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1,444 results for “mitigation”
Code and Dataset used for assessment of key variables in manuscript titled "Equity Assessment of Global Mitigation Pathways in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report".
<p>This repository contains the code used for extraction of data from the IPCC scenarios database for key variables that are assessed in the manuscript titled "Equity Assessment of Global Mitigation Pathways in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report". It also contains data for key variables for scenario categories C1, C2, C3, and C4</p>
Data from: Diverse pollen nutrition can improve the development of solitary bees but does not mitigate negative pesticide impacts
<p>Floral resource loss and pesticide exposure are major threats to bees in intensively managed agroecosystems, but interactions among these drivers remain poorly understood. Altered composition and lowered diversity of pollen nutrition may reinforce negative pesticide impacts on bees. Here we investigated the development and survival of the solitary bee <em>Osmia bicornis</em> provisioned with three different pollen types, as well as a mixture of these types representing a higher pollen diversity. We exposed bees of each nutritional treatment to five pesticides at different concentrations in the laboratory. Two field-realistic concentrations of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulating insecticides (thiacloprid, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone), as well as of two fungicides (azoxystrobin and tebuconazole) were examined. We further measured the expression of two detoxification genes (<em>CYP9BU1</em>, <em>CYP9BU2</em>) under exposure to thiacloprid across different nutrition treatments as a potential mechanistic pathway driving pesticide-nutrition interactions. We found that more diverse pollen nutrition reduced development time, enhanced pollen efficacy (cocoon weight divided by consumed pollen weight) and pollen consumption, and increased weight of <em>O. bicornis</em> after larval development (cocoon weight). Contrary to fungicides, high field-realistic concentrations of all three insecticides negatively affected <em>O. bicornis</em> by extending development times. Moreover, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone also reduced pollen efficacy and cocoon weight, and sulfoxaflor reduced pollen consumption and increased mortality. The expression of detoxification genes differed across pollen nutrition types, but was not enhanced after exposure to thiacloprid. Our findings highlight that lowered diversity of pollen nutrition and high field-realistic exposure to nAChR modulating insecticides negatively affected the development of <em>O. bicornis</em>, but we found no mitigation of negative pesticide impacts through increased pollen diversity. These results have important implications for risk assessment for bee pollinators, indicating that negative effects of nAChR modulating insecticides to developing solitary bees are currently underestimated.</p>
PFAS and nitrate leaching from undisturbed soil columns receiving biosolids and mitigation potential of biochar
<p>Land application of biosolids recycles nutrients and reduces the need for commercial fertilizers. However, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may leach from biosolids, resulting in groundwater contamination. We measured PFAS leaching from land-applied biosolids through undisturbed soil column trials and evaluated the treatment potential of amending biosolids with biochar. Synthetic rainfall was applied weekly to undisturbed soil columns from four regions in Wisconsin, including two fields with a history of biosolids application, simulating annual precipitation. The treatments consisted of a control (soil only), soil amended with biosolids, and soil receiving a mixture of biosolids and biochar. Concentrations of total PFAS in leachate were significantly affected by soil location and site history, while only long chain PFAS concentrations were significantly affected by biosolids/biochar treatments. One-time application of biosolids may result in groundwater contamination, as PFAS concentrations in leachate exceeded the local groundwater standard (a combined perfluorooctanoic acid and perflourooctanesulfonic acid groundwater concentration of 20 ng L<sup>-1</sup>) at three locations. Legacy PFAS may pose a risk to human health years after biosolid application, as a control column from a site with an intensive history of biosolid application exceeded PFAS groundwater standards. Incorporation of biochar with biosolids during application mitigated PFAS (specifically from soils with elevated leaching potential) through significant reductions of C7 – C10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and C4, C6 – C8 perfluorosulfonic acids (40 to 64% reduction in measured Σ28 PFAS). Biochar may facilitate sustainable use of biosolids through mitigation of long-chain PFAS leaching, pending long-term field evaluation. </p>
A global meta-analysis of yield-scaled N2O emissions and its mitigation efforts for maize, wheat, and rice
<p>Maintaining or even increasing crop yields while reducing nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions is necessary to reconcile food security and climate change, while the metric of yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emission (i.e., N<sub>2</sub>O emissions per unit of crop yield) is at present poorly understood. Here we conducted a global meta-analysis with more than 6000 observations to explore the variation patterns and controlling factors of yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for maize, wheat, and rice and associated potential mitigation options. Our results showed that the average yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions across all available data followed the order wheat (322 g N Mg<sup>-1</sup>, with the 95% confidence interval (CI): 301-346) > maize (211 g N Mg<sup>-1</sup>, CI: 198-225) > rice (153 g N Mg<sup>-1</sup>, CI: 144-163). Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for individual crops were generally higher in tropical or subtropical zones than in temperate zones, and also showed a trend towards lower intensities from low to high latitudes. This global variation was better explained by climatic and edaphic factors than by N fertilizer management, while their combined effect predicted more than 70% of the variance. Furthermore, our analysis showed a significant decrease in yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions with increasing N use efficiency or in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for production systems with cereal yields > 10 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (maize), 6.6 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (wheat) or 6.8 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (rice), respectively. This highlights that N use efficiency indicators can be used as valuable proxies for reconciling trade-offs between crop production and N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation. For all three major staple crops, reducing N fertilization by up to 30%, optimizing the timing and placement of fertilizer application or using enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers significantly reduced yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions at similar or even higher cereal yields. Our data-driven assessment provides some key guidance for developing effective and targeted mitigation and adaptation strategies for the sustainable intensification of cereal production.</p>
Data from: "Dead birds flying": Can North American rehabilitated raptors released into the wild mitigate anthropogenic mortality?
<p>As the human footprint expands to meet societal energy needs, so do the impacts on wildlife. Raptors in particular are highly susceptible to anthropogenic caused mortality. Industry sectors are encouraged to offset these causes of mortality. Several options to mitigate these losses have been proposed, including raptor rehabilitation. However, its role as a conservation tool is untested. Currently, no peer-reviewed demographic analyses exist using post-release data from rehabilitated raptors to evaluate its effectiveness at continental scales. Our objectives were to estimate annual survival of rehabilitated and wild raptors, and then use those estimates in demographic models to assess potential effects at individual and population levels. We hypothesized that rehabilitated raptors would survive similarly to their wild counterparts after an acclimation period, and that longer-lived species (<em>K-</em>selected) would benefit most from these releases. We used U.S. Geological Survey Bird Banding Lab band-recovery data (1974 – 2018) from 20 raptor species for modeling survival of rehabilitated individuals (<em>n </em>= 125,740) in comparison to wild birds (<em>n </em>= 1,913,352). Results from 17 species with adequate recovery data indicated that 5 species rehabilitated ≠ wild survival, 2 species had uncertain estimates, and 10 species rehabilitated ≈ wild survival by years 2 and 3 post-release. We acquired admission (<em>n </em>= 69,707) and release (<em>n = </em>25,740) data from 24 rehabilitation centers across the U.S. (2012-2021). We integrated survival, fecundity, and numbers of releases into demographic models. These models quantified the extent to which rehabilitated raptors may contribute to broader conservation efforts, especially in the context of individual take. All but two species had measurable numbers of individuals added to the population regardless of the number of releases. The general pattern was for <em>K</em>-selected species to yield larger benefits from rehabilitated supplementation to the population. These results provide evidence that rehabilitation may serve as a mitigation tool to offset incidental take.</p>
Mangroves as nature-based mitigation for ENSO-driven compound flood risks in a large river delta: supporting data - high water levels
<p>This dataset contains modelled high water levels in the Guayas delta supporting the paper 'Mangroves as nature-based mitigation for ENSO-driven compound flood risks in a large river delta' published in HESS 2024.</p> <p>The dataset is organised through two folders:</p> <ul> <li>mangroves: all data from the scenarios with mangroves included in the domain</li> <li>no_mangroves: all data from the scenarios without mangroves included in the domain</li> </ul> <p>Each folder is further divided along 6 subfolders:</p> <ul> <li>I: El Niño Ocean & river</li> <li>II: El Niño Ocean</li> <li>III: El Niño river</li> <li>IV: Neutral</li> <li>I_50per: 50 % increase in seaward El Niño anomalies</li> <li>I_150per: 150 % increase in seaward El Niño anomalies</li> </ul> <p>Each folder contains two files:</p> <ul> <li>vars.csv - each row represents a mesh node and there are three columns: <ul> <li>X: x value of the model mesh node [m]</li> <li>Y: y value of the model mesh node [m]</li> <li>HIGH_WATER: high water level [m]</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Recovering true FRET efficiencies from smFRET investigations requires triplet state mitigation
<p>This includes</p> <p>1- the data set collected at 100mW = 0.04 kW/cm^2 for the Cy3-Cy5 dye pair that is reported in the paper in Figure 2c and SI Figure 14ab (Supplementary Additional Data 1)</p> <p>2- Matlab script (zetacorrect.m) to do the simplified zeta correction and a Mathematica notebook (TestingSimplifiedZeta.nb) to show the derivation of simplified zeta correction</p> <p>3- the raw data corresponding to Figure 2c (Supplementary Additional Data 2)</p> <p>4- Main Text and Supplementary Figures Source Data</p> <p>----<br>## Citations</p> <p>If you use any of these shared materials, please use the relevant citatations:</p> <p> ```<br> * Avik K. Pati^{*}, Zeliha Kilic^{*}, Maxwell I. Martin^{#}, Daniel S. Terry^{#}, Alessandro Borgia, Sukanta Bar,<br> Steffen Jockusch, Roman Kiselev, Roger B. Altman, Scott C. Blanchard,<br> Recovering true FRET efficiencies from smFRET investigations requires triplet state mitigation,2024,Nature Methods<br> ```</p> <p>----<br>## Relevant Publications</p> <p>In our smFRET data analysis, we used SPARTAN<br>* Single-molecule imaging of non-equilibrium molecular ensembles on the millisecond scale:<br> [paper](https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.3769)</p>
Database to: Effectiveness of soil management strategies for mitigation of N2O emissions in European arable land: A meta-analysis
<p>Database to a meta-analysis studing the effects of adding different organic matter inputs (crop residues, green manure, livestock manure, slurry, digestate, compost or biochar) to soils on N2O emissions. Database consists of over 50 field experiments conducted in 15 European countries. Diverse arable crops, mainly cereals, were cultivated in monoculture or in crop rotations on mineral soils. Cumulative N2O emissions per unit land area were monitored during periods of 30 to 1,070 days in treatments, which received organic matter inputs, alone or in combination with mineral N fertiliser; and in controls fertilised with mineral N. The original results appeared in 46 articles published between 1993 and 2022 in peer-reviewed scientific journals, as well as a project report, and a PhD thesis.</p>
Replication Package for "Mitigating Automated Obfuscation Attacks on Software Plagiarism Detection Systems"
<p>This is the replication package for the doctoral dissertation titled "<em>Mitigating Automated Obfuscation Attacks on Software Plagiarism Detection Systems</em>".</p> <p>The contributions of the dissertation were also integrated into the source code plagiarism detection system <a href="https://github.com/jplag/JPlag/">JPlag</a> to ensure they are widely accessible.</p> <p><strong>Contents Overview:</strong></p> <p>- <strong>Datasets</strong>: the artifacts of the evaluation datasets.<br>- <strong>Raw Results</strong>: the measured results of our evaluation.<br>- <strong>Evaluation Scripts</strong>: the evaluation code for plotting and statistical tests.<br>- <strong>Implementation</strong>: the source code of the JPlag-based implementation and the prebuilt application as a JAR file.<br>- <strong>Other</strong>: additional plots.</p>
Mitigating autocorrelation during spatially resolved transcriptomics data analysis
<p>Here we include the marmoset brain and mouse gut STARmap data introduced in the corresponding manuscript, "Mitigating autocorrelation during spatially resolved transcriptomics data analysis". We also include the mouse brain STARmap PLUS data that was used to demonstrate cross-species spatial integration and was previously published in Shi, He, Zhou et al. 2022.</p>
Deepened snow cover mitigates soil carbon loss from intensive land use in a semi-arid temperate grassland
<p>Carbon (C) loss due to soil erosion is a major issue in semi-arid grasslands. The extent of soil erosion is determined by soil properties and vegetation structure, especially during the non-growing season. In many Inner Mongolian grasslands, intensive land use, such as overgrazing and mowing, has severely reduced plant cover and damaged soil structure, which has exacerbated soil C loss by erosion. At the same time, increasing winter snowfall due to climate change is stimulating plant growth and altering plant composition. However, we do not know how changes in winter snow cover interact with land-use practices to regulate soil C loss due to erosion.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a six-year snow manipulation experiment under different land-use practices (control; moderately mowed, MM; heavily mowed, HM) to measure net changes in soil depth, soil C, plant biomass, and vegetation structure.</p> <p>After six years, soil C loss under ambient snow was three times greater in the MM and four times greater in the HM treatment compared with controls during non-growing season. However, deepened winter snow alleviated erosion-induced soil C loss by 14%, 47%, 16% in the controls, MM and HM treatments, respectively.</p> <p>The severity of soil C loss declined with increasing aboveground biomass (AGB), surface root biomass and vegetation structure. Vegetation structure and AGB explained more of the variation in soil C loss than surface root biomass, possibly because a complex canopy and plant cover increases overall surface roughness, thereby reducing soil C loss. Intensified land use reduced AGB, surface root biomass and vegetation structure, but deepened snow increased overall surface roughness by promoting AGB. Hence, our study demonstrates that deepened snow can alleviate soil C loss due to land use practices by promoting AGB.</p>
Cost reductions in renewables can substantially erode the value of carbon capture and storage in mitigation pathways: supporting data
<p>This provides supporting data for the paper, <em><strong>Cost reductions in renewables can substantially erode the value of carbon capture and storage in mitigation pathways</strong></em>, published in <em>One Earth</em>. The full paper can be accessed at the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.10.024, published on the 19th November 2021.</p>
Existing land uses constrain climate change mitigation potential of forest restoration in India
<p>The datasets were developed as part of the publication "Existing land uses constrain climate change mitigation potential of forest restoration in India". Please refer to the manuscript for processing details.<br> <br> ForestBioclimaticEnvelop_ProjectionUTM is the bioclimatic envelope of forests developed. The data is in raster format (GeoTIFF 32bit Float) where pixel values = 1 represent the bioclimatic envelope of forests and remaning pixel values are NA. The spatial resolution is 60m in WGS 84 UTM 43N projection system.</p> <p>FinalOpportunity_AfterExclusions_ProjectionUTM is the feasible area of opportunity, after all exclusions of land uses and covers that cannot naturally regenerate to forests. The data is in raster format (GeoTIFF 32bit Float) where pixel values = 1 represent the bioclimatic envelope of forests and remaning pixel values are NA. The spatial resolution is 60m in WGS 84 UTM 43N projection system.</p>
Flood retention lakes in a rural-urban catchment: how can they be better used for flood mitigation?
<p>This data package is companion to the research paper of the same title. It includes details of frequency analysis and event design, event-based numerical calibration results, simulated performances of retention lakes at specific locations and maximum inundation maps.</p>
Survey Data Results for Project Strategies for Mitigating Congestion in Small Urban and Rural Areas
<p>File contains the Survey Data Results for Project Strategies for Mitigating Congestion in Small Urban and Rural Areas.</p> <p>Row 1 is the question number.</p> <p>Row 2 is the question.</p> <p>Remaining Rows are individual survey responses.</p>
Data: Survey of Implemented Mitigation Strategies and Further Needs of the United States Food Industry to Control COVID-19 in the Work Environment in Early 2021
<p>Data set related with the COVID-19 needs assessment study</p>
Synthesis of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in South America: amphibian species under risk and areas to focus research and disease mitigation
<p>Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been recognized as the infectious disease causing the most catastrophic loss of biodiversity known to science, with South America being the most impacted region. We tested whether Bd prevalence is distributed among host taxonomy, ecoregion, conservation status and habitat preference in South America. Here we provide a synthesis on the extent of Bd infection across South America based on 21,648 molecular diagnostic assays, roles of certain species in the epidemiology of Bd and explore its association with the reported amphibian catastrophic declines in the region. We show that Bd is widespread, with a continental prevalence of 23.2%. Its occurrence in the region shows a phylogenetic signal and the probability of infection is determined by ecoregion, preferred habitat, and extinction risk hosts' traits. The taxa exhibiting highest Bd occurrence, were mostly aquatic amphibians, including Ranidae, Telmatobiidae, Hylodidae, Calyptocephalellidae and Pipidae. Surprisingly, families exhibiting unusually low Bd prevalence included species in which lethal chytridiomycosis and population declines have been described (genus Atelopus, Rhinoderma and Eleutherodactylus). Higher than expected prevalence of Bd occurred mainly in amphibians living associated with mountain environments in the Andes and Atlantic forests, reflecting highly favourable Bd habitats in these areas. Invasive amphibian species (e.g. Lithobates catesbeianus and Xenopus laevis) exhibited high Bd prevalence, as thus we suggest using these as sentinels to understand their potential role as reservoirs, vectors or spreaders of Bd that can be subjected to management. Our results guide on the prioritization of conservation actions to prevent further biodiversity loss due to chytridiomycosis in the world's most amphibian diverse region.</p>
Supplementary data and information for 'Electron-Beam-Induced Carbon Contamination in STEM-in-SEM: Quantification and Mitigation'
<p>This repository contains supplementary data and information for the journal article "Electron-beam-induced carbon contamination in STEM-in-SEM: Quantification and mitigation" (https://doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozac003).</p> <p>It provides comprehensive documentation of the thickness evaluation procedure based on STEM images. The thickness evaluation procedure is packed into a PYTHON library that can run using the provided exemplary images. It can also be adapted and applied to other images and individual settings, as described in the documentation file PythonTDL_Documentation.pdf. K. Adrion prepared the library based on the scripts written by her and M. Hugenschmidt, which were used for evaluating contamination thicknesses in the before-mentioned publication and on a conference poster: https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000135526.</p>
Raw data for 'Electron-Beam-Induced Carbon Contamination in STEM-in-SEM: Quantification and Mitigation'
<p>This repository contains the raw data of the figures in the journal article 'Electron-Beam-Induced Carbon Contamination in STEM-in-SEM: Quantification and Mitigation' (https://doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozac003)</p>
A review of existing and potential blue carbon contributions to climate change mitigation in the Anthropocene
<p><span>The atmosphere concentration of CO2 is steadily increasing and causing climate change. To achieve the Paris 1.5 or 2 oC target, negative emissions technologies must be deployed in addition to reducing carbon emissions. The ocean is a large carbon sink but the potential of marine primary producers to contribute to carbon neutrality remains unclear. </span></p> <p><span>Here we review the alterations to carbon capture and sequestration of marine primary producers (including traditional 'blue carbon' plants, microalgae, and macroalgae) in the Anthropocene, and, for the first time, assess and compare the potential of various marine primary producers to carbon neutrality and climate change mitigation via biogeoengineering approaches.</span></p> <p><span>The contributions of marine primary producers to carbon sequestration have been decreasing in the Anthropocene due to the decrease in biomass driven by direct </span><span>anthropogenic activities and climate change</span><span>. The potential of blue carbon plants (mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses) is limited by the available areas for their revegetation. Microalgae appear to have a large potential due to their ubiquity but how to enhance their carbon sequestration efficiency is very complex and uncertain. On the other hand, macroalgae can play an essential role in mitigating climate change through extensive offshore cultivation due to higher carbon sequestration capacity and substantial available areas. This approach seems both technically and economically feasible due to the development of offshore aquaculture and a well-established market for macroalgal products. </span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis and applications:</em> </span><span>This paper provides new insights and suggests promising directions for utilizing marine primary producers to achieve the Paris temperature target. We propose that macroalgae cultivation can play an essential role in attaining carbon neutrality and climate change mitigation, although its ecological impacts need to be assessed further.</span></p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.