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Fig. 1 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 1. Map of Slovakia showing the localization of six collection sites (marked by black dots). A schematized outline of Bratislava City is depicted left of the map of Slovakia. Rectangles A and B indicate the two Bratislava study areas, whose details are shown in panels (A) and (B) under the map of Slovakia. For locality codes and further details, see Table 1.

Fig. 6 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 6. Metaradiophrya varians (de Puytorac, 1954), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Semi-schematic diagram of the ventral side, showing the localization of fibrillar hook, the arrangement of contractile vacuoles and the somatic ciliary pattern. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. B. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are 5 or 6 fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 26 (22–29) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and 11 or 12 fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. C. Shape variants of fibrillar hooks. The longer arm of the hook measures on average 30 µm, while the shorter arm only 11 µm. D–E. The macronucleus is rodlike and accompanied by an elliptical micronucleus. F–I. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. There are two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles arranged along the left and right side of the macronucleus. Drawn to scale. J. Ventral view, showing a late divider. Scale bars: A, F–J = 50 µm; B = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 3. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. B, F–M. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. Drawn to scale. C–E. The macronucleus is rod-like and its surface is smooth or with some indistinct irregularities. However, many small vesicules appear in its vicinity in dying cells. The micronucleus is elliptical and typically situated close to the mid-portion of the macronucleus. Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B, F–M = 100 µm.

Fig. 4 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 4. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A–B. Ventral view of representative specimens, showing the typical body shape, localization of the fibrillar hook, the long rod-like macronucleus and two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). C–D. Detail, showing the long rod-like macronucleus, a single micronucleus, contractile vacuoles and cytoplasmic bacteria. The central region of the micronucleus appears homogenous and brighter than its margin in the differential interference optics and might represent a central nucleolus. E–F. Somatic ciliature is holotrichous and composed of very densely ciliated meridional kineties. In the posterior body region, lateral somatic kineties form a right and a left subterminal suture (arrow in E), whose detail is shown in the left inset. Scale bars: A–B = 100 µm; C–D = 10 µm; E–F = 20 µm.

Fig. 5. A–B in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 5. A–B. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. Details of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. The somatic kineties above the suture run towards the anterior body end where they curve onto the dorsal body side to meridionally extend over its surface towards the posterior body end. On the other hand, the somatic kineties below the suture run meridionally over the ventral side towards the posterior body end. The ventral somatic kineties are lined with fibers attached to the fibrillar hook. Scale bars: 20 µm.

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Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy of two morphologically similar species of the subgenus Cryobius Chaudoir, 1838 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810) from northern Eurasia and North America

Figure 1. Males of Pterostichus (Cryobius) kolymensis with genital structures (median lobe of aedeagus in right lateral aspect, right and left parameres): A – holotype (Kolyma Lowland, near Chersky settlement, collected by S. Kolesnikov); B – paratype (Kolyma Lowland, near Krestovka River, collected by S. Kiselev); C – paratype (western Chukotka, near Valkumey settlement, collected by S. Kiselev). The photos are taken by N.A. Zubrii. Scale bars: 5 mm for the body and 1 mm for the structures of genitalia.

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Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy of two morphologically similar species of the subgenus Cryobius Chaudoir, 1838 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810) from northern Eurasia and North America

Figure 3. Scatter plots of principal component (PC) scores of the specimens on the first two axes for the shapes of the pronotum (A), median lobe of the aedeagus (B), and apex of the median lobe of the aedeagus (C) of P. (C.) mandibularoides (red color – population from Chukotka; blue color – population from Yakutia) and P. (C.) kolymensis (grey color) (H – holotype). The reconstructed outlines with the standard deviations (±2 S.D.) for the analysed morphological structures are shown in the individual plots.

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Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy of two morphologically similar species of the subgenus Cryobius Chaudoir, 1838 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810) from northern Eurasia and North America

Figure 2. Median-joining haplotype network of the COI sequences of Pterostichus (Cryobius) mandibularoides dataset (n = 30). The red numbers near the branches indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions between haplotypes. The size of the circles corresponds to the number of available sequences for each haplotype (smallest circle = 1 sequence). See Table 1 for the list of sequences. The photo of a male specimen with genital structures (from left to right: median lobe of aedeagus in right lateral and ventral aspect, right and left parameres) is taken by N.A. Zubrii. Scale bars: 1 mm for the body and 0.5 mm for the structures of genitalia.

Fig. 7 in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 7. SEM images of protoconch features of conoidean gastropods from early Serravallian of western Ukraine, Varovtsi (A, C–F) and Horodok (B). A. Bela? robusta sp. nov., MGGC-24519/8. B. Pyrgocythara turrispiralata sp. nov., MGGC-24515/11. C. Raphitoma cf. R. ringicula (Boettger, 1902), MGGC-24522/5. D. Andonia sp. aff. A. transsylvanica (Hoernes and Auinger, 1890), MGGC 24523/2. E. Teretia cf. T. turritelloides Bellardi, 1847), MGGC-24524/5. F. Haedropleura sp. aff. H. septangularis (Montagu, 1803), MGGC-24520/6. Views: A1, B1, C–F, lateral; A2, B2, apical. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of holotype shell of new conoidean gastropods from early Serravallian of western Ukraine, Varovtsi (A, B) and Horodok (C). A. Bela varovtsiana sp. nov., MGGC-24516. B. Bela? robusta sp. nov., MGGC-24518. C. Pyrgocythara turrispiralata sp. nov., MGGC-24514. Views: A1−C1, apertural; A2−C2, dorsal; A3−C3, lateral. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 4. SEM images of protoconch features of new conoidean gastropods from early Serravallian of western Ukraine, Varovtsi (A–C, F) and Velyka Levada (E). A. Mangelia angulicosta sp. nov., MGGC 24506/6. B. Mangelia larga sp. nov., MGGC-24508/1. C. Mangelia larga sp. nov., MGGC-24508/7. D. Mangelia pseudorugulosa sp. nov., MGGC-24510/9. E. Mangelia odovychenae sp. nov., MGGC-24512/1. F. Bela varovtsiana sp. nov., MGGC-24517/5. Views: A1, B, D1−F1, lateral; A2, C, D2−F2, apical. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of holotype shells of new conoidean gastropods from early Serravallian of western Ukraine, Varovtsi (A–C) and Velyka Levada (D). A. Mangelia angulicosta sp. nov., MGGC-24505. B. Mangelia larga sp. nov., MGGC-24507. C. Mangelia pseudorugulosa sp. nov., MGGC-24509. D. Mangelia odovychenae sp. nov., MGGC-24511. Views: A1−D1, apertural; A2−D2, dorsal; A3−D3, lateral. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 2. Comparison of 10 assessed variables between allied taxa: sample mean, horizontal line; 95% confidence intervals (CI), shaded boxes; ranges, open boxes (specimen measurements in SOM 2). The mean sample is a point estimate of the population mean (μ), and the corresponding CI is a range of plausible values for μ. If two parameters have non-overlapping CI, they are considered to be significantly different. The 95% confidence interval is based on the standard error for the estimate of the mean and the t distribution. For extremely small samples (n <5; SOM 2) only ranges are reported (see Beninger et al. 2012). Abbreviations: M., Mangelia; B., Bela; P., Pyrgocythara; H., Haedropleura.

Fig. 1. A in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Ukraine and the location of the study area. B. Distribution of the principal lithostratigraphic units in the area of study and location of the three sampled sites (asterisks).

Fig. 8 in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 8. SEM images of shell features of conoidean gastropods from early Serravallian of western Ukraine, Horodok (A, B) and Varovtsi (C–J). A, B. Pyrgocythara turrispiralata sp. nov. A. MGGC-24515/11. B. MGGC-24515/9. C, D. Raphitoma cf. R. ringicula (Boettger, 1902). C. MGGC-24522/1. D. MGGC-24522/3. E, F. Andonia sp. aff. A. transsilvanica (Hoernes and Auinger, 1890). E. MGGC-24523/1. F. MGGC-24523/3. G, H. Teretia cf. T. turritelloides (Bellardi, 1847). G. MGGC-24524/3. H. MGGC-24524/5. I, J. Haedropleura sp. aff. H. septangularis (Montagu, 1803). I. MGGC-24520/6. J. MGGC-24520/11. Views: A1, C1, E1, G1, I1, apertural; B, D, E2, H, I2, dorsal; A2, C2, F, G2, J, lateral. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Middle Miocene conoidean gastropods from western Ukraine (Paratethys): Integrative taxonomy, palaeoclimatogical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 5. SEM images of shell features of new conoidean gastropods from early Serravallian of western Ukraine, Varovtsi (A–E, I–M), Horodok (G), and Velyka Levada (F, H). A. Mangelia angulicosta sp. nov., MGGC-24506/6. B–D. Mangelia larga sp. nov. B. MGGC-24508/11. C. MGGC-24508/1. D. MGGC-24508/12. E. Mangelia pseudorugulosa sp. nov., MGGC-24510/9. F–H. Mangelia odovychenae sp. nov. F. MGGC-24512/1. G. MGGC- 24512/10. H. MGGC-24512/topotype. I–K. Bela varovtsiana sp. nov. I. MGGC-24517/8. J. MGGC-24517/5. K. MGGC-24517/6. L, M. Bela? robusta sp. nov. L. MGGC-24519/8. M. MGGC-24519/1. Views: A1–L1, B, F, I, apertural; A2−L2, C, G, J, dorsal; A3, D, E3, H, K, M, lateral. Scale bars 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals disjunct distribution and first record of Hoplias misionera (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in the Amazon River basin: morphological, DNA barcoding and cytogenetic considerations

FIGURE 4 | Neighbor joining (NJ) tree of Hoplias inferred from partial COI (Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I gene) sequences using the Kimura 2-parameter model. The lateral bar indicates the partitions of species delimitation performed by the GMYC, ABGD and BIN analysis. The clade Hoplias misionera nested individuals from the La Plata and Amazon basins (blue tips).

FIGURE 7 in Integrative taxonomy reveals disjunct distribution and first record of Hoplias misionera (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in the Amazon River basin: morphological, DNA barcoding and cytogenetic considerations

FIGURE 7 | Updated distribution map of Hoplias misionera showing former known localities in Argentina and southern Brazil (Rosso et al., 2016) and the new records from Amazon basin (triangles). Star = type locality.

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals disjunct distribution and first record of Hoplias misionera (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in the Amazon River basin: morphological, DNA barcoding and cytogenetic considerations

FIGURE 1 | Hoplias misionera, UFOPA AMTRA131-19, 237 mm SL, Amazonas River, Alenquer, Pará, Brazil. Lateral view. Scale bar = 1 cm. Photo by L.R.R. Rodrigues.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy reveals disjunct distribution and first record of Hoplias misionera (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in the Amazon River basin: morphological, DNA barcoding and cytogenetic considerations

FIGURE 2 | Configuration of the medial margins of the dentary in Hoplias misionera. A. Y-shaped, UFOPA AMTRA126-19, 214 mm SL. B. V-shaped, UFOPA AMTRA127-19, 232 mm SL. Scale bars = 1 cm. Photos by L. R. R. Rodrigues. Illustration by T. M. A. Lima.