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Data from: Are there indirect fitness benefits of female extra-pair reproduction? Lifetime reproductive success of within-pair and extra-pair offspring
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Figure 5 in Influence of CO -induced seawater acidification on the development and lifetime reproduction of Tigriopus japonicus Mori, 1938
Figure 5. Average number of nauplii per viable egg sac (N = 3) at four pH levels (median indicated with a bar; quartiles, minimum and maximum also shown).
Figure 1 in Influence of CO -induced seawater acidification on the development and lifetime reproduction of Tigriopus japonicus Mori, 1938
Figure 1. Effect of carbon dioxide (CO2)-induced seawater acidification on development time [mean ± standard deviation (SD), N = 3] of Tigriopus japonicus (N–C, nauplius to copepodite; C–A, copepodite to adult).
Data from: Variance in within-pair reproductive success influences the opportunity for selection annually and over the lifetimes of males in a multi-brooded songbird
<p>In socially monogamous species, male reproductive success consists of 'within-pair' offspring produced with their socially-paired mate(s), and 'extra-pair' offspring produced with additional females throughout the population. Both reproductive pathways offer distinct opportunities for selection in wild populations, as each is composed of separate components of mate attraction, female fecundity, and paternity allocation. Identifying key sources of variance and covariance among these components is a crucial step towards understanding the reproductive strategies that males use to maximize fitness both annually and over their lifetimes. We use 16 years of complete reproductive data from a population of black-throated blue warblers (<i>Setophaga caerulescens</i>) to partition variance in male annual and lifetime reproductive success, and thereby identify if the opportunity for selection varies over the lifetimes of individual males and what reproductive strategies likely favor maximum lifetime fitness. The majority of variance in male reproduction was attributable to within-pair success, but the specific effects of individual components of variance differed between total annual and total lifetime reproductive success. Positive overall lifetime covariance between within-pair and extra-pair components indicates that males able to maximize within-pair success, particularly with double-brooding females, likely achieve higher overall lifetime fitness via both within-pair and extra-pair reproductive pathways.</p>
Data from: Lifetime cumulative incidence of dementia in a community-dwelling elderly population in Japan
Objective: The aim of this study is to estimate the lifetime cumulative incidence of dementia and its subtypes from a community-dwelling elderly population in Japan. Methods: A total of 1,193 community-dwelling Japanese individuals without dementia, aged 60 years or older, were followed-up prospectively for 17 years. The cumulative incidence of dementia was estimated based on a death- and dementia-free survival function and the hazard functions of dementia at each year, which were computed by using a Weibull proportional hazards model. The lifetime risk of dementia was defined as the cumulative incidence of dementia at the point in time when the survival probability of the population was estimated to be less than 0.5%. Results: During the follow-up, 350 subjects experienced some type of dementia; among them, 191 subjects developed Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 117 developed vascular dementia (VaD). The lifetime risk of dementia was 55% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49-60%). Women had an approximately 1.5-time greater lifetime risk of dementia than men (65% [57-72%] vs. 41% [33-49%]). The lifetime risks of developing AD and VaD were 42% (35-50%) and 16% (12-21%) in women, versus 20% (7-34%) and 18% (13-23%) in men, respectively. Conclusion: Lifetime risk of all dementia for Japanese elderly was substantial at approximately 50% or higher. This study suggests that the lifetime burden attributable to dementia in contemporary Japanese communities is immense.
Data from: The consequences of lifetime and evolutionary exposure to toxic prey: changes in avoidance behavior through ontogeny
Responses to novel threats (e.g. invasive species) can involve genetic changes or plastic shifts in phenotype. There is controversy over the relative importance of these processes for species survival of such perturbations, but we are realizing they are not mutually exclusive. Native eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) have adapted to top-down predation pressure imposed by the invasive red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) via changes in adult (but not juvenile) lizard antipredator behavior. Here we examine the largely ignored, but potentially equally important, bottom-up effect of fire ants as toxic prey for lizards. We test how fire ant consumption (or avoidance) is affected by lifetime (via plasticity) and evolutionary (via natural selection) exposure to fire ants by comparing field-caught and lab-reared lizards, respectively, from fire ant invaded and uninvaded populations. More naive juveniles from invaded populations ate fire ants than did adults, reflecting a natural ontogenetic dietary shift away from ants. Lab-reared lizards from the invaded site were less likely to eat fire ants than were those from the uninvaded site, suggesting a potential evolutionary shift in feeding behavior. Lifetime and evolutionary exposure interacted across ontogeny, however, and field-caught lizards from the invaded site exhibited opposite ontogenetic trends; adults were more likely to eat fire ants than were juveniles. Our results suggest that plastic and evolutionary processes may both play important roles in permitting species survival of novel threats. We further reveal how complex interactions can shape adaptive responses to multi-modal impacts imposed by invaders: in our system fire ants impose stronger bottom-up selection than top-down selection, with each selection regime changing differently across lizard ontogeny.
Data from: Pathways to fitness: carry-over effects of late hatching and urbanisation on lifetime mating success
Life history theory and most empirical studies assume carry-over effects of larval conditions to shape adult fitness through their impact on metamorphic traits (age and mass at metamorphosis). Yet, very few formal tests of this connection across metamorphosis exist, because this entails longitudinal studies from the egg stage and requires measuring fitness in (semi)natural conditions. In a longitudinal one-year common-garden rearing experiment consisting of an outdoor microcosm part for the larval stage and a large outdoor insectary part for the adult stage, we studied the effects of two factors related to time constraints in the larval stage (egg hatching period and urbanisation) on life history traits and lifetime mating success in the males of the damselfly Coenagrion puella. We reared early- and late-hatched larvae from each of three rural and three urban populations from the egg stage throughout their adult life. Key findings were that both the hatching period and urbanisation shaped adult fitness, yet through different pathways. As expected, the more time-constrained late-hatched individuals accelerated their larval life history and this was associated with a lower lifetime mating success. A path analysis revealed this carry-over effect was mediated by the changes in the two metamorphic traits (reduced age and lower mass at emergence). Notably, urban males had a 50% lower lifetime mating success, which was not mediated by age and mass at emergence, and possibly driven by their shorter lifespan. Our results point to long-term carry-over effects of the usually ignored natural variation in egg hatching dates, and further contribute to the limited evidence showing fitness costs of adjusting to an urban lifestyle.
Data from: Pulsed food resources, but not forest cover, determines lifetime reproductive success in a forest-dwelling rodent
1. The relative contributions of habitat and food availability on fitness may provide evidence for key habitat features needed to safeguard population persistence. However, defining habitat quality for a species can be a complex task, especially if knowledge on the relationship between individual performance and habitat quality is lacking. 2. Here, we determined the relative importance of availability of suitable forest habitat, body mass, and food from masting tree species on female lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of Siberian flying squirrels (Pteromys volans). 3. We calculated LRS of 500 female flying squirrels based on a 22 year-long longitudinal data set of two populations from western Finland. We assessed with generalised additive models the potential effects of availability of suitable habitat and cumulative lifetime availability of food from masting tree species on female LRS, longevity and fecundity. On a reduced dataset, we evaluated the importance of female winter body mass and conducted a piecewise path analysis to determine how variables were connected. 4. According to generalised additive models female longevity, fecundity and LRS were mainly determined by variation in cumulative lifetime availability of food from masting alder and birch. Instead, habitat and body mass had smaller role. The path analysis indicated that lifetime food availability had direct effect on longevity and fecundity, and these had equal effect on LRS at both study sites. 5. Our results on LRS shows that the occurrence of tree masting events during a flying squirrel female's lifetime have profoundly larger effect on lifetime reproductive success than the cover of suitable forest habitat. Furthermore, this study emphasises the importance of both fecundity and longevity, and the indirect effects of food availability via those components, as determinants of lifetime fitness of female flying squirrels.
Data from: Costs and benefits of lifetime exposure to mating rivals in male Drosophila melanogaster
Theory predicts that males should evolve mechanisms to assess competition and allocate resources accordingly. This requires phenotypic plasticity, to accurately match responses to the environment. Plastic responses in males to sexual competition are diverse and widespread. However, our ability to understand and predict how they evolve is limited because their benefits are rarely measured, and costs are, as yet, entirely unquantified. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, males that anticipate strong competition for matings or fertilisations subsequently mate for longer and transfer more of two key seminal fluid proteins. This results in significantly elevated reproductive output. In this study we examined the fitness effects of male responses to rivals across the entire male lifespan. Males were exposed to rivals or not throughout life whilst controlling mating opportunities. Males showed significant responses to rivals throughout their lifetimes, associated with significant early-life fitness benefits. However, these disappeared after the third mating. There were also significant costs – males exposed to rivals took significantly fewer mating opportunities in later life and had significantly shorter lifespans than controls. The data suggest that there are substantial costs for males of mounting plastic responses to the threat of sexual competition.
Data from: Joint effect of education and main lifetime occupation on late life health: a cross-sectional study of older adults in Xiamen, China
Background: The effects of education and occupation on health have been well documented individually, but little is known about their joint effect, especially their cumulative joint effect on late life health. Methods: We enrolled 14,292 participants aged 60+ years by multistage sampling across 173 communities in Xiamen, China, in 2013. Heath status was assessed by the ability to perform six basic activities of daily life. Education was classified in four categories: 'Illiterate', 'Primary', 'Junior high school' and 'Senior high school and beyond'. Main lifetime occupation was also four categorized: 'Employed', 'Farmer', 'Jobless' and 'Others'. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by random-intercept multilevel models regressing health status on education and main lifetime occupation with or without their interactions, adjusting by some covariates. Results: Totally, 13,880 participants had complete data, of whom 12.5% suffered from disability, and 'Illiterate' and 'Farmer' took up the greatest proportion (33.01% and 42.72%, respectively). Participants who were higher educated had better health status (ORs = 0.62, 0.46, and 0.44 for the 'Primary', 'Junior high school', and 'Senior high school and beyond', respectively, in comparison with 'Illiterate'). Those who were long term jobless in early life had poorest heath (ORs = 1.88, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.40). Unexpectedly, for the farmers, the risk of poor health gradually increased in relation to higher education level (ORs = 1.26, 1.28, 1.40 and 2.24, respectively). For the 'Employed', similar ORs were obtained for the 'Junior high school' and 'Senior high school and beyond' educated (both ORs = 1.01). For the 'Farmer' and 'Jobless', participants who were 'Illiterate' and 'Primary' educated also showed similar ORs. Conclusions: Both education and main lifetime occupation were associated with late life health. Higher education was observed to be associated with better health, but such educational advantage was mediated by main lifetime occupation.
Data from: Long-term effect of social interactions on behavioral plasticity and lifetime mating success
Behavioral traits often change over an individual's lifetime. Experience, physiological senescence, and age-dependent differences in optimal behavior can, in theory, all cause longitudinal behavioral changes. Yet most studies of behavioral plasticity and selection on behavior focus on short-term population-level responses to social factors such as conspecific density or sex ratio. Longer-term effects of social interactions on individual behavior have rarely been tested. Here we tested these effects by exposing male water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae) to two different social conditions throughout their lifetime; we call these the nonsocial and social treatments. We then measured each male's lifetime mating success and individual behavioral plasticity by observing four different behaviors (exploring a novel environment, dispersal ability, sex-recognition sensitivity, and tendency to remount a resistant female after being dislodged) every 2 weeks. The social environment influenced individual variation in behavioral plasticity as well as population-level behavioral plasticity. Moreover, when we calculated linear selection gradients of individual behavioral traits and their plasticities on lifetime mating success, male remounting tendency and individual plasticity in exploration ability were likely to be the most important factors explaining variation in male lifetime mating success. In conclusion, the variation in social interactions throughout an individual's lifetime contributes to the individual variation in behavioral plasticity, which can significantly affect a male's lifetime fitness.
Data from: Lifetime fitness in wild baboons: tradeoffs and individual heterogeneity in quality
Understanding the evolution of life histories requires information on how life histories vary among individuals, and how such variation predicts individual fitness. Using complete life histories for females in a well-studied population of wild baboons, we tested two non-exclusive hypotheses about the relationships among survival, reproduction, and fitness: the quality hypothesis, which predicts positive correlations between life history traits, mediated by variation in resource acquisition, and the tradeoff hypothesis, which predicts negative correlations between life history traits, mediated by tradeoffs in resource allocation. In support of the quality hypothesis, we found that females with higher rates of offspring survival were themselves better at surviving. Further, after statistically controlling for variation in female quality, we found evidence for two types of tradeoffs: females who produced surviving offspring at a slower rate had longer lifespans than those who produced surviving offspring at a faster rate, and females who produced surviving offspring at a slower rate had a higher overall proportion of offspring survive infancy than females who produced surviving offspring at a faster rate. Importantly, these tradeoffs were evident even when accounting for: (i) the influence of offspring survival on maternal birth rate, (ii) the dependence of offspring survival on maternal survival, and (iii) potential age-related changes in birth rate and/or offspring survival. Our results shed light on why tradeoffs are evident in some populations, while variation in individual quality masks tradeoffs in others.
Data from: Pluck or luck: does trait variation or chance drive variation in lifetime reproductive success?
While there has been extensive interest in how intraspecific trait variation affects ecological processes, outcomes are highly variable even when individuals are identical: some are lucky while others are not. Trait variation is therefore only important if it adds substantially to the variability produced by luck. We ask when trait variation has a substantial effect on variability in lifetime reproductive success (LRS), using two approaches: 1) we partition the variation in LRS into contributions from luck and trait variation; 2) we ask what can be inferred about an individual's traits, and with what certainty, given their observed LRS. In theoretical stage- and size-structured models, and two empirical case studies, we find that luck usually dominates the variance of LRS. Even when individuals differ substantially in ways that affect expected LRS, unless the effects of luck are substantially reduced (e.g. low variability in reproductive lifespan or in annual fecundity), most variance in lifetime outcomes is due to luck, implying that departures from "null" models omitting trait variation will be hard to detect. Luck also obscures the relationship between realized LRS and individual traits. While trait variation may influence the fate of populations, luck often governs the lives of individuals.
Data from: Direct and indirect effects of early-life environment on lifetime fitness of bighorn ewes
Cohort effects, when a common environment affects long-term performance, can have a major impact on population dynamics. Very few studies of wild animals have obtained the necessary data to study the mechanisms leading to cohort effects. We exploited 42 years of individual-based data on bighorn sheep to test for causal links between birth density, body mass, age at first reproduction, longevity, and lifetime reproductive success using path analysis. Specifically, we investigated whether the effect of early-life environment on lifetime fitness was the result of indirect effects through body mass or direct effects of early-life environment on fitness. Additionally, we evaluated whether the effects of early-life environment where dependant on the environment experienced during adulthood. Contrary to expectation, the effect on lifetime reproductive success mediated through body mass was weak compared to the effects found via a delay in age at first reproduction, reduced longevity, and the direct effect of birth density. Birth density also had an important indirect effect on lifetime reproductive success through reduced longevity, but only when adult density was high. Our results show that the potential long-term consequences of a harsh early-life environment on fitness are likely to be underestimated if investigations are limited to body mass instead of fitness at several life stages, or if the interactions between past and present environment is ignored.
Dataset: Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease Among Childhood Cancer Survivors: A St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Report
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Lifetime reproductive success and lifespan of Estonians born between 1905-1945
<p>The dataset contains the data and R code to reproduce the plots and tables in a paper about survival costs and benefits of reproduction in early 20th century Estonia.<br>The paper delves into the concept of cost of reproduction, a core concept in life-history evolution, which suggests a trade-off between increased investment in reproduction and reduced longevity or future reproductive capacity. However, this trade-off may not be easily observable due to individual variation in resource allocation, referred to as the "big car - big house effect".</p><p>The study also discusses the non-linear association between offspring number and parental survival, often resulting in a J-shaped curve. This indicates that adults with two or three children have the lowest mortality risk, which increases with further increases in parity.</p><p>The mechanisms behind these survival costs and benefits can be traced back to evolutionary genetics, suggesting a heritable component in human life history that involves a trade-off between fertility and longevity. This is rooted in the concept of antagonistic pleiotropy, where alleles beneficial for one set of fitness components may have detrimental effects on others. The study aims to provide a deeper understanding of these complex relationships and their implications on human lifespan and senescence.</p>
Figures for "A Strategic Pathway from Cell to Pack-Level Battery Lifetime Model Development"
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Mean Lifetime of a Carrier
<p>Mean Lifetime of a Carrier</p>
The contribution of extra-pair paternity to the variation in lifetime and age-specific male reproductive success in a socially monogamous species
<p>In socially monogamous species, extra-pair paternity (EPP) is predicted to increase variance in male reproductive success beyond that resulting from genetic monogamy, thus increasing the 'opportunity for selection' (maximum strength of selection that can act on a trait). This prediction is challenging to investigate in wild populations because lifetime reproduction data are often incomplete. Moreover, age-specific variances in reproductive success have been rarely quantified. We analysed 21 years of near-complete social and genetic reproduction data from an insular population of Seychelles warblers (<em>Acrocephalus sechellensis</em>). We quantified the contribution of EPP to lifetime and age-specific opportunities for selection in males. We also compared the variance in male genetic reproductive success (RS) vs. social ('apparent') reproductive success (RSap) to assess if EPP increased the opportunity for selection over that resulting from genetic monogamy. EPP contributed substantially to the variance in lifetime RS, despite not causing a statistically significant excess of this over the variance in lifetime RSap. Partitioning the opportunity for selection into age-specific (co)variance components, showed that EPP provided a substantial contribution at most ages, varying with age. Therefore, in Seychelles warblers EPP likely provides an age-dependent contribution to the opportunity for selection, which can influence evolutionary processes in age-structured populations.</p>
Figure 3 from: Baňař P, Heiss E (2018) A new Cervinotaptera species from northern Madagascar (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Aradidae). In: Wheeler Jr AG (Ed.) A Festschrift Recognizing Thomas J. Henry for a Lifetime of Contributions to Heteropteran Systematics. ZooKeys 796: 307-318. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.796.24540
Figure 3 Cervinotapteratomhenryi sp. n., male paratype, scanning electron micrographs. A tergal plate B mesonotum and metanotum with fused mediotergites I+II C triangular sclerite of fused dorsal external laterotergites II+III D apex of tubercle of dorsal external laterotergites II+III E pygophore dorsal view F pygophore lateral view. Scale bars in mm.
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