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203 results for “morphological adaptations”
Data from: Field evidence for a rapid adaptive plastic response in morphology and growth of littoral and pelagic brook charr: a reciprocal transplant experiment
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Data from: Shifting habitats, morphology and selective pressures: developmental polyphenism in an adaptive radiation of Hawaiian spiders
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Data from: Trade-offs between morphology and thermal niches mediate adaptation in response to competing selective pressures
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Morphological and biomechanical adaptations of larval mandibles in Trichoptera (Insecta)
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Data for optimizing energetics of lateral undulatory locomotion unveiling morphological adaptations in different environments
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Rapid differentiation of plasticity in life history and morphology during invasive range expansion and concurrent local adaptation in the horned beetle Onthophagus taurus
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Figure 2 in On morphological and ecological evidence of adaptive differentiation among stony cliff littoral Baikal gastropods
Figure 2. Transverse breaking at the last shell whorl of ribbed (A–C) and smooth (D–E) morphotypes. TR1 = maximum rib convexity of a ribbed shell; TR2 = thickness of non-ribbed place of a shell; TS = thickness of a smooth shell. Scale bar: 300 μm.
Figure 7 in On morphological and ecological evidence of adaptive differentiation among stony cliff littoral Baikal gastropods
Figure 7. Shell thickness of ribbed and smooth morphotypes. SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error; TR1 = maximum rib convexity of a ribbed shell; TR2 = thickness of non-ribbed place of a shell; TS = thickness of a smooth shell. n = number of individual samples analysed.
Figure 5 in On morphological and ecological evidence of adaptive differentiation among stony cliff littoral Baikal gastropods
Figure 5. Canonical roots provided by discriminant analysis run for three morphotypes. A = inshore zone; B = wave-cut zone; Cbs = wave-weakening zone from the beginning of the slope; Cs = waveweakening zone on the slope; Cc = wave-weakening zone on the canyons.
Figure 4 in On morphological and ecological evidence of adaptive differentiation among stony cliff littoral Baikal gastropods
Figure 4. The ribbed and smooth morphotypes at Berezovy Cape. B = wave-cut zone; Cbs = waveweakening zone from the beginning of the slope; Cs = wave-weakening zone on the slope. Photographs by Prof. O.A. Timoshkin.
Figure 1 in On morphological and ecological evidence of adaptive differentiation among stony cliff littoral Baikal gastropods
Figure 1. Shell images of smooth (A–C), ribless (D) and ribbed (E–G) morphotypes of Maackia herderiana with the measurements used in the morphological study. (C, G), top view and measuring the number of whorls. H = shell height; W = shell width; aw = aperture width; al = aperture length; ah = aperture height; hz = spire height; ho = height of last whorl; ht = height of two subsequent whorls; h1 = height of the first whorl over the aperture; w1 = width of the first whorl over the aperture; l1 = length of the first whorl over the aperture; a1 = convex of the first whorl over the aperture; characteristics h2–h3, w2–w3, l2–l3, a2–a3 were measured as the first whorl over the aperture. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 3 in On morphological and ecological evidence of adaptive differentiation among stony cliff littoral Baikal gastropods
Figure 3. Ratio of the morphotypes at each station. A = inshore zone; B = wave-cut zone; Cbs = wave-weakening zone from the beginning of the slope; Cs = wave-weakening zone on the slope; Cc = wave-weakening zone on the canyons. Depth zones are given in brackets.
Data from: A multiple peak adaptive landscape based on feeding strategies and roosting ecology shaped the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in phyllostomid bats
We explored the evolution of morphological integration in the most noteworthy example of adaptive radiation in mammals, the New World leaf-nosed bats, using a massive dataset and by combining phylogenetic comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches. We demonstrated that the phenotypic covariance structure remained conserved on a broader phylogenetic scale but also showed a substantial divergence between inter-clade comparisons. Most of the phylogenetic structure in the integration space can be explained by splits at the beginning of the diversification of major clades. Our results provide evidence for a multiple peak adaptive landscape in the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation, based upon diet and roosting ecology. In this scenario, the successful radiation of phyllostomid bats was triggered by the diversification of dietary and roosting strategies, and the invasion of these new adaptive zones lead to changes in phenotypic covariance structure and average morphology. Our results suggest that intense natural selection preceded the invasion of these new adaptive zones and played a fundamental role in shaping cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in this hyper-diverse clade of mammals. Finally, our study demonstrates the power of combining comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches when investigating the evolution of complex morphologies.
Data from: Functional morphological adaptations of the bony labyrinth in marsupials (Mammalia, Theria)
Diprotodontia represents the largest and ecologically most distinct order of marsupials occurring in Australasian being highly divers in size, locomotion, habitat preferences, feeding, and activity pattern. The spatial orientation in the habitat and therefore the three-dimensional space is detected by the vestibular system of the inner ear, more precisely by the three semicircular canals. In this study, we investigated the bony labyrinth of diprotodontian and selected non-diprotodontian marsupial mammals of almost all genera with noninvasive micro-CT scanning and 3D-reconstructions. In principal component analyses, the subterranean taxon can be separated from gliding and saltatorial taxa, whereas arboreal species can be separated from saltatorial specimens. The highest PCA loadings of this functional distinction are clearly found in the diameter of the semicircular canals, whereas the overall shape (height, width, length) of the semicircular canals is less important. Additionally, the investigated arboreal and fossorial species of South America are nested in the morphospace of the Australasian taxa. Even if a phylogenetic signal in the anatomy of the bony labyrinth cannot be excluded entirely, the main functional morphological signal of the vestibular system is found in the diameter of the semicircular canals. With the large dataset of extant marsupial mammals analysed here, the locomotion mode of extinct taxa can be inferred in future studies independent of any evidence of postcranial material.
Data from: Relaxed trait covariance in interspecific cichlid hybrids predicts morphological diversity in adaptive radiations
The process of adaptive radiation involves multiple events of speciation in short succession, associated with ecological diversification. Understanding this process requires identifying the origins of heritable phenotypic variation that allows adaptive radiation to progress. Hybridization is one source of genetic and morphological variation that may spur adaptive radiation. We experimentally explored the potential role of hybridization in facilitating the onset of adaptive radiation. We generated first- and second-generation hybrids of four species of African cichlid fish, extant relatives of the putative ancestors of the adaptive radiations of Lakes Victoria and Malawi. We compared patterns in hybrid morphological variation with the variation in the lake radiations. We show that significant fractions of the interspecific morphological variation and the major trajectories in morphospace that characterize whole radiations can be generated in second-generation hybrids. Furthermore, we show that covariation between traits is relaxed in second-generation hybrids, which may facilitate adaptive diversification. These results support the idea that hybridization can provide the heritable phenotypic diversity necessary to initiate adaptive radiation.
Supplementary data to: Trapped in the morphospace: the trade-off between morphological integration and functional performance can limit adaptation
<p>The evolution of complex morphological structures can be seen as the result of interplay between different anatomical units evolving in a coordinated fashion. These can be influenced by genetic, developmental and/or functional integration in response to selective pressures. Using the highly derived humeral morphology of talpid moles as model, here we test whether functional specialization (measured as performance) can be linked to increased levels of morphological integration and, if so, what is the extent of the relationship. Combining 2D geometric morphometrics, phylogenetic comparative methods and functional landscape modelling, we demonstrate that the high biomechanical performance of subterranean moles was coupled with a high degree of integration, whereas less specialized taxa displayed intermediate or low magnitudes of integration. Theoretical morphs occurring in high-performance areas of the functional landscape not covered by any species showed a marked drop in covariation levels, suggesting the existence of a genuine tradeoff between integration and performance in the evolution of talpid moles. We argue that the remarkable stability of the subterranean environment may have helped constraining humeral morphology over a restricted area of the functional landscape, trapping subterranean moles in a narrow region of the landscape, impeding any attempt to reposition on a new ascending slope.</p>
◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)
◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel
Fig. 4 in Genetic and morphological differentiation among populations of the narrowly endemic and karst forest-adapted Pilea pteridophylla (Urticaceae)
Fig. 4 Maximum clade credibility tree derived from the BEAST analysis. Posterior estimates of divergence times were inferred using a trnL-trnF dataset. Nodes are posterior mean ages (Mya), with blue
Fig. 2 in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats
Fig. 2. Leeches in polar regions. A) Channichthyid fish with several leeches (Trulliobdella bacilliformis) attached to the head region. B) View of the interior upper jaw of a channichthyid fish with leeches (Nototheniobdella sawyeri) attached. Image credits: Alex Dornburg.
Data from: Adaptive evolution of a derived radius morphology in manakins (Aves, Pipridae) to support acrobatic display behavior
The morphology of the avian skeleton is often studied in the context of adaptations for powered flight. The effects of other evolutionary forces, such as sexual selection, on avian skeletal design are unclear, even though birds produce diverse behaviors that undoubtedly require a variety of osteological modifications. Here, we investigate this issue in a family of passerine birds called manakins (Pipridae), which have evolved physically unusual and elaborate courtship displays. We report that, in species within the genus Manacus, the shaft of the radius is heavily flattened and shows substantial solidification. Past work anecdotally notes this morphology and attributes it to the species' ability to hit their wings together above their heads to produce loud mechanical sonations. Our results show that this feature is unique to Manacus compared to the other species in our study, including a variety of taxa that produce other sonations through alternate wing mechanisms. At the same time, our data reveal striking similarities across species in total radius volume and solidification. Together, this suggests that supposedly adaptive alterations in radial morphology occur within a conserved framework of a set radius volume and solidness, which in turn is likely determined by natural selection. Further allometric analyses imply that the radius is less constrained by body size and the structural demands that underlie powered flight, compared to other forelimb bones that are mostly unmodified across taxa. These results are consistent with the idea that the radius is more susceptible to selective modification by sexual selection. Overall, this study provides some of the first insight into the osteological evolution of passerine birds, as well as the way in which opposing selective forces can shape skeletal design in these species.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.