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379 results for “helminths”
Data from: Study of helminth eggs (Ascaris suum) inactivation by anaerobic digestion and electrochemical treatment
<p>The use of insufficiently treated wastewater or fecal sludge in agriculture raises concerns because of the pathogen content. Helminth eggs are one of the most crucial pathogens for ensuring public health and safety. Widely used disinfection treatment methods do not guarantee the complete inactivation of helminth eggs. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion and electrochemical process for helminth (<em>Ascaris</em> <em>suum</em>) egg inactivation. Lab-scale biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was conducted by spiking <em>A. suum</em> eggs in a serum bottle. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), pH, biogas production and its composition, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were analyzed along with <em>A. suum</em> inactivation, every 3<sup>rd</sup> day for the initial 15 days and 5<sup>th</sup> day till 45 days. The results documented 98% inactivation of <em>A. suum</em> eggs (0.15 eggs/ml) in 35 days and remained at 0.14 eggs/ml till the 45<sup>th</sup> day. Correlation analysis revealed positive relation of non-viable eggs with pH and a negative relationship with all the other parameters. In the second set of experiments, a hypochlorite (4700ppm) solution was generated by electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solution in a membrane-less electrochemical cell. The hypochlorite was diluted (940, 470, 235, and 156ppm) in wastewater, spiked with <em>A. suum</em> eggs and then examined for inactivation at regular intervals. 10% inactivation was achieved at 940ppm concentration in 24h. This study revealed that the inactivation of <em>A. suum</em> eggs by anaerobic digestion or electrochemical treatment is a combined effect of more than one parameter.</p>
Field Studies on the Feasibility of Interrupting the Transmission of Soil-transmitted Helminths (STH)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03014167. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 3. Publications: 19.
Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection
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African buffalo helminth β-diversity
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Histological and TEM data: A major ecological niche of eosinophils in evolving Schistosoma granulomas challenges the eosinophil view as “helminth killer” cells
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Data from: Tradeoffs with growth limit host range in complex life cycle helminths
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Gastrointestinal helminths increase Bordetella bronchiseptica shedding and host variation in supershedding
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Life-cycle complexity in helminths: What are the benefits?
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Data from: Infection by a helminth parasite is associated with changes in DNA methylation in the house sparrow
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Data from: Study of helminth eggs (Ascaris suum) inactivation by anaerobic digestion and electrochemical treatment
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Data from: The genetic architecture of helminth-specific immune responses in a wild population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries)
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Code and data for Assembly rules of helminth parasite communities in grey mullets: combining components of diversity
<p>Raw data analysed and a step-by-step summary of the R functions and packages used in Llopis-Belenguer, C., Pavoine, S., Blasco-Costa, I., Antonio Balbuena, J., 2020. Assembly rules of helminth parasite communities in grey mullets: combining components of diversity. International Journal for Parasitology. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.006</p>
Avian MHC copy number variation is associated with helminth richness
<p>Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) play a key role in the adaptive immunity of vertebrates, as they encode receptors responsible for recognition of antigens. Evolutionary history of the MHC proceeded through numerous gene duplications, which increases the spectrum of pathogens recognized by individuals. Although pathogen-mediated selection is believed to be a primary driver of MHC expansion over evolutionary times, empirical evidence for this association is virtually lacking. Here, we used an extensive dataset on MHC class II copy number variation in non-passerine birds to test for an evolutionary correlation with helminth parasite richness. As expected, our phylogenetically-informed modelling revealed a positive association between MHC copy number and total helminth richness, even after controlling for a broad spectrum of ecological and life-history traits. Thus, total helminth richness appears to be the most important correlate of MHC copy number, supporting a leading role of pathogen-mediated selection in the evolution of MHC in birds. Our results provide some of the first, although correlative, evidence linking parasitism to inter-specific variation in MHC copy number among birds.</p>
Data from: Maternally-derived anti-helminth antibodies predict offspring survival in a wild mammal
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">The transfer of antibodies from mother to offspring provides crucial protection against infection to offspring during early life. However, few studies have tested the consequences of variation in maternal antibody transfer for offspring fitness in the wild. Further, separating out the immunoprotective effects of antibodies from their association with nutritional resources provided by the mother is difficult. Here, we measured plasma levels of total and parasite-specific antibody levels in neonatal (<10 days old) wild Soay sheep over 25 years to quantify variation in maternal antibody transfer and test its association with offspring survival. Maternal antibody transfer was predicted by maternal age and previous antibody responses, and was consistent within mothers across years. Neonatal total IgG antibody levels were positively related to early growth, suggesting they reflected nutritional transfer. Neonatal parasite-specific IgG levels positively predicted first year offspring survival, independent of lamb weight, total IgG levels and subsequent lamb parasite-specific antibody levels. This relationship was in part mediated via an indirect negative association with parasite burden. We show that among-female variation in maternal transfer of immunity can have long-term effects on offspring growth, parasite burden and fitness in the wild, and is likely to impact naturally-occurring host and parasite dynamics.</p>
Supplemented nutrition decreases helminth burden and increases drug efficacy in a natural host-helminth system
Gastrointestinal helminths are common parasites of humans, wildlife, and livestock, causing chronic infections. In humans and wildlife, poor nutrition or limited resources can compromise individuals' immune response, predisposing them to higher helminth burdens. This relationship has been tested in laboratory models by investigating infection outcomes following reductions of specific nutrients. However, much less is known about how diet supplementation can impact susceptibility to infection, acquisition of immunity, and drug efficacy in natural host-helminth systems. We experimentally supplemented the diet of wood mice (<i>Apodemus sylvaticus</i>) with high quality nutrition and measured resistance to the common gastrointestinal nematode <i>Heligmosomoides polygyrus</i>. To test whether diet can enhance immunity to reinfection, we also administered anthelmintic treatment at random in both natural and captive populations. Supplemented wood mice were more resistant to <i>H. polygyrus</i> infection, cleared worms more efficiently after treatment, avoided a post-treatment infection rebound, produced stronger general and parasite-specific antibody responses, and maintained better body condition. In addition, when applied in conjunction with anthelmintic treatment, supplemented nutrition significantly reduced <i>H. polygyrus</i> transmission potential. These results show the rapid and extensive benefits of a well-balanced diet and have important implications for both disease control and wildlife health under changing environmental conditions.
Data from: Competing for blood: the ecology of parasite resource competition in human malaria-helminth co-infections
Ecological theory suggests that co-infecting parasite species can interact within hosts directly, via host immunity and/or via resource competition. In mice, competition for red blood cells (RBCs) between malaria and bloodsucking helminths can regulate malaria population dynamics, but the importance of RBC competition in human hosts was unknown. We analyzed infection density (i.e. the concentration of parasites in infected hosts), from a 2-year deworming study of over 4,000 human subjects. After accounting for resource-use differences among parasites, we find evidence of resource competition, priority effects, and a competitive hierarchy within co-infected individuals. For example, reducing competition via deworming increased Plasmodium vivax densities 2.8-fold, and this effect is limited to bloodsucking hookworms. Our ecological, resource-based perspective sheds new light into decades of conflicting outcomes of malaria-helminth co-infection studies with significant health and transmission consequences. Beyond blood, investigating within-human resource competition may bring new insights for improving human health.
Data from: Latitudinal gradients of parasite richness: a review and new insights from helminths of cricetid rodents
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), or the trend of higher species richness at lower latitudes, has been well documented in multiple groups of free‐living organisms. Investigations of the LDG in parasitic organisms are comparatively scarce. Here, I investigated latitudinal patterns of parasite diversity by reviewing published studies and by conducting a novel investigation of the LDG of helminths (parasitic nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes) of cricetid rodents (Rodentia: Cricetidae). Using host‐parasite records from 175 parasite communities and 60 host species, I tested for the presence and direction of a latitudinal pattern of helminth richness. Additionally, I examined four abiotic factors (mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, annual temperature range, and annual precipitation range) and two biotic variables (host body mass and host diet) as potential correlates of parasite richness. The analyses were performed with and without phylogenetic comparative methods, as necessary. In this system, helminths followed the traditional LDG, with increasing species richness with decreasing latitude. Nematode richness appeared to drive this pattern, as cestodes and trematodes exhibited a reverse LDG and no latitudinal pattern, respectively. Overall helminth richness and nematode richness were higher in areas with higher mean annual temperatures, annual precipitation, and annual precipitation ranges and lower annual temperature ranges, characteristics that often typify lower latitudes. Cestode richness was higher in areas of lower mean annual temperatures, annual precipitation, and annual precipitation ranges and higher annual temperature ranges, while trematode richness showed no relationship with climate variables when phylogenetic comparative methods were used. Host diet was significantly correlated with cestode and trematode species richness, while host body mass was significantly correlated with nematode and trematode species richness. Results of this study support a complex association between parasite richness and latitude, and indicate that researchers should carefully consider other factors when trying to understand diversity gradients in parasitic organisms.
Data from: The trophic vacuum and the evolution of complex life cycles in trophically-transmitted helminths
Parasitic worms (helminths) frequently have complex life cycles in which they are transmitted trophically between two or more successive hosts. Sexual reproduction often takes place in high trophic-level (TL) vertebrates, where parasites can grow to large sizes with high fecundity. Direct infection of high TL hosts, while advantageous, may be unachievable for parasites constrained to transmit trophically, because helminth propagules are unlikely to be ingested by large predators. Lack of niche overlap between propagule and definitive host (the trophic transmission vacuum) may explain the origin and/or maintenance of intermediate hosts, which overcome this transmission barrier. We show that nematodes infecting high TL definitive hosts tend to have more successive hosts in their life cycles. This relationship was modest, though, driven mainly by the minimum TL of hosts, suggesting that the shortest trophic chains leading to a host define the boundaries of the transmission vacuum. We also show that alternative modes of transmission, like host penetration, allow nematodes to reach high TLs without intermediate hosts. We suggest that widespread omnivory as well as parasite adaptations to increase transmission probably reduce, but do not eliminate, the barriers to the transmission of helminths through the food web.
FIGURES 1–13. Labiobulura leptomyidis n in Helminths of the Hydromyini (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Papua New Guinea with the description of a new species of Labiobulura (Nematoda: Ascaridida)
FIGURES 1–13. Labiobulura leptomyidis n. sp. 1. Anterior end, lateral view. 2. Cephalic end, lateral view. 3. Cephalic end, optical section, lateral view showing pharyngeal lobes. 4. Buccal capsule, en face view, showing pharyngeal lobes. 5. Cephalic end, hand cut sagittal section, dorsoventral view showing pharyngeal lobes. 6. Oesophagus, transverse section showing lateral alae. 7. Cephalic end, en face view. 8. Gubernaculum, lateral view. 9. Posterior end male, ventral view showing gubernaculum. 10. Posterior end male, lateral view showing sucker. 11. Spicule tip. 12. Posterior end female, lateral view. 13. Vagina. Scale bars: 1 = 150Μm; 2, 3, 5 & 13 = 50Μm; 4, 6, & 7 = 20Μm; 8 & 11 = 25Μm; 9 = 75Μm; 10 = 200Μm; 12 = 100Μm.
FIGURE 2. A–H in Helminth parasites from Red Sea fishes: Neowardula brayi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trematoda: Mesometridae Poche, 1926) and Sclerocollum saudii sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932)
FIGURE 2. A–H: Sclerocollum saudii sp. nov. from Siganus rivulatus, Reda Sea. A. Cystacanth (20×) (arrow refers to a juvenile about to excyst). B. Newly excysted juvenile. C. Immature male. D. Immature female. E. Mature male. F. Fullygravid female. G. Egg. H. Proboscis. Scale bars= 500 μm (B), 1 mm (C, D), 2 mm (E, F), 10 μm (G), 100 μm (H).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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