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289 results for “hydraulics”
Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for Saddle Stream Network, 2017
Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are important surface hydrologic properties that dictate the how fast water moves into the subsurface. Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were measured at approximately 25 locations throughout the Niwot Ridge Saddle Stream Catchment in 2017. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was calculated from saturated infiltration rates determined using a single-ring infiltrometer. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was calculated from unsaturated infiltration rates determined using a mini-disk portable tension infiltrometer. Both measurements had over an order of magnitude variation across the catchment, suggesting a wide range in hydrologic function. Replicate measurements within 1m^2 were often comparable, but at some sites showed large differences. These differences likely reflect the small-scale variability in subsurface characteristics across the catchment.
Data from: Friction of Longmaxi shale gouges and implications for seismicity during hydraulic fracturing
<p>Longmaxi formation shales are the major target reservoir for shale gas extraction in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China. Swarms of earthquakes accompanying hydraulic fracturing are observed at depths typified by the Longmaxi formation. Mineral composition varies broadly through the stratigraphic section due to different depositional environments. The section is generally tectosilicate-poor and phyllosilicate-rich with a minor portion (~5 <i>wt</i>.%) the converse. We measure the frictional and stability properties of shale gouges taken from the full stratigraphic section at hydrothermal conditions. Velocity-stepping experiments were performed on representative shale gouges at <i>σ<sub>c</sub></i> = 60 <i>MPa</i>, <i>P<sub>f</sub></i> = 30 <i>MPa</i> and <i>T</i> =150 <i>℃</i>. Results show that the gouges are generally frictionally strong with friction coefficients spanning a range of 0.50-0.75. Two phyllosilicate+TOC-poor gouges exhibited higher frictional strength and velocity weakening behavior, capable of potentially unstable fault slips, while only velocity strengthening behavior was observed for the remaining phyllosilicate+TOC-rich gouges. These results confirm that the frictional and stability properties are mainly controlled by phyllosilicate+TOC content. Elevating the temperature further weakens the gouges and drives it towards velocity weakening. The presence of observed seismicity in majority velocity strengthening materials suggest the importance of the minority velocity weakening materials. We suggest a model where seismicity is triggered when high pore fluid pressures drive aseismic slip in the near-field and triggers seismic slip on adjacent faults. Our results have important implications in understanding the physics of earthquakes in Sichuan Basin and highlights the importance of identifying the location and characteristics of faults prior to hydraulic fracturing.</p>
Hydraulic and geochemical impact of occasional saltwater intrusions through a submarine spring in a karst and thermal aquifer (Balaruc peninsula near Montpellier, France)
<p>Contains geochemical and isotopic data presented in the scientific paper "Hydraulic and geochemical impact of occasional saltwater intrusions through a submarine spring in a karst and thermal aquifer (Balaruc peninsula near Montpellier, France)".</p> <p>Files contain physico-chemical parameters, major ions, rare earth elements and isotopic data (Sr, B) for karst and thermal groundwater samples collected between 2010 and 2018 in the Balaruc-les-Bains (France) area.</p>
Data from: Linking coordinated hydraulic traits to drought and recovery responses in a tropical montane cloud forest
Understanding plant hydraulic functioning and water balance during drought has become key in predicting species survival and recovery. However, the insightful studies that couple physiological and morphological attributes do not exist in many ecosystems, such as the vulnerable Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCF). In this study, we evaluate drought resistance and recovery for saplings for five tree species spanning deciduous to evergreen habits from a Mexican TMCF. Methods Drought treatments withheld water until plants reached species-specific P50 or P88 values (pressures required to induce a 50 or 88 percent loss in hydraulic conductivity), at which point they were rewatered. Drought resistance were considered within the isohydric-anisohydric framework and compared to leaf gas exchange, water status, pressure-volume curves, specific leaf area, and stomatal density. Results TMCF species closed stomata well before significant losses in hydraulic conductivity (isohydric). Yet, despite the coordination of these traits, they did not predict how long it took species to reach critical hydraulic thresholds. Instead, maximum photosynthesis rates explained these times reinforcing the linkage between hydraulic and carbon dynamics. Despite varying hydraulic conductivities, stomatal responses, and times to hydraulic thresholds, all study plants except for two individuals (out of 60) recovered following rewatering. The recovery of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance was explained by the P50 values and isohydry. Conclusions This study raises new questions surrounding drought management strategies, recovery processes, and how lethal thresholds are defined. Further studies need to consider the role of water and carbon balance in allowing for both survival and recovery to drought.
Are leaf, stem and hydraulic traits good predictors of individual tree growth? (FUN2FUN project)
<ol> <li>A major foundation of trait-based ecology is that traits have an impact on individual performance. However, trait-growth relationships have not been extensively tested in trees, especially outside tropical ecosystems. In addition, measuring traits directly related to physiological processes ('hard traits') remains difficult and the differences between inter- and intraspecific relationships are seldom explored.</li> <li> <span>Here, we use individual-level data on a set of hydraulic, leaf and stem traits to explore which traits are the best predictors of basal area increment (BAI) and growth efficiency (BAI per unit of tree leaf area, GE) among and within species for six dominant tree species along a water availability gradient under Mediterranean climate (Catalonia, NE Spain). Measured traits include: </span>leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen concentration (N), leaf C isotopic composition (d<sup>13</sup>C), stem wood density (WD), branch-level estimates of the Huber value (Hv), the sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (K<sub>S</sub>), the leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (K<sub>L</sub>) and resistance to xylem embolism (P<sub>50</sub>), and the leaf water potential at turgor loss (P<sub>tlp</sub>).</li> <li>Traits were better predictors of GE than BAI and significant relationships were largely driven by differences among species means. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, high values of both growth metrics<span> were associated with 'conservative' leaf and hydraulic traits. In particular, BAI was negatively associated with wood density and hydraulic efficiency per unit leaf area (</span>K<sub>L</sub><span>), while GE increased with LMA, allocation to sapwood relative to leaves (Hv) and resistance to xylem embolism </span>(P<sub>50</sub>)<span>. </span>Climate effects on BAI and GE were indirectly mediated by changes in traits, stand structure and tree size. Overall, these results suggest that maintaining functionality over extended periods of time may be more important that maximum gas exchange or hydraulic capacity to achieve high radial growth under Mediterranean climates.</li> <li>Our study reveals that the relationships between 'functional' traits and tree performance along environmental gradients are complex and do not necessarily conform to simple hypotheses based on our understanding of organ-level processes. Trait integration along common axes of variation together with a revaluation of the variables that better reflect whole-tree performance can greatly improve our understanding of trait-growth relationships.</li> </ol>
Divergent responses of forest dominant trees species to the manipulated canopy and understory nitrogen additions in terms of foliage stoichiometric, economic and hydraulic traits
<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition effects on the stoichiometric balance and photosynthetic and hydraulic couplings in subtropical forests has drawn wide attentions. The previously adopted understory application of N fertilization is criticized because it might ignore foliar N retention for different species. This paper reports a fertilizing application from the canopy (CAN) and under the canopy (UAN) in a phosphorus (P) limited ecosystem. Foliage stoichiometric, photosynthetic and hydraulic traits of six dominant species were measured and analyzed. Both treatments equally enhanced foliage N and N/P, but not foliage P, who was highly species-specific depending on tree height, which implied enhanced P limitation. Decreased isotope abundance of <sup><span>15</span></sup>N (δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N) that approaching to the level in the urea fertilizer under CAN suggested the existence of canopy retention of N. Besides, N response sensitivity of N, P and δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N that positively related to tree height (H) under CAN indicated different exposure to the added N, which promoted stoichiometric imbalance among species. The photosynthetic traits represented by net photosynthesis (<i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n</span></sub>) increased under both treatments. A divergent foliar photosynthetic and hydraulic traits varations was identified by signifcant decreased stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub><span>s</span></sub>) and <i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n </span></sub>/<i><span>g</span></i><sub><span>s</span></sub> for CAN treatments, which induced the elevated isotope abundance of <sup><span>13</span></sup>C (δ<sup><span>13</span></sup>C). Correspondingly, foliage hydraulic traits that shifted to water use efficiency axis were identified only under CAN in principal component analysis. Overall, our results proved that the canopy obsorbtion and species heterogeneity should be considered regarding foliar safety vs efficiency trade-off in response to nitrogen additions in the future.</p>
Imaging elastodynamic and hydraulic properties of in-situ fractured rock: An experimental investigation exploring effects of dynamic stressing and shearing
<p>We describe laboratory experiments to elucidate the relationship between nonlinear elasticity and permeability evolution in fractured media subjected to local stress perturbations. This study is part of an effort to image fluid pathways and fracture properties using active-source acoustic monitoring during fluid injection and shear of rough fractures. Experiments were conducted with L-shaped samples of Westerly granite fractured in-situ under tri-axial conditions with deionized water subsequently circulated through the resulting fractures. After in-situ fracturing, we separately imposed oscillations of the applied normal stress and pore pressure with amplitudes ranging from 0.2 to 1 MPa and frequencies from 0.1 to 40 Hz. During these dynamic perturbations an array of piezoelectric transducers continuously transmitted ultrasonic pulses across the fracture to monitor the evolving elastic response. We interpret the resulting evolution of elastic wave properties in the context of elastic nonlinearity and relate the estimated nonlinearity parameters to the relative change in permeability of the fractured media. Fracture roughness is then altered in-situ by shearing, with the generation of breccia and wear products. We document the evolution of permeability and fracture contact stiffness as a function of dynamic stressing and shear offset and discuss our findings in relation to fractures in Earth's crust.</p>
Data from: Convergence in resource use efficiency across trees with differing hydraulic strategies in response to ecosystem precipitation manipulation
1. Plants are expected to respond to drought by maximizing the efficiency of the most limiting resource, the water use efficiency (WUE), at the expense of nitrogen and carbon use efficiencies (NUE and CUE). Therefore, plants resource use efficiencies are viewed as indicators of species drought tolerance. 2. We tested these predictions by measuring leaf-level intrinsic WUE (WUEi, the ratio of net assimilation to stomatal conductance), photosynthetic NUE (PNUE, the ratio of daily maximum net assimilation to leaf nitrogen content) and leaf-scale CUE (approached by the ratio of nighttime respiration to daytime net assimilation, Rd/An) in piñon pine and juniper, two tree species that differ in drought tolerance and vulnerability to drought-induced mortality. Variations in resource use efficiency in the two species were measured in response to seasonal drought and in response to an ecosystem-scale precipitation manipulation experiment comprising three precipitation treatments: ambient, irrigation (+30%) and partial rainfall exclusion (-45%). 3. Increasing water limitation, either seasonally or across treatments, resulted in increased WUE and decreased PNUE and CUE in both species. WUE, PNUE and CUE varied more strongly in response to water limitation than across species and converged to the same relationships against precipitation for piñon and juniper. 4. Plasticity in WUE, PNUE and CUE in response to water limitation was associated, in both species, with low carbon acquisition during drought. Our results exhibited a convergence in resource use efficiency across piñon and juniper which contradicts the paradigm that resource use efficiencies are indicators of species drought tolerance and ecological strategy.
Data from: Radial variation of wood functional traits reflect size-related adaptations of tree mechanics and hydraulics
1) Wood serves for mechanical support, water transport and storage. These functions are provided for by different cells with a large variation in wood anatomy among species but also within individual trees. The latter often reflects ontogenetic adjustments, related to tree size or age, which can be studied by looking at patterns of radial variation in wood. 2) We quantified radial variation in wood density (WD) and wood anatomy and ask how ontogenetic changes of wood functions are controlled in five canopy tree species in western Thailand. We ask if there are trade-offs between these main functions of wood, how ontogenetic trends are linked to differences in growth trajectories and shade tolerance among tree species and if wood properties are mainly controlled by tree age or by size. 3) In all species studied, vessel fraction, vessel size, theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and fibre wall thickness significantly increased with tree diameter. While the ray fraction also increased in all species except Neolitsea, axial parenchyma changed significantly only in Afzelia, the species with by far the largest axial parenchyma fraction. The average WD and Kh reflect the phenology, with deciduous and shade-intolerant Toona and Melia having low WD and high Kh, and shade-tolerant brevi-deciduous Chukrasia and evergreen Neolitsea having higher WD and low Kh. Deciduous Afzelia, however, had the lowest Kh and second-highest WD. The radial gradients in WD and Kh also reflect within-species differences in growth rates during ontogeny. 4) The relationship between WD and its underlying anatomical components varied substantially among species. Modulating fibre wall thickness and vessel size enables growing trees to increase water transport capacity and mechanical strength at the same time. Across species, tree diameter had a stronger effect than age on all parameters except for fibres. 5) Given the very substantial within-tree size-related variation in wood traits, tree size is an essential parameter to include in comparative studies on the functional ecology of wood. Analyzing ontogenetic changes in wood can advance our understanding of the different ecological strategies of trees.
Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees
1. Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of soil water through plant roots is widely described, however its extent, especially in temperate trees, remains unclear. Here, we quantified redistributed water of five temperate tree species. We hypothesized that both, HR within a plant and into the soil increases with higher water-potential gradients, larger root conduit diameters and root-xylem hydraulic conductivities. 2. Saplings of conifer (<i>Picea abies</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>), diffuse-porous (<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i>) and ring-porous species (<i>Castanea sativa</i>, <i>Quercus robur</i>) were planted in split-root systems, where one plant had its roots split between two pots with different water-potential gradients (0.23 to 4.20 MPa). Hydraulic redistribution was quantified via deuterium labeling. 3. On average, species redistributed 0.39 ± 0.14 ml water overnight (0.08 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup> root mass). Higher pre-dawn water-potential gradients, xylem hydraulic conductivities and larger conduit diameters significantly increased HR. Hydraulic conductivity had the greatest influence on HR, within the plants (0.03 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>) and into the soil (0.06 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>). 4. Additional factors as soil-root contact should be considered, especially when calculating water transfer into the soil. Nevertheless, trees maintaining high xylem hydraulic conductivity showed higher HR amounts, potentially making them valuable 'silvicultural tools' to improve plant water-status.
Model for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Frozen Soils Using the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve
<p>This is the data used in this manuscript.</p>
Hydraulic Tomography Estimates Improved by Zonal Information from the Clustering of Geophysical Survey Data
<p>The spreadsheet contains the information of hydraulic conductivity fields, drawdown calibration and validation data sets, and tracer data sets used to accomplish the research article with the same title.</p>
Hydraulic tomography and thermal tracer test data from a fractured-porous field site in Goettingen (Germany)
<p>These data are supplementary material for:</p> <p>Römhild, L., Ringel, L. M., Liu, Q., Hu, L., Ptak, T., & Bayer, P. (2024). Hybrid discrete fracture network inversion of hydraulic tomography data from a fractured-porous field site. Water Resources Research, 60, e2023WR036035. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036035</p> <p>The data set comprises hydraulic tomography and thermal tracer test field data from a porous-fractured site in Göttingen (Germany). The repository contains a schematic figure of the experimental setup and subfolders for the two different experiments. For more information about the data, we refer to the readme files in the repository, and the soon-to-be-published paper (see above).</p>
Dataset for Estimating soil hydraulic properties from oven-dry to full saturation using inverse modeling and shortwave infrared imaging
<p>In this repository, we provide all the datasets that are needed to reproduce the analysis conducted in the paper entitled "Estimating soil hydraulic properties from oven-dry to full saturation using inverse modeling and shortwave infrared imaging."</p> <p><br> codes: This folder contains Python codes to run the forward and inverse modeling. Install the following packages.<br> notebook, fenics, numpy, pandas, matplotlib, scipy, numdifftools, and lmfit for inverse modeling (needs to be run on Linux).<br> data: This directory contains data used in the inverse modeling.<br> gif: This directory contains GIF movies of the upward infiltration experiments.</p> <p>readme.xlsx: This file explains which data are used for each figure in the paper.</p>
CoUDlabs_WP8_T811_UOS_001. Investigating geometrical effects on hydraulic energy losses during sewer to surface flow interactions during urban floods
<p>This document describes the dataset used in CO UD-labs JRA3 (WP 8) Task 8.1.1. This considers the hydraulic exchange (surcharge) from a piped drainage system to surface flood flow through a manhole. The dataset includes measurements of pressure, flow rate and depth from a physical scale model. The effect of changing the manhole lid properties on flow exchange (surcharge) and pressure in the experimental system is quantified over a range of flow rates. </p>
A tree hydraulics dataset for 16 boreal forest stands in North America
<p>A community effort to a develop comprehensive boreal forest tree hydraulics dataset (sap flux density and stem diameter variation) including supporting measurements (e.g., air temperature, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, wind speed, vapor pressure deficit, specific humidity, precipitation, soil temperature, soil moisture). The datasets includes meteorological measurements from 10 additional boreal forest stands for which no tree hydraulics observations were available.</p>
Online hydraulic data from full scale CS#3 DWDN for model calibration
<p>Online hydraulic data including hydraulic model for the full distribution network. More than one full year of data.</p> <p>SCADA data source.</p> <p>Provide knowledge of the water distribution network and how the water moves in the system.</p>
Assessment and application of an alternative formula to describe the hydraulic conductivity over the full moisture range
<p>This is the dataset used to produce Figures 1-4 and Figures S1-S4 in the manuscript entitled "Assessment and application of an alternative formula to describe the hydraulic conductivity over the full moisture range" (submitted to <em>Hydrological Processes</em>).</p>
Large-scale Three-dimensional Hydraulic Tomography Analyses of Long-term Municipal Wellfield Operations
<p>This file includes all the datasets utilized to accomplish the above study. Basically, it includes the information of grid for groundwater modeling, the distribution of wells, as well as water-level variations for model calibration and validation.</p>
Phytogeographic origin determines Tropical Montane Cloud Forest hydraulic trait composition
<p>Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) have unique climatic conditions, which allow the coexistence of plant lineages with different phytogeographic origins from tropical versus temperate climates. Future climate projections suggest TMCFs will be subjected to increasing drought stress due to fog uplift and higher temperatures, possibly leading to tree mortality and local extinctions, and consequently changes in forest composition and functioning. Characterising community functional composition, trade-offs among traits and the drivers of community assembly is of utmost importance to improve our capacity to predict the response of montane plant communities to forecast climate change.</p> <p>Here, we aimed to test if species from different phytogeographic origins (i.e. tropical - evergreen x deciduous - and temperate) differ in drought vulnerability and how the co-existence of these groups change the hydraulic composition of TMCF`s. We used a framework based on measurements of key hydraulic traits (i.e. xylem embolism resistance, hydraulic safety margin, stomata control, turgor loss point, minimum water potential) of 16 dominant species (> 70% of the forest basal area) within a TMCF in the Atlantic Rain Forest Domain in southeast Brazil. We used community-weighted means to model whether removing each species group would change the community hydraulic functional composition.</p> <p>Temperate, tropical deciduous and tropical evergreen groups differ in their hydraulic functioning and these differences explain forest functional composition and taxa dominance. Temperate and tropical deciduous taxa were consistently more vulnerable hydraulically (i.e. lower safety margins and embolism resistance). The coexistence of different phytogeographic lineages is a key determinant of TMCF hydraulic composition. We also used models including phylogeny to evaluate the variation of hydraulic traits across Phytogeographic groups, and the results suggest some niche conservatism associated with plant hydraulic functioning.</p> <p>Our results provide evidence of the importance of species phytogeographic origin on TMCF functioning, and niche conservatism in the evolution of hydraulic traits. The higher drought vulnerability observed in temperate group might be a mechanistic explanation for the expansion of temperate taxa distribution to wetter places during past colder and drier climate. Thus, we suggest hydraulic functional traits may be useful to predict future dynamics of TMCFs under changing climatic conditions.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.