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FIGURE 3 in Towards a monophyletic classification of Lejeuneaceae III: the systematic position of Leiolejeunea

FIGURE 3. Majority rule consensus tree of trees recovered in stationary phase of Bayesian search (homogeneous model of evolution). Support (≥ 0.95) from Bayesian searches is indicated at branches.

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FIGURE 2 in Towards a monophyletic classification of Lejeuneaceae III: the systematic position of Leiolejeunea

FIGURE 2. Phylogram generated in a maximum likelihood analysis of the combined dataset with bootstrap percentage values (BPV) ≥ 50 % indicated at branches (heuristic search with separate models of evolution for every molecular marker).

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic novelties in Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae: towards a monophyletic Couepia

FIGURE 6. Gaulettia elata (Ducke) Sothers & Prance. A. Flowering habit × 1(2/3); B. Underside of leaf × 1.5(1); C. Detail of underside of leaf venation × 9(6); D. Bud × 4½(3); E. Flower × 6(4); F. Flower L.S. × 6(4); G. Stamen, two views × 40(30); H. Fruit × 1(2/3); I. Detail of fruit surface × 9(6); J. Fruit of Gaulettia canomensis × 1(2/3). A–G: Freitas et al. 760; H, I: Souza et al. 449; J: Nascimento & Silva 710. Scale bar: A, H, J = 3 cm; B = 2cm; C, I = 3 mm; D = 7 mm; E, F = 5 mm; G = 0.8 mm (drawn by Lucy T. Smith).

FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic novelties in Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae: towards a monophyletic Couepia

FIGURE 13. Fruit of Hirtella recurva (Prance) Sothers & Prance (Homeier et al. 1245), from Ecuador. © J.Homeier.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic novelties in Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae: towards a monophyletic Couepia

FIGURE 1. Combined Bayesian half-compatible phylogenetic tree of Couepia and its sister lineages. Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown above branches. The outgroup taxon, Euphronia guianensis, is not displayed due to its long branch lengths.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic novelties in Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae: towards a monophyletic Couepia

FIGURE 9. Fruit of Gaulettia parillo (DC.) Sothers & Prance (Souza et al. 211), from Brazil. © Projeto Flora da Reserva Ducke.

Figure 7 in Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura

Figure 7. Summary cladogram of higher-level relationships retrieved from the phylogenetic analysis. Chelicerata consists of Pycnogonida and Euchelicerata, with megacheirans forming a polytomy on the node below. Trilobites and xenopods form a basal clade which is here considered to represent Antennata. For the full consensus tree see the Supporting information.

Figure 2 in Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura

Figure 2. Schematic of a generalized synziphosurine arthropod, showing the distinction between the preabdominal and postabdominal non-functional pseudotagmata and the true tagmata of the prosoma, mesosoma, and metasoma.

Figure 10 in Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura

Figure 10. Weinbergina opitzi Richter & Richter, 1929 from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Bundenbach, Germany. Holotype specimen SMF VIII 7a, showing a flat articulating facet at the anterior of each tergite. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 5. Limulus polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758 in Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura

Figure 5. Limulus polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758 from the Recent of North America. A, ventral view of opisthosoma showing opercula. B, dorsal view of opisthosoma with prosoma and telson removed. C, schematic of opisthosoma in dorsal view with apodemes (shallow pits indicating sites of muscle attachment) marked in black and the insertion points of the opercula shown by grey ovals. D, ventral view of opisthosoma with prosoma, telson, and opercula removed. It can be clearly seen that the opercula are not attached to the lateral regions of the opisthosoma. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 4. A in Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura

Figure 4. A, Pasternakevia podolica Selden & Drygant, 1987 from the late Silurian (Ludlow) of Zalissia, Ukraine. Specimen ISEA I - F/MP/3/1499/08, isolated opsithosoma with articulated microtergite of somite VII (arrowed). Image courtesy of Ewa Krzemin´ ska. Scale bar = 10 mm. B, undescribed chasmataspidid from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Siberia, Russia. Specimen PIN 5116-6, disarticulated buckler with microtergite of somite VII (arrowed) still firmly attached to its anterior margin. Image courtesy of Dave Marshall. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 8 in Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura

Figure 8. Summary cladogram of the internal relationships of Prosomapoda. Arachnids, eurypterids, and chasmataspidids form a clade, here termed Dekatriata. Xiphosurans are paraphyletic with respect to Dekatriata, with xiphosurids forming a monophyletic clade of their own. All taxa outside the two labels are synziphosurines, which would here be polyphyletic. For the full consensus tree see the Supporting information.

Figure 3. A, Bunodes lunula d in Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura

Figure 3. A, Bunodes lunula d'Eichwald, 1854 from the late Silurian (Ludlow) of Oesel, Estonia. Specimen ELM G1:262:2, clearly showing the partially reduced pre-opercula tergite of somite VII (arrowed) between the downturned carapace and the hypertrophied tergite of somite VIII. Scale bar = 10 mm. B, 'Eurypterus' stoermeri Novojilov, 1959, a chasmataspidid from the early Devonian (Lochkovian) of Siberia, Russia. Specimen PIN 1138-1, exhibiting the microtergite of somite VII (arrowed) positioned between the carapace and the buckler. The microtergite curves anteriorly towards its lateral edges, and is particularly noticeable on the left-hand side. The occurrence of ridges associated with the lateral eye on the carapace is also labelled. Image courtesy of Dave Marshall. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figures 136–143 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 136–143. Female genitalia and associated characters, ventral view: 136, Telchin atymnius (Dalman, 1824); 137, Synpalamides amycus (Cramer [1779]) comb. nov.; 138, Geyeria decussata (Godart, [1824]); 139, Athis superba (Strand, 1913) incertae sedis; 140, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1872); 141, Yagra dalmannii (Gray, 1838); 142, Imara satrapes (Kollar, 1839); 143, Synpalamides hegemon (Kollar, 1839) comb. nov. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 81–86 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 81–86. Genital capsule and associated characters, lateral view: 81, Yagra dalmannii (Gray, 1838); 82, Imara therapon (Kollar, 1839); 83, Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1776); 84, Telchin cacica (Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]) comb. nov.; 85, Athis inca (Walker, 1854); 86, Ircila hecate (Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]). Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 117–122 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 117–122. Structures of the female genitalia: 117, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov., spiral portion of ductus bursae; 118, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773), spiral portion of ductus bursae, with the covering membrane removed to show the internal ornamentation; 119, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773), detail of one spiral and the microsclerotized plates; 120, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773), detail of the sclerotized plate on the posterior end of the spiral portion of ductus bursae; 121, Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821), inner surface of the bulla seminalis covered with micropapillae; 122, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]), sclerotized plate on the anterior portion of antrum.

Figures 105–110 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 105–110. Saccus, juxta, and associated characters. 105–108, saccus, ventral view: 105, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1872); 106, Athis inca (Walker, 1854); 107, Athis hechtiae (Dyar, 1910); 108, Telchin syphax (Fabricius, 1775). 109–110, juxta, posterior view: 109, Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821); 110, Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1776). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 52 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figure 52. Diagram with the colour bands used to code the characters of the wing pattern. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figures 96–104. Gnathos and associated characters. 96–101 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 96–104. Gnathos and associated characters. 96–101, lateral view: 96, Imara therapon (Kollar, 1839) comb. nov.; 97, Geyeria galinthias (Hopffer, 1856) comb. nov.; 98, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]); 99, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773); 100, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1782); 101, Prometheus cochrus (Fabricius, 1787). 102–104, posterior view: 102, Telchin syphax (Fabricius, 1775); 103, Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius, 1793); 104, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1872). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figures 123–127 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 123–127. Detail of the inner surface of bulla seminalis: 123, Castnia invaria Walker, 1854, without micropapillae; 124, Prometheus cochrus (Fabricius, 1787), small and flattened micropapillae present in low density; 125, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]), micropapillae present in moderate density; 126, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov., cylindrical micropapillae present in high density; 127, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov., detail of the micropapillae.