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Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mountains, showing the collecting sites for the three new Geotypodon species, as well as names of the Forest Reserves in question and names of individual mountains in West Kilombero FR. Red diamonds = G. millemanus gen. et sp. nov., yellow dot: G. submontanus gen. et sp. nov., blue triangle: G. iringensis gen. et sp. nov. Based on fig. 1 in Marshall et al. (2010) and information in Doody et al. (2001).

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Geotypodon millemanus gen. et sp. nov., paratype from West Kilombero Scarp FR after nine years in alcohol. Photograph by N. Ioannou.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Body size of males of Geotypodon spp. Bold symbols indicate numbers of podous rings and midbody vertical diameter of the new species described here. Small circles and shaded areas indicate published measurements for other Geotypodon species.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Geotypodon submontanus gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A–E. Left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Apical part of coxa and proximal part of telopodite, anterior view. D. (Anterior-) mesal view. E. Posterior distal lobe of telomere; insertion highlights spine-like process. F. Limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere; itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; ll = longitudinal lamella; mla = metaplical lamella; msp = metaplical spine-like process; ptl = posterior distal

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Geotypodon iringensis gen. et sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Mesal-ventral view. D. Telomere and solenomere, basal (dorsal) view. — E. Paratype, limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere, bl = basal lamella of telomere, cx = coxa (seen from the basis, with remains of muscles); itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; lc = lateral concavity of coxa; lfl = longitudinally folded lamella; mf = anteriad metaplical flange; mp = metaplica; msp = metaplical spine-like process; pn = posttorsal narrowing; pp = proplica; ptl = posterior distal lobe of telomere; pts = proximal telomeral spine; slm = solenomere; tl = terminal lobe of telomere; tt = torsotope. Scales: A–D = 0.2 mm, E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 6 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 6. Scatter plot of PCA results on shape variables of the (A) ventral, (B) dorsal and (C) lateral sides of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 specimens. Legends: ○ = Iranian Plateau, ● = Western Zagros, * = Kuwait, Δ = Arabian, ▲ = Jeddah, □ = Jordan/NW Arabia, ■ = African. Deformation grids (two times magnified) along the first principal components, representing shape differences between configurations corresponding to minimal and maximal scores, are shown to the right of each plot. For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 4. Scatter plot of the CVA results of the (A) ventral and (B) dorsal shape data of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 (two groups) and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823. Legends: ○ = M. crassus (other than Western Zagros), ● = M. crassus of Western Zagros, □ = M. libycus. The grids below show deformation along the arrows, when moving from the M. crassus group mean shape to the Western Zagros group mean shape (A1 and B1), and from the M. libycus mean shape to the mean shape of the Western Zagros (A2 and B2) (shape differences magnified three times for better visualization). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 3 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 3. Scatter plot of RW1 versus RW2 of the (A) ventral and (B) dorsal cranium of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823. Legends: ○ = M. crassus (other than Western Zagros), ● = M. crassus of Western Zagros, □ = M. libycus. Below: thin-plate spline deformation grids visualize shape variation as expressed by the first two RWs axes (grids represent shape difference between configurations corresponding to lowest and highest RW-values). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 7 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 7. CVA scatter plot (axes 1 and 2) on shape variables of the (A) ventral, (B) dorsal and (C) lateral side of the Meriones crassus groups (Jeddah group not included). Legends: ○ = Iranian plateau, ● = Western Zagros, Δ = Arabian and ■ = African. Grids show deformation (3 x magnified) when following the trajectory within the morphospace along the arrows and between the groups' consensus (from African to Western Zagros – A1, B1 and C1; and from Iranian plateau to Western Zagros – A2, B2 and C2). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling localities of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 (circles) and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823 (squares) and groups of sampling localities indicated by ellipses (see more detail about the grouping in Material and Methods). The dark closed symbols are the sampling localities of the type specimens (synonyms of Meriones crassus and M. libycus, see Table 1). The ellipses (from left to right) show the following groups: African, Jeddah, Arabian, Western Zagros and Iranian Plateau.

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov., holotype. Left gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior, slightly basal view. B. Anterior, slightly basal view. C. Anterior, slightly basal view. D. Basal view. E–F. Detail of margin of telomere. F. Tip of telomere. Abbreviations: ba = basomere, pn = post-torsal narrowing, slm = solenomere, tdp = telomeral distal process, tlm = telomere, ts1, ts2 = telomeral spines, tt = torsotope. Scales: A–D = 0.1 mm; F = 0.05 mm; E = 0.005 mm.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A. Part of midbody showing the characteristic course of the suture and the position of the ozopore (highlighted in red on one body ring). B–D. Left gonopod coxa. B. Anterior-mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Mesal view, close-up. E. Limbus. Abbreviations: cu = cucullus, lp = lateral coxal process, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, ms = metaplical shelf, msp =metaplical spine, pp = proplica, prl = proplical lobe. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.1 mm; E = 0.005 mm.

Fig. 7 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 7. Utiliverpa decapsulatrix gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A–D. Right gonopod coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Posterior-apical view. E–H. Left gonopod telopodite. E. Anterior view. F. Posterior view. G. Mesal-anterior-apical view. H. Solenomere. I. Limbus. Abbreviations: All = apical lateral lobe of coxa, mbp = metaplical bifid process, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, msp = metaplical spine, prl = proplical lobe, pp = proplica, ps proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tlm = telomere, tss = telomeral subapical spike, tt = torsotope. Scales: A–H = 0.1 mm; I = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 4 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 4. Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve above Chita village, left gonopod telopodite. A. Apical view, coxal parts in orange colour. B. Basal view, purple oval roughly corresponds to Fig. 4D, coxal parts in orange colour, the green line indicates the distal margin of the telomere. C.Tip of solenomere. D. Origin of proximal solenomeral spine (ps) between two basal lobe of telomere (tlm), image roughly corresponding to purple oval on Fig. 4B. E. Micro-spinose field on basal external side of telomere basis, image roughly corresponding to area in yellow circle on Fig. 3G. F. Micro-spinose field on distal part of telomere concavity, image roughly corresponding to area in red oval on Fig. 3H. Abbreviations: eg = efferent groove, pn = post-torsal narrowing, ps = proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tf = telomeral furrow, tlm = telomere, tr = telomeral ridge tt = torsotope. Scales: A–B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Body size (body diameter/number of podous rings) of males of the new species described here.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve above Chita village. A, C. Telson. A. Posterior view. C. Lateral view. B. Limbus, the double-headed arrow indicates the extent of the limbus. D. Body ring 7, left lateral view. E. Detail of limbus to show microstriolation. F–G. Left gonopod. F. Mesal view. G. Anterior view, the yellow circle indicates the position of the microspinose field shown in Fig. 4E. H. Posterior view, the red oval indicates the position of the microspinose field shown in Fig. 4E, the green line indicates the distal margin of the telomere; blue colour = mounting tape. Abbreviations: all = apical lateral lobe of coxa, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, msp = metaplical spine, pn = post-torsal narrowing, pp = proplica, prl = proplical lobe, ps = proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tlm = telomere, tt = torsotope. Scales: A, C–D, F–H = 0.1 mm; B, E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mountains, showing the collecting localities for Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov. (yellow dots), Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov. (blue cross), and Utiliverpa decapsulatrix sp. nov. (red diamond). Based on fig. 1 in Marshall et al. (2010).

Figs 2–20 in High diversity and endemism in the genus Cautires Waterhouse, 1879 (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from the Malay mountain forests, with the descriptions of fourteen new species

Figs 2–20. Cautires sp. 2. Habitus in dorsal view. 3–20. Male antennae. 3. C. alexae sp. nov. 4. C. andujari sp. nov. 5. C. arribasae sp. nov. 6. C. berembanensis sp. nov. 7. C. campestris sp. nov. 8. C. communis sp. nov. 9. C. griseus Kleine, 1930. 10. C. jasarensis sp. nov. 11. C. katarinae sp. nov. 12. C. kirstenae sp. nov. 13. C. kotatinggensis sp. nov. 14. C. linardi sp. nov. 15. C. maseki sp. nov. 16. C. pahangensis sp. nov. 17. C. nervosus Kleine, 1926. 18. C. renatae sp. nov. 19. C. reverandi Pic, 1925. 20. C. simillimus Kleine, 1926. Scale bars: Fig. 2 = 2.0 mm; Figs 3–20 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 59–78. Phallus. 59 in High diversity and endemism in the genus Cautires Waterhouse, 1879 (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from the Malay mountain forests, with the descriptions of fourteen new species

Figs 59–78. Phallus. 59. Cautires alexae sp. nov. 60. C. andujari sp. nov. 61. C. arribasae sp. nov. 62. C. berembanensis sp. nov. 63. C. campestris sp. nov. 64. C. communis sp. nov. 65. C. griseus Kleine, 1930. 66. C. jasarensis sp. nov. 67. C. katarinae sp. nov. 68. C. kirstenae sp. nov. 69. C. kotatinggensis sp. nov. 70. C. linardi sp. nov. 71. C. maseki sp. nov. 72. C. pahangensis sp. nov. 73. C. nervosus Kleine, 1926. 74. C. renatae sp. nov. 75. C. reverandi Pic, 1925. 76. C. simillimus Kleine, 1926. 77. C. selangorensis Kleine, 1930. 78. C. tenebricus Kleine, 1926. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1 in High diversity and endemism in the genus Cautires Waterhouse, 1879 (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from the Malay mountain forests, with the descriptions of fourteen new species

Fig. 1. The sampled localities in the Malay Peninsula. A. The localities in the Malay Peninsula. B. Detailed map of sampled localities in the Cameron Highlands region. C. Habitats in the Cameron Highlands mountain.