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Figure 4 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figure 4. Strict consensus tree of eight equally parsimonious trees resulting from parsimony analysis of combined morphological and molecular data sets (length = 1365 steps, consistency index = 0.53, retention index = 0.67). Bootstrap and Bremer support values above and below nodes, respectively. The new taxonomical classification of the Paragini, according to results of this study, is shown on the right side of the tree.

Figure 1 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figure 1. One of the six most parsimonious trees using only morphological characters. Multistate characters treated as unordered (length = 53 steps, consistency index = 0.69, retention index = 0.92). Character numbers are indicated above nodes, character states below nodes. Closed circle, non-homoplastic changes; open circle, changes with homoplasy. The current taxonomy [Stuckenberg's (1954a, b) species groups] is shown on the right side of the tree. B = bicolor-group; T = tibialis-group.

Figures 23–34 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 23–34. Abdomen, male (Figs 23–28,34); abdomen, female (Figs 29–33). Paragus (Afroparagus) borbonicus (Figs 24, 30); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) brachycerus (Fig. 27); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) jozanus (Figs 26, 32); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) atratus (Fig. 28); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) haemorrhous (Fig. 33); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) longiventris (Fig. 34); Paragus (Paragus) strigatus (Figs 25, 31); Paragus (Serratoparagus) azureus (Fig. 29); Paragus (Serratoparagus) capricorni (Fig. 23).

Figures 43–48 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 43–48. Hypandrium, lateral view (Figs 43–45); hypandrium, ventral view (Fig. 39); epandrium, ventral view (Fig. 47); epandrium, dorsal view (Fig. 48). Paragus (Afroparagus) borbonicus (Figs 45–4748); Paragus (Serratoparagus) auritus (Fig. 44); Paragus (Serratoparagus) capricorni (Fig. 43). Names of genera and subgenera applied according to the classification proposed in this paper.

Figures 15–22 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 15–22. Scutum, dorsal view (Figs 15–17); scutellum, dorsal view (Figs 18–20); wing (Figs 21,22). Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) jozanus (Fig. 20); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) haemorrhous (Figs 17, 22); Paragus (Paragus) pecchiolii (Figs 16, 21); Paragus (Paragus) strigatus (Fig. 19); Paragus (Serratoparagus) auritus (Fig. 15); Paragus (Serratoparagus) capricorni (Fig. 18).

Figures 61–65 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 61–65. Hypandrium, lateral view (Figs 61,62); hypandrium, ventral view (Fig. 63); epandrium, ventral view (Fig. 64); epandrium, ventral view (Fig. 65). Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) tibialis (Figs 62, 63, 65); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) longiventris (Figs 61, 64).

Figure 26 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 26. Strict consensus tree showing all character optimizations. Black hashmarks indicate forward changes, grey hashmarks indicate forward homoplasies (DELTRAN). Numbers at the nodes indicate Bremer support.

Figure 25 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 25. Strict consensus of two MPT's, length = 188, CI = 0.53 and RI = 0.63. Numbers at the nodes refer to discussion in the text.

Figure 21 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 21. Style sac morphology; major typhlosole and ciliary tract (indicated by arrows). (A) Theodoxus fluviatilis. Scale bars (left to right) = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. (B) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bars = 1 mm, 100 Mm. (C) Strombus mutabilis. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. (D) Crepidula plana. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 100 Mm. (E) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bars = 1 mm, 100 Mm. (F) Cypraea robertsi. Scale bars = 1 mm, 100 Mm. (G) Conus jaspideus. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. (H) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. Abbreviations: t1, major typhlosole; t2, minor typhlosole.

Figure 6 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 6. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among basal caenogastropods. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Cypraea robertsi. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; eg, oesophageal gland; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; osg, osphradial ganglion; ps, proboscis sheath; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; sp., supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; z, zygoneury.

Figure 12 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 12. Midgut morphology of taxa examined only from preserved material. (A) Theodoxus fluviatilis, left lateral view. Second digestive gland duct to right of oesophageal aperture obscured by gastric shield. (B) Strombus mutabilis, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: c, caecum; ce caecal extension; cf, ciliated fold; dgd, digestive gland duct; ds, deep sac; e, oesophagus; gp, glandular pad; gs, gastric shield; if, intestinal flap; ig, intestinal groove; int, intestine; sa, sorting area; ss, style sac; t1, major typhlosole; t2, minor typhlosole.

Figure 20 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 20. Histology of midgut; position of gastric shield. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi, transverse section. (B) Theodoxus fluviatilis, saggital section. (C) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum, transverse section. (D) Marisa cornuarietis, saggital section. (E) Crepidula plana, transverse section. (F) Strombus mutabilis, saggital section. (G) Bithynia tentaculata, saggital section. (H) Ilyanassa obsoletus, saggital section. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: dgd, digestive gland duct; e, oesophagus; gs, gastric shield; int, intestine.

Figure 4 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 4. Morphology of odontophore; subradular organ (indicated by arrows). Except when noted, view is from the side and ventral is to the right. (A) Theodoxus fluviatilis, ventral view. Subradular organ absent. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (B) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Marisa cornuarietis. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (E) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (F) Neverita duplicata. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (G) Cypraea robertsi. Subradular organ absent. Scale bar = 1 mm. (H) Panarona clavatula. Ventral is down. Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Figure 7 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 7. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among derived caenogastropods. (A) Panarona clavatula. Siphon obscured by left cephalic tentacle and is not visible in this view. Note large, modified left cephalic tentacle and large proboscis retractor connecting to columellar muscle. (B) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Note second visceral ganglion lying below pericardium and large radular retractors connecting to base of proboscis sheath; ampulla of gland of Leiblein visible within afferent renal vessel. Duct of gland of Leiblein stippled. (C) Nitidiscala tinctum. Note compartmentalized tissue supporting jaw and buccal ganglia lying between salivary glands where the latter enter buccal cavity. (D) Prunum apicinum. Note duct of poison gland opening mid-ventrally to base of buccal cavity, just behind opening of accessory salivary gland. (E) Conus jaspideus. Siphon not visible in this view. Note long coiled duct of poison gland; buccal ganglion visible where short arm of radular sac enters buccal cavity. Base of proboscis sheath is shown, but rhynchocoel has not been opened. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: asg, accessory salivary gland; dasg, duct of accessory salivary gland; e, oesophagus; ec, oesophageal caecum; gl, gland of Leiblein; j, jaw; kd, kidney; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; per, pericardium; ps, proboscis sheath; rs, long arm of radular sac; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; si, siphon; sig, siphonal ganglion; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; vl, valve of Leiblein; z, zygoneury.

Figure 2 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 2. Female reproductive morphology. (A) Lampanella minima. Note connective tissue between renal oviduct and pericardium. (B) Crepidula plana. (C) Petaloconchus varians. (D) Strombus mutabilis. Note egg groove from capsule gland down side of foot. Dotted line indicates double-groove portion of albumen gland. (E) Cypraea robertsi. Note duct of receptacle at posterior end of albumen gland. (F) Panarona clavatula. (G) Prunum apicinum. Note that base of mantle cavity lies between the capsule and albumen glands. (H) Urosalpinx cinerea. Ventro-lateral lobe of capsule gland is shown by transparency. Note blind diverticulum off renal oviduct and small aperture connecting vestibule and bursa copulatrix. Base of mantle cavity indicated by arrow. (I) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Note shallow pocket in distal end of capsule gland, perhaps functioning as bursa. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; cg, capsule gland; fo, female opening; gpc, gonopericardial canal; igl, ingesting gland; mc, base of mantle cavity; per, pericardium; rcs, seminal receptacle; spb, spermatophore bursa; u, uterine ball; v, vagina.

Figure 33 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 33. Evolution of the midgut, excluding features of the style sac. Black hashmarks indicate forward changes, grey hashmarks indicate forward homoplasies (DELTRAN). Branches indicate feeding mode and diet of each species. Representative midgut morphologies are shown.

Figure 11 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 11. Histology of mid-oesophagus; oesophageal gland. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Neverita duplicata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Cypraea robertsi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (H) Nitidiscala tinctum. Note transition to muscular posterior oesophagus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: asg, accessory salivary gland; ca, radular cartilage; df, dorsal fold; eg, oesophageal gland; int, intestine; me, midoesophagus; r, radula; sgl, salivary gland; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion.

Figure 29 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 29. Evolution of the reno-pericardial system. Black hashmarks indicate forward changes, grey hashmarks indicate forward homoplasies (DELTRAN).

Figure 1 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 1. Midgut morphology of 'typical prosobranch'; adapted from Smith (1967). Abbreviations: dgd, digestive gland duct; e, oesophagus; gc, gastric chamber; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; sa, sorting area; ss, style sac; t1, major typhlosole; t2, minor typhlosole.

Figure 9 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 9. Histology of anterior oesophagus; ventro-lateral folds. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Theodoxus fluviatilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Strombus mutabilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. (G) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 1 mm. (H) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; bg, buccal ganglion; ca, radular cartilage; ceg, cerebral ganglion; df, dorsal fold; e, oesophagus; r, radula; sgl, salivary gland; vf, ventral fold; vlf, ventro-lateral fold.