosome number with Mesquite
Fig. 1 Histogram displaying A in Evolution of chromosome number in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididae)
Fig. 1 Histogram displaying A: the distribution of chromosome numbers across Caelifera and B: chromosome numbers across the different subfamilies of Acrididae. Chromosome numbers are shown as relative frequencies in percent; here, just subfamilies with more than ten records are shown as separated units. Subfamilies with lower sam-
Figs. 1-6 in Rediscovery of Zubovskya morii (Bey-Bienko, 1931) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), the nearly forgotten endemic grasshopper in North Korea with revised checklist from its type locality, Mount Baekdusan
Figs. 1-6. Habitus of Zubovskya morii (Bey-Bienko, 1931). 1. Male, dorsal view; 2. Male, ventral view; 3. Female, dorsal view; 4. Female, ventral view; 5. Male, lateral view; 6. Female, lateral view.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/c7ffebb0-4bea-4c4d-8873-96db1864f598">https://bionomia.net/dataset/c7ffebb0-4bea-4c4d-8873-96db1864f598</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/c7ffebb0-4bea-4c4d-8873-96db1864f598">https://gbif.org/dataset/c7ffebb0-4bea-4c4d-8873-96db1864f598</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Oriental macropterous leaf-mimic pygmy grasshoppers-genera Oxyphyllum and Paraphyllum (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and their taxonomic assignment.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Oriental macropterous leaf-mimic pygmy grasshoppers-genera Oxyphyllum and Paraphyllum (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and their taxonomic assignment". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/c09c8f15-cfb2-42c9-861b-fc823ba28ae4">https://bionomia.net/dataset/c09c8f15-cfb2-42c9-861b-fc823ba28ae4</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/c09c8f15-cfb2-42c9-861b-fc823ba28ae4">https://gbif.org/dataset/c09c8f15-cfb2-42c9-861b-fc823ba28ae4</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Redescription of the little-known grasshopper Willemsella (Acrididae, Hemiacridinae) from Peninsular Malaysia.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Redescription of the little-known grasshopper Willemsella (Acrididae, Hemiacridinae) from Peninsular Malaysia". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/5f1c7493-f17a-48bb-89cc-b92ff8edd239">https://bionomia.net/dataset/5f1c7493-f17a-48bb-89cc-b92ff8edd239</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/5f1c7493-f17a-48bb-89cc-b92ff8edd239">https://gbif.org/dataset/5f1c7493-f17a-48bb-89cc-b92ff8edd239</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3">https://bionomia.net/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3">https://gbif.org/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
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