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Fig. 16.6 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses
Fig. 16.6. The four lophids and four flexids of a lower cheek tooth, demonstrated on a molar of Cormohipparion. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis.
Fig. 16.9 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses
Fig. 16.9. Special structures on the lingual side of a lower cheek tooth, demonstrated on a premolar of Neohipparion. The metacristid is a crest connecting a wellseparated metaconid and metastylid. A pli caballinid is also labeled. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis. After a drawing in the archives of the Frick Laboratory.
Fig. 16.3 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses
Fig. 16.3. The five styles and three conules of an upper cheek tooth, demonstrated on a molar of Parahippus. The hypoconal groove is also labeled. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis. After Osborn (1918).
Fig. 11 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 11. Occlusal views of m2 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1956/909, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 (IVPP V13459.91) from Longgu Cave, Jianshi, Hubei Province. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 8 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 8. Occlusal views of m1 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1956/907, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 (IVPP V13459.10) from Longgu Cave, Jianshi, Hubei Province. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V25032) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 4 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 4. Occlusal views of P4 inner lobe structure of Musteloidea and Ursidae, showing the homology of inner lobe cusps. A. Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847 (IOZ08129), Recent, China. B. Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758) (IVPP OV1551), Recent, zoo specimen. C. Plithocyon teilhardi (Colbert, 1939) (AMNH FM26594) from the Tunggur Formation, Middle Miocene; the dashed line indicates that the protocone is absent in this species. D. Ailurarctos yuanmouensis Zong, 1996 (IVPP RV97001, cast) from Yuanmou, Yunnan Province. Not to scale.
Fig. 5 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 5. Occlusal views of M1 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/119, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.109) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 3 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 3. Occlusal views of P4 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1946/643, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda sp. (uncatalogued) from southern China, Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 1 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 1. Occlusal views of cheek teeth of studied bears. A. Ailuropoda sp. from Pleistocene of China. B. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (m1, IVPP V25032 and others IVPP V6892, reconstructed from CT scanning) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. C. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1946/643, 1953/119, 1953/119, 1955/818, 1956/907, 1953/54, 1956/909; photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2 locality, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. D. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. For terminology and more details for dental character see Fig. 2. Not to scale. Abbreviations: RHyd3, medial ridge of protoconid; RMe3, medial ridge of metacone; RMed4, postero-medial ridge of metaconid; RPa1.2, medial branch of anterior ridge of paracone; RPad3, medial ridge of paraconid; RPrd2.2, medial branch of the posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd3, postero-medial ridge of protoconid; RPrd4, postero-lateral ridge of protoconid.
Fig. 7 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 7. Occlusal views of weakly separated RPa3 of Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904. A. NMP Rv21000, Koněpruské jeskyně. B. NMP Ra153, cave C718. C. NMP Ra2402, Chlum 1. D. NMP Rv20999, Koněpruské jeskyně. All from Czech Republic, early Middle Pleistocene. Photo Jan Wagner.
Fig. 2 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 2. Illustrations of proposed terminology of teeth of giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca (A) and cave bear Ursus deningeri (B). Abbreviations: RHyd3, medial ridge of protoconid; RMed1, anterior ridge of metaconid; RMed2, posterior ridge of metaconid; RMed3, medial ridge of metaconid; RMed4, postero-medial ridge of metaconid; RPad1, anterior ridge of paraconid; RPa1.2, medial branch of anterior ridge of paracone; RPad1, anterior ridge of paraconid; RPad2, posterior ridge of paraconid; RPa3/RPad3, medial ridge of paracone/paraconid; RPrd1, anterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd2, posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd2.2, medial branch of the posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd3, postero-medial ridge of protoconid; RPrd4, postero-lateral ridge of protoconid.
Fig. 6 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 6. Occlusal views of M2 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/119, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.153) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 10 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 10. Occlusal views of large entoconid 2 of Ailuropoda spp. A, B. Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 from Longgudong Cave, Jiangshi, China, middle Early Pleistocene. A. IVPP V13459.11. B. IVPP V13459.266. C, D. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869). C. IVPP V87025.246 from cave deposit, Guangxi Province, China, Late Pleistocene. D. IOZ 32752, Recent, Sichuan Province.
Fig. 14 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 14. Serial homology of lower molars (occlusal views) of Ailuropoda sp. (A. IVPP V13459.10, B. IVPP V13459.91, C. IVPP V87025.362) from various fossil sites in southern China, Pleistocene. A1–C1, photographs; A2–C2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 9 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 9. Illustration showing the evolution of m1 protoconid-metaconid ridges (in occlusal view). A. Stem Ursavus evolutionary grade Ursavus cf. brevirhinus (MNHN Ar2399, photo Jan Wagner) from Artenay, France. B. Early Ursus evolutionary grade Ursus malayanus (Raffles, 1821) (AMNH M19154) from Borneo, living. C. Derived Ursus evolutionary grade Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1956/668; photo Jan Wagner, reversed) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. D. Ailuropoda evolutionary grade: Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 (IVPP V13459.266) from Longgu Cave, Jianshi, China, middle Early Pleistocene. A1–D1, explanatory drawings; A2–D2, photographs. Not to scale.
Fig. 13 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 13. Homologous structures of upper molars (occlusal views) of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (A. IVPP V87025.109, B. IVPP V87025.153) from cave deposits of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. Not to scale.
Fig. 12 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 12. Occlusal views of m3 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/54, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.362) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 5 in Taxonomy, nomenclature, and evolution of the early schubertellid fusulinids
Fig. 5. The types of porosity in keriothecal and non−keriothecal wall. All specimens from Kalinovo section, P 2 Limestone, lower Gzhelian, Donets Basin, 2 Ukraine. A. Biwaella poletaevi sp. nov., SUI 114245, axial section of paratype, sample A−3/31a−3. B. Biwaella sp., SUI 114246, oblique section, arrow points to coarse mural pores MP; the diameter of the pores is the same elsewhere within the wall; sample A−3/31a−86. C, D. Schubertella subkingi Putrja, 1939. C. SUI 114247, axial section, sample A−3/31a−9. D. SUI 114248, axial section, sample A−3/31a−73. E. Darvasoschwagerina archaica (Leven and Scherbovich, 1978), SUI 114249, axial section, sample A−3/31a−22. F. Darvasoschwagerina sp., SUI 114250, oblique section, arrows point to the two different types of pores: UK − fine pores in upper keriotheca, LK − coarse pores in lower keriotheca; sample A−3/31a−22. G. Darvasoschwagerina satoi (Ozawa, 1925), SUI 114251, axial section, sample A−3/31a−9. H–M. Nodosinelloides sp. H. SUI 114252, axial section, sample A−3/31a−16. I. SUI 114253, axial section, sample A−3/31a−84. J. SUI 114254, axial section, sample A−3/31a−4. K. SUI 114255, axial section, sample A−3/31a−5. L. SUI 114256, axial section, sample A−3/31a−5. M. SUI 114257, axial section, sample A−3/31a−104. Scale bars A, B, E, G 1 mm, C, D, F 0.5 mm, H–M 0.1 mm.
Fig. 4 in Taxonomy, nomenclature, and evolution of the early schubertellid fusulinids
Fig. 4. Type of Biwaella and Biwaella poletaevi sp. nov. A–H. Biwaella poletaevi sp. nov. A–G. Kalinovo section, P 2 Limestone, Donets Basin, Ukraine. 2 A. SUI 114238, sample A−3/31a−8, axial section of paratype (A1), box indicates the enlarged part of final volution in A1 showing coarse mural pores (A2). B. SUI 114239, sample A−3/31a−5, axial section of paratype. C. SUI 114240, sample A−3/31a−77; sagital section of paratype. D. SUI 114241, sample A−3/31a−83, axial section of holotype. E. SUI 114242, sample A−3/31a−84, axial section of paratype. F. SUI 114243, sample A−3/31a−96, axial section of paratype. G. SUI 114244, sample A−3/31a−8; sagital section of paratype. H. Biwaella omiensis Morikawa and Isomi, 1960, repository unknown, axial section of holotype, from Morikawa and Isomi (1960: pl. 54: 1);?Artinskian; Minamitoba, near Lake Biwa, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Scale bars: A1, D–F, H 1 mm, C 0.5 mm, A2 0.1 mm, G 0.1 mm.
Fig. 3 in Taxonomy, nomenclature, and evolution of the early schubertellid fusulinids
Fig. 3. Biwaella zhikalyaki sp. nov. from Kalinovo section, P 2 Limestone, lower Gzhelian, Donets Basin, Ukraine. A. SUI 114228, sample A−3/31a−2; axial 2 section of paratype (A1), box indicates the enlarged part of final volution in A1, showing coarse mural pores (A2). B. SUI 114229, sample A−3/31a−14; axial section of holotype (B1) arrow pointed into septal pores, box indicates the enlarged part of final volution in B1 showing coarse mural pores (B2). C. SUI 114230, sample A−3/31a−93; axial section of paratype. D. SUI 114231, sample A−3/31a−79; axial section of paratype. E. SUI 114232, sample A−3/31a−97; axial section of paratype. F. SUI 114233, sample A−3/31a−21; axial section of paratype. G. SUI 114234, sample A−3/31a−77; axial section of paratype. H. SUI 114235, sample A−3/31a−84; axial section of paratype. I. SUI 114236, sample A−3/31a−88; axial section of paratype. J. SUI 114237, sample A−3/31a−101; axial section of paratype. Scale bars: A1, B1, C–J 1 mm, B2 0.1 mm.
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