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458 results for “incubator”
Data from: Association between severity of MERS-CoV infection and incubation period
We analyzed data for 170 patients in South Korea who had laboratory-confirmed infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. A longer incubation period was associated with a reduction in the risk for death (adjusted odds ratio/1-day increase in incubation period 0.83, 95% credibility interval 0.68–1.03).
Data from: Biparental incubation patterns in a high-Arctic breeding shorebird: how do pairs divide their duties?
In biparental species, parents may be in conflict over how much they invest into their offspring. To understand this conflict, parental care needs to be accurately measured, something rarely done. Here, we quantitatively describe the outcome of parental conflict in terms of quality, amount and timing of incubation throughout the 21 day incubation period in a population of semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) breeding under continuous daylight in the High Arctic. Incubation quality, measured by egg temperature and incubation constancy, showed no marked difference between the sexes. The amount of incubation, measured as length of incubation bouts, was on average 51 min longer per bout for females (11.5 h) than for males (10.7 h), at first glance suggesting that females invested more than males. However, this difference may have been offset by sex-differences in the timing of incubation; females were more often off-nest during the warmer period of the day, when foraging conditions were presumably better. Overall, the daily timing of incubation shifted over the incubation period (e. g., for female incubation from 'evening-night' to 'night-morning') and over the season, but varied considerably among pairs. At one extreme, pairs shared the amount of incubation equally, but one parent always incubated during the colder part of the day; at the other extreme, pairs shifted the start of incubation bouts between days so that each parent experienced similar conditions across the incubation period. Our results highlight how the simultaneous consideration of different aspects of care across time allows sex-specific investment to be more accurately quantified.
Data from: The bright incubate at night: sexual dichromatism and adaptive incubation division in an open-nesting shorebird
Ornamentation of parents poses a high risk for offspring because it reduces cryptic nest defence. Over a century ago, Wallace proposed that sexual dichromatism enhances crypsis of open-nesting females although subsequent studies found that dichromatism per se is not necessarily adaptive. We tested whether reduced female ornamentation in a sexually dichromatic species reduces the risk of clutch depredation and leads to adaptive parental roles in the red-capped plover Charadrius ruficapillus, a species with biparental incubation. Males had significantly brighter and redder head coloration than females. During daytime, when visually foraging predators are active, colour-matched model males incurred a higher risk of clutch depredation than females, whereas at night there was no difference in depredation risk between sexes. In turn, red-capped plovers maintained a strongly diurnal/nocturnal division of parental care during incubation, with males attending the nest largely at night when visual predators were inactive and females incubating during the day. We found support for Wallace's conclusion that reduced female ornamentation provides a selective advantage when reproductive success is threatened by visually foraging predators. We conclude that predators may alter their prey's parental care patterns and therefore may affect parental cooperation during care.
Ambient temperature and female body condition are related to night incubation behavior in wood ducks (Aix sponsa)
For many animals, parental care behavior is an important aspect of their life history that affects both parents and offspring. In birds, one of the most important parental care behaviors is incubation, which is costly to the parent but directly influences embryonic development and fitness of offspring. Some birds exhibit the intriguing behavior of partially incubating their eggs prior to clutch completion for only a portion of each day. This partial incubation is characterized by lower incubation temperatures and constancy than during full-time incubation, which typically begins at clutch completion. Partial incubation may preserve the viability of eggs laid early in the laying sequence, shorten the length of the full incubation period, and/or provide a favorable microclimate to the incubating parent. It might also reduce the probability of nest predation, nest site takeover by another bird, brood parasitism, and/or predation of the adult. Although there is evidence that partial incubation is an adaptive behavior and that time invested in this behavior varies among individuals of the same species, nothing is known about what may drive this inter-individual variation. To investigate how environmental and parental characteristics may be related to partial incubation behavior, we studied the partial incubation behavior of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) using artificial egg temperature loggers within nest boxes. Our results suggest that females with greater mass relative to their structural size invest more time in partial incubation. Additionally, the incubation temperature and length of on-bouts of partial incubation increased over the course of the partial incubation period, and ambient temperature during on-bouts was positively related to incubation temperature. Ultimately, our study suggests that characteristics of both the environment and parent may influence the partial incubation behavior of wood ducks, and improves our understanding of an important, but understudied, aspect of avian parental care.
Data from: "Green incubation": avian offspring benefit from aromatic nest herbs through improved parental incubation behaviour
Development of avian embryos requires thermal energy, usually from parents. Parents may however trades off catering for embryonic requirements against their own need to forage through intermittent incubation. This dynamically adjusted behaviour can be affected by properties of the nest. Here we experimentally show a novel mechanism by which parents, through incorporation of aromatic herbs into nests, effectively modify their incubation behaviour to the benefit of their offspring. Our study species, the European starling, includes in its nest aromatic herbs which promote offspring fitness. We provided wild starlings with artificial nests including or excluding the typically selected fresh herbs and found strong support for our prediction of facilitated incubation. Herb effects were not explained by thermal changes of the nests per se, but by modified parental behaviours. Egg temperatures and nest attendance were higher in herb than herbless nests, egg temperatures dropped less frequently below critical thresholds, and parents started their active day earlier. These effects were dynamic over time and particularly strong during early incubation. Incubation period was shorter in herb nests, and nestlings were heavier one week after hatching. Aromatic herbs hence influenced incubation in beneficial ways for offspring, possibly through pharmacological effects on incubating parents.
Data from: Food supplementation fails to reveal a trade-off between incubation and self-maintenance in female house wrens
Incubating birds must allocate their time and energy between maintaining egg temperature and obtaining enough food to meet their own metabolic demands. We tested the hypothesis that female house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) face a trade-off between incubation and self-maintenance by providing females with supplemental food during incubation. We predicted that food supplementation would increase the amount of time females devoted to incubating their eggs, lower their baseline plasma corticosterone levels (a measure of chronic stress), and increase their body mass, haematocrit (a measure of anaemia), and reproductive success relative to control females. As predicted, food-supplemented females spent a greater proportion of time incubating their eggs than control females. Contrary to expectation, however, there was no evidence that food supplementation significantly influenced female baseline plasma corticosterone levels, body mass, haematocrit, or reproductive success. However, females with high levels of corticosterone at the beginning of incubation were more likely to abandon their nesting attempt after capture than females with low levels. Corticosterone significantly increased between the early incubation and early nestling stages of the breeding cycle in all females. These results suggest that although food supplementation results in a modest increase in incubation effort, it does not lead to significantly lower levels of chronic stress as reflected in lower baseline corticosterone levels. We conclude that female house wrens that begin the incubation period with low levels of plasma corticosterone can easily meet their own nutritional needs while incubating their eggs, and that any trade-off between incubation and self-feeding does not influence female reproductive success under the conditions at the time of our study.
Data from: Incubation under climate warming affects learning ability and survival in hatchling lizards
Despite compelling evidence for substantial individual differences in cognitive performance, it is unclear whether cognitive ability influences fitness of wild animals. In many animals, environmental stressors experienced in utero can produce substantial variation in the cognitive abilities of offspring. In reptiles, incubation temperatures experienced by embryos can influence hatchling brain function and learning ability. Under climate warming, the eggs of some lizard species may experience higher temperatures, which could affect the cognitive abilities of hatchlings. Whether such changes in cognitive abilities influence the survival of hatchlings is unknown. To determine whether incubation-induced changes in spatial learning ability affect hatchling survival, we incubated velvet gecko, Amalosia lesueurii, eggs using two fluctuating temperature regimes to mimic current (cold) versus future (hot) nest temperatures. We measured the spatial learning ability of hatchlings from each treatment, and released individually marked animals at two field sites in southeastern Australia. Hatchlings from hot-incubated eggs were slower learners than hatchlings from cold-incubated eggs. Survival analyses revealed that hatchlings with higher learning scores had higher survival than hatchlings with poor learning scores. Our results show that incubation temperature affects spatial learning ability in hatchling lizards, and that such changes can influence the survival of hatchlings in the wild.
Data from: Higher incubation temperatures produce long-lasting upward shifts in cold tolerance, but not heat tolerance, of hatchling geckos
Heatwaves are a regular occurrence in Australia, and are predicted to increase in intensity and duration in the future. These changes may elevate temperatures inside lizard nests, shortening the incubation period, so that hatchlings are more likely to emerge during heatwaves. Potentially, developmental plasticity or heat hardening could buffer hatchings from future warming. For example, higher incubation temperatures could shift critical thermal maxima upwards, enabling lizards to withstand higher temperatures. To investigate whether developmental plasticity affects hatchling thermal tolerance, we incubated eggs of the velvet gecko Amalosia lesueurii under two fluctuating incubation treatments to mimic current warm (mean = 24.3°C, range 18.4 - 31.1°C) and future hot (mean = 28.9°C, range 19.1 - 38.1°C) nest temperatures. We maintained the hatchlings under identical conditions, and measured their thermal tolerance (CTmax) at age 14 d and 42 d. We then released hatchlings at field sites, and recaptured individually marked lizards at age six months, to determine whether incubation induced shifts in thermal tolerance were transitory or long-lasting. We found that at age 14 d, hatchlings from the future hot temperature incubation treatment had higher CTmax (mean = 39.96 ± 0.25°C) than hatchlings from the current warm incubation treatment (mean = 39.70 ± 0.36°C). Hatchlings from the warm-incubation treatment also had significantly higher heat hardening capacity (mean = 0.79 ± 0.37°C) than hatchlings from hot-temperature incubation treatment (mean = 0.47 ± 0.17°C). However, both of these incubation-induced effects did not persist into later life. By contrast, incubation treatment had significant and long-lasting effects on the cold tolerance of hatchlings. At age 14 d, warm-incubated hatchlings tolerated colder temperatures (CTmin = 11.24 ± 0.41°C) than hot-incubated hatchlings (CTmin = 14.11 ± 0.25°C). This significant difference in cold tolerance persisted into the juvenile life stage, and was present in 6 month old lizards that we recaptured from field sites. This finding indicates that upward shifts in cold tolerance caused by higher nest temperatures might impact negatively on overwinter survival of lizards, but field studies linking fitness to thermal tolerance are necessary to test this idea. Overall, our results suggest that developmental plasticity for heat tolerance is unlikely to buffer lizard populations from increasing temperatures.
Data from: Altered embryonic development in northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) induced by pre-incubation oscillatory thermal stresses mimicking global warming predictions
Global warming is likely to alter reproductive success of ground-nesting birds that lay eggs normally left unattended for days or even weeks before actual parental incubation, especially in already warm climates. The native North American bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is such a species, and pre-incubation quail eggs may experience temperatures >45°C. Yet, almost nothing is known about embryonic survival after such high pre-incubation temperatures. Freshly laid bobwhite quail eggs were exposed during a 12 day pre-incubation period to one of five thermal regimes: low oscillating temperatures (25-40°C, mean=28.9°C), high oscillating temperatures (30-45°C, mean=33.9°C), low constant temperatures (28.85°C), high constant temperatures (mean=33.9°C), or commercially employed pre-incubation temperatures (20°C). After treatment, eggs were then incubated at a standard 37.5°C to determine subsequent effects on embryonic development rate, survival, water loss, hatching, and embryonic oxygen consumption. Both quantity of heating degree hours during pre-incubation and specific thermal regime (oscillating vs. non-oscillating) profoundly affected important aspects of embryo survival and indices of development and growth Pre-incubation quail eggs showed a remarkable tolerance to constant high temperatures (up to 45°C), surviving for 4.5±0.3 days of subsequent incubation, but high oscillating pre-incubation temperature increased embryo survival (mean survival 12.2±1.8 days) and led to more rapid development than high constant temperature (maximum 38.5ºC), even though both groups experienced the same total heating degree-hours. Oxygen consumption was ~200-300 μl O2.egg.min-1 at hatching in all groups, and was not affected by pre-incubation conditions. Oscillating temperatures, which are the norm for pre-incubation quail eggs in their natural habitat, thus enhanced survival at higher temperatures. However, a 5°C increase in pre-incubation temperature, which equates to the predicted long-term increases of 5°C or more, nonetheless reduced hatching rate by approximately 50%. Thus, while pre-incubation bobwhite eggs may be resiliant to moderate oscillating temperature increases, global warming will likely severely impact wild bobwhite quail populations, especially in their strongholds in southern latitudes.
Data from: Incubation temperature and parental identity determine sex in the Australian agamid lizard Ctenophorus pictus
Sex determination in Australian agamid lizards show a complex framework of different mechanisms, varying even among closely related taxa. It is clear that discrete classification of these species as either having genetic (GSD) or environmental sex determination (ESD) does not agree with empirical data. Although many species in this group show temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), recent evidence suggests additional genetic or epigenetic effects. A proposed model explaining the adaptive significance and evolution of TSD in short-lived agamids predicts that selection will favor temperature-biased sex ratios in species with intense male-male competition. Here we use experimental incubation at (near) constant temperatures to test whether the sex of Australian painted dragons (Ctenophorus pictus) is influenced by temperature, building on previous research yet to have reached an agreement regarding the role of temperature in this species. In the present study, incubation temperature and parental identity affected hatchling sex suggesting that environment and genetics may work in concert to determine sex in this species. Although our results are consistent with TSD, our data cannot rule out a temperature-by-sex effect on egg or hatchling mortality. However, our findings together with the observed differences of sex determination systems in closely related species within this genus may provide novel opportunities to address fundamental questions in the evolution of sex determination systems.
Data from: Nest-box temperature affects clutch size, incubation initiation, and nestling health in great tits
Prenatal maternal effects can be a source of phenotypic plasticity and may play a role in adaptation to climate change. However, we do not know how far temperature could influence such effects, if at all. We studied the influence of temperature during egg laying on maternal reproductive investment and on the phenotype of adult females, adult males, and nestlings. We expected temperature to have an effect, as it influences maintenance costs for females, who can also use it as a cue of the advancement of the breeding season. We experimentally increased night-time nest-box temperatures by approximately 1 °C throughout the entire laying period in great tits (Parus major). Clutch size was negatively correlated with laying date in heated females. Heated females did not delay incubation after clutch completion as frequently as control females did. Finally, blood sedimentation rate, which is an indicator of acute infections and inflammatory diseases, was positively correlated with hatching date in control broods. This suggests that nestlings were of lower quality in late-hatched broods than in early-hatched broods. This seasonal effect was not detected in heated nests. Our results show that a small increase in temperature during laying can influence breeding strategy and nestling characteristics. These results suggest that birds used temperature as a cue of seasonal advancement to adjust breeding phenology, with beneficial effects on nestling health. To better understand the consequences of maternal adjustments during egg laying, it would be interesting to combine studies with heating treatment during different periods of the breeding cycle.
Data from: Long-term consequences of high incubation temperature in a wild bird population
Because incubation by birds is energetically costly, parents frequently trade off investment in incubation against self-maintenance. This can be manifested by a reduction in incubation temperature, which comes at high somatic costs for nestlings. The extent to which these costs constrain fitness is poorly understood. We incubated wild blue tit clutches at three biologically relevant temperatures and subsequently recorded winter survival and survival to the breeding season. Fledglings from the coldest treatment (35.0°C) survived less well than other fledglings, but the proportion of winter and breeding survivors did not differ significantly between treatments. However, survival probability in both seasons increased with body mass at fledging in birds from low and mid incubation temperatures, but decreased with fledging body mass in the high-temperature treatment. Mid-temperature nestlings were heavier as adults, weighing 7% more than low- and high-temperature survivors. Thus, high incubation temperature can be beneficial in the short term, but costs of accelerated embryonic development may equal those of protracted development in the long term. Such hidden consequences of faster development could maintain natural selection for average incubation temperature.
Data from: Plasma carotenoid concentrations of incubating American kestrels (Falco sparverius) show annual, seasonal, and individual variation and explain reproductive outcome
In wild birds, the proximate and ultimate factors that affect circulating carotenoid concentrations remain poorly understood. We studied variation in plasma carotenoid concentrations across several scales: annual, seasonal, pair, territory and individual, and evaluated whether plasma carotenoid concentrations explained reproductive outcome of wild American kestrels (Falco sparverius). We sampled plasma carotenoid concentrations of 99 female and 80 male incubating kestrels from April to June in 2008 to 2012. Plasma carotenoid concentrations were explained by an interaction between year and sex, date, and random effects for pair and individual identity. In general, plasma carotenoid concentrations of males were significantly higher than females, but this depended on year. Within a breeding season, earlier nesting kestrels had higher carotenoid concentrations than later nesting kestrels, a pattern that is coincident with seasonal trends in local fitness. Pair and individual identity explained variation in carotenoid concentrations suggesting that carotenoid concentrations of mated birds were correlated, and some individuals consistently maintained higher carotenoid levels than others. Male carotenoid concentrations were positively associated with number of young fledged per pair. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that higher quality individuals have higher carotenoid levels compared to lower quality individuals, despite annual variations in carotenoid availability.
Data for: Phytoplankton primary productivity: a dual-incubation approach for direct comparison of photosystem II photosynthetic flux (JVPII) and 14C-fixation experiments
<p>Data summary and LabSTAF raw data from manuscript "Phytoplankton primary productivity: a dual-incubation approach for direct comparison of photosystem II photosynthetic flux (JVPII) and 14C-fixation experiments" by <span>Nina Schuback, Kevin Oxborough, Mary Burkitt-Gray, </span><span>Patricia López-García, Matthew D. Patey, </span><span>Emily Hammermeister, Alan Wright, C. Mark Moore</span></p>
Open-cup nesters in the Kalahari: incubation and egg-shading behaviour in passerines cannot be detected with temperature dataloggers during hot periods.
<p>The dataset includes the raw data and R scripts necessary to reproduce the analyses and figures explained in the manuscript "<span>Open-cup nesters in the Kalahari: incubation and egg-shading behaviour in passerines cannot be detected with temperature dataloggers during hot periods</span>"<strong>.</strong></p> <p>This dataset includes:</p> <p>- README.docx: Complete explanation of the different raw data used for the statistical analyses, together with the link to the R script where data is analyzed. We recommend to read this document before diving into the data and scripts.</p> <p>- Project data & code: Two separate folders for raw data and code.</p> <p> </p>
Research disturbance negatively impacts incubation behaviour of female Great Tits
<p>The dataset includes the raw data and R scripts necessary to reproduce the analyses and figures explained in the manuscript "Research disturbance negatively impacts incubation behaviour of female Great Tits"<strong>.</strong></p> <p>This dataset includes:</p> <p>- README.docx: Complete explanation of the different raw data used for the statistical analyses, together with the link to the R script where data is analyzed. We recommend to read this document before diving into the data and scripts.</p> <p>- Project data & code: Two separate folders for raw data and code.</p>
Figure 2. A in First description of the nest, eggs, and nestlings of White-tufted Sunbeam (Aglaeactis castelnaudii) and incubation behaviours of Shining Sunbeam (A. cupripennis) in the southeast of Peru
Figure 2. A. castelnaudii (a) nest (Photo: D. Ocampo); (b) egg; and (c) nestling at Abra Malaga Cusco- Machu Picchu road (Photos: H. Greeney).
Figure 1 in First description of the nest, eggs, and nestlings of White-tufted Sunbeam (Aglaeactis castelnaudii) and incubation behaviours of Shining Sunbeam (A. cupripennis) in the southeast of Peru
Figure 1. Habitat used by A. castelnaudii in Abra Malaga, along the Cusco-Machu Picchu road with some patches of Polylepis forest (a), mixed with open areas and fragments of shrubs and mid-height trees belonging principally to the families Ericaceae and Asteraceae (b), at the southeastern Peruvian Andes.
Figure 3 in First description of the nest, eggs, and nestlings of White-tufted Sunbeam (Aglaeactis castelnaudii) and incubation behaviours of Shining Sunbeam (A. cupripennis) in the southeast of Peru
Figure 3. Nest, eggs, and incubation behavior of A. cupripennis for 10 days early in the incubation period (a) female incubating on the nest (Photo: D. Ocampo), showing the temperature sensor cord inserted through the nest indicated by the white arrow; (b) eggs (Photo: G. Londoño); (c) daily count of trips off the nest; and (d) duration of the trips. Notice that days 2 and 8 (brown background) had the highest values of number of trips and the shortest average trip duration which might be a different incubation strategy compared to the other days of monitoring.
Figure 4. Incubation pattern data for A in First description of the nest, eggs, and nestlings of White-tufted Sunbeam (Aglaeactis castelnaudii) and incubation behaviours of Shining Sunbeam (A. cupripennis) in the southeast of Peru
Figure 4. Incubation pattern data for A. cupripennis. (a) Nest and ambient temperatures variation during 10 days of the incubation period; (b) nest and ambient temperature during a daily cycle, with the nest temperature fluctuation reflecting trips off the nest (day 3), hummingbird illustration by Camila León; and (c) box-diagram showing the relationships (lm *P <0.05) between different variables involved in maintaining the nest temperature.
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