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FIGURE 4 in Spiranthes bightensis (Orchidaceae), a New and Rare Cryptic Hybrid Species Endemic to the U. S. Mid-Atlantic Coast
FIGURE 4. Comparative line drawing of S. cernua (A, B, G–K), S. bightensis (C, D, L–O), and S. odorata E, F, P–S) labella (A–F) and leaves (G–S). A. Pehr s.n., lectotype of Ophrys cernua (LINN!). B. Pace 615 (NY!). C. Pace 607 (NY!). D. Pace 608, holotype of S. bightensis (NY!). E. Pace 611 (NY!). F. Nuttall s.n., lectotype of Neottia odorata (PH!). G. Pehr s.n., lectotype of Ophrys cernua (LINN!). H. Stone 9462 (PH!). I. Long 15163 (PH!). J. Pace 615 (NY!). K. Pace 605 (NY!). L. Pace 608 (NY!). M. Austin s.n. barcode 01392822 (NY!). N. Long 5449 (PH!). O. Pintauro 9, 'Chadd's Ford' (NY!). P. Kral 62918 (SAT!). Q. Small 9284 (NY!). R. Pace 614 (NY!). S. Pace 611 (NY!). A. Drawn by A. Gray, published in Sheviak and Catling (1980), used with permission; B. & D. Drawn by Bobbi Angell, used with permission; F. Drawn by P. Catling, attached to Nuttall s.n., used with permission of Philadelphia Herbarium (PH) at The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University; all others drawn by M. Pace.
FIGURE 8 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 8. Kalanchoe sanctula in cultivation, in Israel. A. Apex of a plant showing the characteristic yellowish or brownish green colouration and dark leaf margins. B. A peltate leaf, bearing numerous bulbils and bulbil pedestals; also showing bulbils bearing bulbils themselves, as well as roots. C. Plants at early anthesis with peduncular leaves still present, transitioning from ovate auriculate to attenuate lanceolate. Flowers have a small calyx and a highly medially inflated, green-infused, pink corolla that is much wider than the calyx in width. D. Flower colour later in anthesis. E. Plant in flower, displaying yellow leaf colouration, a comparatively large reproductive part, and wilted peduncular leaves. Photographs: Ronen Shtein.
FIGURE 5 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 5. Some bulbiliferous kalanchoes in the Arboretum d'Antsokay, Madagascar. A–C. Kalanchoe laetivirens. D–F. Kalanchoe ×descoingsii. Both taxa show some abaxially pinkish leaves, especially towards the margin, almost acaulescent pseudo-rosulate growth habit, and apically obtuse to rounded leaves. While K. laetivirens is otherwise of green colouration and showing broad rounded-triangular leaves that are unspotted abaxially, K. ×descoingsii is of a darker colouration and shows narrowly elliptical, abaxially maculate leaves. Photographs: Jun Ikeda.
FIGURE 4 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 4. Phenological transitions in the leaves of Kalanchoe ×descoingsii (R. Shtein 501). A. Transition from the distal, attenuate, oblanceolate leaves, to the medial, auriculate oblong leaves. B. Medial leaves showing the pink, distinctly blotched petiole, pink margins, and central veining pattern, minute adaxial maculation, and the overall bright light green leaf colour. The leaf blade is oblong, roundtipped, minutely auriculate at the base, strongly dentate, and well-developed bulbil pedestals with abscission scars can be seen in the apical ½. C. Medial leaves showing the round-obtuse apex, oblong leaf blade shape, and colouration. D. Leaf in the basal ¼ of the stem, close to wilting and abaxially striped, showing spathulate pedestals subducting large denticules all around the leaf blade margin with a few bulbils still attached, a deeply auriculate leaf blade base, as well as a similar colouration as in F, but with the blade overall a darker olive green. E–F. Comparative view of the K. tubiflora-like bulbils that are still attached to a leaf, and rooted bulbils with the appearance of those of K. laetivirens. F. Basal, obtuse-tipped leaf with darker colouration, a generally oblong leaf blade shape, but showing the characteristic widened and auriculate base. The dark colouration and below-the-leaf position of the still-attached bulbils is notable, compared to the light green, K. laetivirens-like bulbils in the background. Each bulbil is attached to a dedicated pedestal (obscured from view by the leaf blade margins). Photographs: Ronen Shtein.
FIGURE 9 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 9. All documented occurrences of representatives of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex, and associated interspecific hybrids, in southern Madagascar. The precise locality of the type of K. tubiflora in Madagascar is insufficiently known to be placed (see Figueiredo & Smith 2017: 771). Overlapping markers are separated using Point Displacement in QGIS, except of the marker of the locality of the neotype of K. sanctula which is overlapped by the marker of the type of the name and is not displayed. © OpenStreetMap contributors. Locality information is included in the Supplementary file.
FIGURE 3 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 3. Habit and inflorescences of Kalanchoe ×descoingsii (R. Shtein 501). A. Apical view of plant in bud, showing the green, small-sized, succulent, acute-tipped flower buds. B. Lateral view of plant showing the unusual phenological transition in leaf shape and node spacing, and the indistinct stem-peduncle transition. C. Leaves in the apical ¼ of the stem; the leaves are dark purple-coloured, well-spaced, attenuate, oblanceolate, and the margins subentire, except apically. D. Basal portion of the stem, showing extremely short nodes and densely arranged, conspicuous leaf scars. The striped and distinctly auriculate base of the leaf blade in side view, with bulbils and bulbil pedestals visible. E. Detail of the flower-bearing portion of the inflorescence at early anthesis, showing the purple-tanned buds and pink corollas that are whitish green when emerging. F. Close-up of the fairly short dichasial cyme, and pink flowers. G. Details of the internally medially orange and apically pink corolla, the yellow pollen, the cuneate carpels dressed with short, rounded nectar scales, and the rounded calyx. Photographs: Ronen Shtein.
FIGURE 1 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 1. Comparison between Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotypes A, B, and C, and K. tubiflora. A. Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotype A, a form growing variously in Israel and is indistinguishable from K. ×houghtonii 'J.T. Baldwin', showing large, lanceolate leaves, and large, medially inflated, magenta, K. tubiflora-like flowers; the inflorescences are large and distinct. B–C. Details of the leaf (B) and salmon-pink flowers (C) of a similar form of K. ×houghtonii Morphotype A; material growing invasively in Porto Covo, southern coastal Portugal. D. The large, orange-red, medially rounded flowers of K. tubiflora on an indistinct peduncle, also growing invasively in Portugal. E–F. The two cultivars of K. ×houghtonii Morphotype B: K. ×houghtonii 'Hybrida' with a decussate leaf arrangement (E) and K. ×houghtonii 'Pink Butterflies' with a tricussate leaf arrangement (F), both showing ovate leaves. G. Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotype C, showing linear leaves with ≥10 denticules along the leaf margins, i.e., more than the number diagnostic for K. tubiflora, and a lower number of bulbil pedestals. H–J. The sub-terete leaves of three distinct clones of K. tubiflora, all apically showing 6–8 margin denticules per leaf and an equal number of bulbil pedestals. Photographs: Gideon F. Smith (B–D), Ronen Shtein (rest).
FIGURE 6 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 6. Some bulbiliferous kalanchoes in the Arboretum d'Antsokay. A–B. Kalanchoe daigremontiana showing deeply peltate, longtriangular leaves that are apically acute. Abaxially, the leaves are greyish, and maculate with dark blotches especially towards the margins. The overall khaki green colouration and spotted petiole may suggest some influence from K. tubiflora. More conspicuously admixtured plants are known from other localities in the Toliara and Onilahy regions of Madagascar, as discussed in the text. C–E. Kalanchoe tubiflora showing some variation in the overall colouration of the plants. It is not known which of the forms of K. tubiflora that are cultivated in the Arboretum are native to the Toliara region, and which were introduced from elsewhere in Madagascar. Photographs: Jun Ikeda.
FIGURE 2 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 2. Comparison between two forms of Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotype D, which is alternatively treated as K. daigremontiana and potentially represent K. daigremontiana × K. ×houghtonii. Both forms lack the large, medially inflated, orange, red or magenta flowers of the other K. ×houghtonii Morphotypes discussed in this paper, the leaf arrangement generally remains decussate, and the leaf blade base is peltate when plants reach maturity. A–D. A form originating from the Toliara region, southern Madagascar, showing saddle-shaped, peltate leaf blade bases on mature leaves, subentire margins on leaves of young plants, abaxial maculation patterns resembling those of K. daigremontiana, and uniquely, sepals that are barely fused. E–H. Kalanchoe 'Parsel Tongue', reportedly a garden hybrid that arose spontaneously, showing funnel-shaped peltate leaf blade bases on mature leaves, dentate margins even on leaves of young plants, uniquely granular abaxial maculation patterns distinct from those of any other kalanchoe of the K. daigremontiana species complex, and sepals that are fused for half of their length, as observed in K. daigremontiana. Also note that these two forms differ significantly in the length of their corollae. Photographs: Ronen Shtein.
FIGURE 11 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 11. Two hybrids of the combination Kalanchoe daigremontiana × K. fedtschenkoi, created by Hung I Lu in cultivation in Israel (A, B), and created by Sheng Jian Lu in cultivation in Taiwan (C, D). A. Plant in bud with no bulbil formation or bulbil pedestals visible, though few occasional bulbils are produced. B. Two trilobate leaves, only barely auriculate. C. Dense inflorescences. D. Close up of the salmon-coloured flowers, showing a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. In the background, dentate, basally cuneate leaves are visible. Photographs: A–B, Ronen Shtein; C–D, Sheng Jian Lu.
FIGURE 10. A hybrid between Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 10. A hybrid between Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. laxiflora, created and cultivated, in Israel. A. Young plant in vegetative growth, showing some peltate leaves and almost exclusively mid-green colouration. B. A mature plant (top) compared to K. daigremontiana (bottom), showing heterosis with both leaf size and plant height greatly exceeding that of either parent. No bulbil pedestals are present, and a single bulbil is visible at the leaf apex. C. Close up of the abaxial leaf blade surface almost devoid of the dark purple-brown stripes characteristic of K. daigremontiana. D. Deep red flowers with a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. Photographs: Ronen Shtein.
FIGURE 13 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 13. Kalanchoe laetivirens × K. "Rauhii" produced by Sheng Jian Lu in cultivation in Taiwan. A. Plant in full flower, showing the distinctly pink colouration of the flowers, whitish green when emerging. B. The stem shows a transition from short, wide, basal nodes to longer and thinner, pink distal nodes. The abaxial leaf surface is somewhat pink and maculate in purple towards the margins. C. The peduncle. D–E. Leaves showing pink-coloured central adaxial veining, large erect projections from the auriculate leaf blade base, margins that are dentate with teeth subducted by recurved spathulate bulbil pedestals and bulbils, and a leaf apex that is rounded-cuneate and not acute. Photographs: Sheng Jian Lu.
FIGURE 12. A in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)
FIGURE 12. A. Bernard Marie Descoings (1931–2018), when visiting Mr Jean-Luc Billouet's succulent collection in April 2012. B. When aloe specialist Dr (h.c.) Gilbert W. Reynolds, visited Madagascar in the 1950s, Descoings, then a young man in his mid-20s, accompanied and assisted him (Reynolds 1958: 6–7, 146, Fig. 100, Reynolds 1966: ix, 515, Fig. 543). Descoings here stands next to a large specimen of Aloestrela suzannae (Decary 1921: 26) Molteno & Gideon F.Sm. in Smith & Molteno (2019: 5). The original of the black-and-white image was likely held in Herb. PRE along with parts of the archives of Reynolds, but is apparently no longer extant. Photographs: A, Jean-Luc Billouet; B, unknown; likely G.W. Reynolds.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages. in Suidae
Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages.
A rodent anchored hybrid enrichment probe set for a range of phylogenetic utility – from order to species
<p>Rodents are the largest order of mammals and contain several model organisms important to scientific research in a variety of fields, yet no large set of genomic markers have been designed for this group to date, hindering evolutionary studies into relationships of the group as a whole. Here we present a genomic probe set designed and optimized for rodents with a protocol easy to replicate with little laboratory investment. This design utilizes an anchored hybrid enrichment approach specifically targeting rodents to generate longer loci with a higher mutation rate than existing vertebrate probes to provide utility at various taxonomic levels. Using a test set of rodents from all five suborders we successfully obtained alignments for 416 of the 418 target loci with an average of 1,379 base pairs per locus and a total alignment of more than half a million base pairs. This genomic dataset performed well in all phylogenetic analyses, especially in recent phylogenetic splits, with ample parsimoniously-informative sites within genera and even within species, showing more than four times as many single nucleotide polymorphisms per locus than a recent vertebrate ultra-conserved elements study. Additional support is provided in resolving basal clades in Rodentia. By providing this probe design, we hope that more labs can easily generate data for answering questions in rodents from species delimitation to understanding relationships among families in rapid radiations.</p>
Assessing the population genetic structure of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Lake Tahoe basin: A case for understanding hybridization potential during the reintroduction of the native Endangered Species Act listed Lahontan cutthroat trout (O. clarkii henshawi)
<p class="MsoNormal">Hybridization with introduced or invasive species is a major threat and driver of population declines in native salmonids. The rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>, RBT) has been widely introduced globally and represents an important invasive species, often establishing entrenched naturalized populations. The cutthroat trout (<em>Oncorhynchus clarkii</em>, CT), a close congener, is particularly susceptible to competition and hybridization from RBT introductions which has led to range-wide population declines and loss of CT genetic variation. The Lahontan CT (<em>O. c. henshawi</em>, LCT) whose historic distribution included the Lake Tahoe basin, was extirpated by the 1940s due to overfishing and introduction of nonnative salmonids, including now naturalized RBT. Here, we characterize genetic variation of RBT in a subset of Lake Tahoe tributaries to assess potential homing of RBT to streams for spawning, thereby informing LCT reintroduction. Diploid reproductively viable RBT were stocked annually into Lake Tahoe from the late 1800s until the mid-2000s by California and Nevada fish and wildlife agencies, planting the same commonly raised hatchery strains over time. Since 2007, triploid RBT comprise the bulk of RBT planted. Despite extensive dispersal from stocking locations, our analyses revealed variation in population differentiation among tributaries, with individuals from spatially proximate streams clustering across multiple population genetic analyses. Although subtle, we detected evidence for genetic differentiation among tributaries from the southern, western, and northern regions, including surprising structure involving a single tributary. These results illustrate the extent of differentiation within and among streams and could inform possibilities for and implications of RBT removal and LCT reintroduction.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. A.l.lerviaPallas,1777—Morocco,NA.l.,andNTunisia. A.l.angusiRothschild,1921—NWNiger(Air&TermitMassifs). A.l.blaineiRothschild,1913—SELybia,NEChad,andNW&NESudan(probablynowrestrictedtoRedSeahills). A.l.fassiniLepri,1930—NWLibya,extremeSTunisia. A.l.ornatus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1827—SE&SWEgypt. A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 — S Morocco, Western Sahara, NW Mauritania, S A.l ria, extreme S Libya, NE Mali, SE Niger, and NW Chad. Introduced, free-ranging populations occur in S Spain, the Canary Is, USA (California, New Mexico, and Texas), and NE Mexico. Subspecies of free-ranging introduced populations are unknown because they originate from zoo animals of uncertain origin or from hybrids. Most introduced populations are probably from subspecies lervia, derived from European zoos. The Aoudad has become a widespread invasive species. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A.l.lerviaPallas,1777—Morocco,NA.l.,andNTunisia. A.l.angusiRothschild,1921—NWNiger(Air&TermitMassifs). A.l.blaineiRothschild,1913—SELybia,NEChad,andNW&NESudan(probablynowrestrictedtoRedSeahills). A.l.fassiniLepri,1930—NWLibya,extremeSTunisia. A.l.ornatus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1827—SE&SWEgypt. A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 — S Morocco, Western Sahara, NW Mauritania, S A.l ria, extreme S Libya, NE Mali, SE Niger, and NW Chad. Introduced, free-ranging populations occur in S Spain, the Canary Is, USA (California, New Mexico, and Texas), and NE Mexico. Subspecies of free-ranging introduced populations are unknown because they originate from zoo animals of uncertain origin or from hybrids. Most introduced populations are probably from subspecies lervia, derived from European zoos. The Aoudad has become a widespread invasive species.
Genotype data for: Population genetics reveals divergent lineages and ongoing hybridization in a declining migratory fish species complex
<p>Deciphering the effects of historical and recent demographic processes responsible for the spatial patterns of genetic diversity and structure is a key objective in evolutionary and conservation biology. Using population genetic analyses, we investigated the demographic history, the contemporary genetic diversity and structure, and the occurrence of hybridization and introgression of two species of anadromous fish with contrasting life history strategies and which have undergone recent demographic declines, the allis shad (<em>Alosa alosa</em>) and the twaite shad (<em>Alosa fallax</em>). We genotyped 706 individuals from 20 rivers and 5 sites at sea in Southern Europe at thirteen microsatellite markers. Genetic structure between populations was lower for the nearly semelparous species <em>A. alosa</em>, which disperses greater distances compared to the iteroparous species, <em>A. fallax</em>. Individuals caught at sea were assigned at the river level for <em>A. fallax</em> and at the region level for A. alosa. Using an approximate Bayesian computation framework, we inferred that the most likely long term historical divergence scenario between both species and lineages involved historical separation followed by secondary contact accompanied by strong population size decline. Accordingly, we found evidence for contemporary hybridization and bidirectional introgression due to gene flow between both species and lineages. Moreover, our results support the existence of at least one distinct species in the Mediterrannean sea: <em>A. agone</em> in Golfe du Lion area, and another divergent lineage in Corsica. Overall, our results shed light on the interplay between historical and recent demographic processes and life history strategies in shaping population genetic diversity and structure of closely related species. The recent demographic decline of these species' populations and their hybridization should be carefully considered while implementing conservation programs.</p>
FIGURE. Natural hybrids of Drosera sect. Drosera in Brazil. Drosera cayennensis × D. hirtella: a, rosette with emerging inflorescence (Cristalina, GO). Drosera communis × D. hirtella: b, rosette with emerging inflorescence (Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO). Drosera communis × D. lutescens: c, rosette with emerging inflorescence (Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, MT). Drosera hirtella × D. lutescens (d, e): comparison between the hybrid (center) and the two parental species, D. hirtella (left) and D. lutescens (right); d, rosettes; e, scapes (Serra dos Pirineus, GO). Photo credits: a, b by PMG; c by Marcos Cardoso; d by FR. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil
FIGURE. Natural hybrids of Drosera sect. Drosera in Brazil. Drosera cayennensis × D. hirtella: a, rosette with emerging inflorescence (Cristalina, GO). Drosera communis × D. hirtella: b, rosette with emerging inflorescence (Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO). Drosera communis × D. lutescens: c, rosette with emerging inflorescence (Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, MT). Drosera hirtella × D. lutescens (d, e): comparison between the hybrid (center) and the two parental species, D. hirtella (left) and D. lutescens (right); d, rosettes; e, scapes (Serra dos Pirineus, GO). Photo credits: a, b by PMG; c by Marcos Cardoso; d by FR.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.