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Figure 1 in The first occurrence of the subgenus Premicrodispus (Premicrodispulus) (Acari: Heterostigmata: Microdispidae) from Russia, with description of a new species

Figure 1. Premicrodispus (Premicrodispulus) kurganiensis sp. nov. (female) – A. Dorsum of body; B. Venter of body. Legs omitted.

Figure 3 in The first occurrence of the subgenus Premicrodispus (Premicrodispulus) (Acari: Heterostigmata: Microdispidae) from Russia, with description of a new species

Figure 3. DIC micrographs of Premicrodispus (Premicrodispulus) kurganiensis sp. nov. (female) – A. Dorsum of body; B. Venter of body.

Figure 2 in The first occurrence of the subgenus Premicrodispus (Premicrodispulus) (Acari: Heterostigmata: Microdispidae) from Russia, with description of a new species

Figure 2. Premicrodispus (Premicrodispulus) kurganiensis sp. nov. (female) – A–D. Left legs I-IV, respectively, dorsal aspect.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Costa Rica mosquito community species occurrence and site environmental data, July - August 2017

Land use change is an important driver of both biodiversity loss and zoonotic disease transmission in tropical countryside landscapes. Developing solutions for protecting biodiversity, public health, and livelihoods in working landscapes requires understanding the spatial scales at which habitat characteristics such as land cover shape biodiversity, especially for arthropods that transmit pathogens. A growing body of evidence shows that species richness for many taxa correlates with tree cover at small spatial scales of <100 m, indicating that local tree cover management is a promising conservation tool. To investigate whether mosquito species richness, community composition, and presence of specific disease vector species respond to tree cover—and if so, whether at spatial scales similar to other taxa—we surveyed mosquito communities along a tree cover gradient and across agricultural, residential, and forested land uses in rural southern Costa Rica. We found that tree cover was both positively correlated with mosquito species richness and negatively correlated with the presence of the common invasive dengue vector Aedes albopictus, particularly at small spatial scales of 80 – 200m. Beyond tree cover, land use type predicted community composition and Ae. albopictus presence, but not species richness. The results suggest that preservation and expansion of tree cover at local scales can protect biodiversity for a wide range of taxa and also confer protection against disease vector occurrence.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Functional genomics and co-occurrence in a diverse tropical tree genus: The roles of drought and defense related genes

Tropical tree communities are among the most diverse in the world. A small number of genera often disproportionately contribute to this diversity. How so many species from a single genus can co-occur represents a major outstanding question in biology. Niche differences are likely to play a major role in promoting congeneric diversity, but the mechanisms of interest are often not well-characterized by the set of functional traits generally measured by ecologists. To address this knowledge gap, we used a functional genomic approach to investigate the mechanisms of co-occurrence in the hyper-diverse genus Ficus. Our study focused on over 800 genes related to drought and defense, providing detailed information on how these genes may contribute to the diversity of Ficus species. We find widespread and consistent evidence of the importance of defense gene dissimilarity in co-occurring species, providing genetic support for what would be expected under the Janzen-Connell mechanism. We also find that drought-related gene sequence similarity is related to Ficus co-occurrence, indicating that similar responses to drought promote co-occurrence. We provide the first detailed functional genomic evidence of how drought- and defense-related genes simultaneously contribute to the local co-occurrence in a hyper-diverse genus. Our results demonstrate the potential of community transcriptomics to identify the drivers of species co-occurrence in hyper-diverse tropical tree genera.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in The Original Published Description Of An Embryonic Apparatus From The Orbitolinidae (Foraminifera) (Lower Cretaceous Of Borneo) With A Brief Commentary On The Age Of Orbitolinid Occurrences In Borneo

Fig. 1 Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach) from the Lower Cretaceous of Borneo (a-b) and south-eastern France (c-e). a-b transverse section of megalospheric embryo (from Martin, 1890, pl. XXV, fig. 18; b modified: light red = protoconch; light orange = periembryonic ring or zone). c transverse section of the megalospheric embryo (from Schroeder, 1963, pl. 24, fig. 4). d view of cone base, e view of cone surface, f Side view (from Blumenbach, 1805, pl. 80, figs. 5-6, 2, without scale).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

European Ivies (Hedera L., Araliaceae) Point Occurrence Database with Taxonomic Certainty

We present two databases and six spatial layers recording biodiversity information of the six species of ivies (Hedera L., Araliaceae) native to W Europe (Hedera azorica, H. canariensis, H. helix, H. hiberncia, H. iberica, H. maderensis). Each database covers the entire native distribution of each species. Therefore, the databases document the distribution and occurrence of all the European Hedera taxa except for H. pastuchovii subsp. cypria  which is a restricted endemic of the south-west of the island of Cyprus.  <ul> <li>The first database (TaxRev) includes taxonomic, geographic and habitat information from the morphological revision of 2,276 individuals from 1,280 populations. 866 of the records also included point-occurrence data. This database represents the entire native distribution and the morphological variation of each species.</li> <li>The second database (MixOcc) includes the spatial-point occurrence of the six species across their entire native distribution ranges. This database was compiled with the 880 records from the TaxRev database (records with high taxonomic certainty, as they all were examined by the taxonomist of the genus) plus 2,372 records from curated online databases selected from the European regions with low expected taxonomic uncertainty (C and E Europe and the Macaronesian Islands). As a result the database have high taxonomic quality (certainty and coverage) and good geographical coverage for Europe at a large-scale except for France and Ireland.</li> <li>The uploaded files related to the TaxRev database are as follows:</li> </ul> Hedera_TaxRevDatabase_Field description: a cvs file with the description of the 71 variables included in the database Hedera_TaxRevDatabase_Records:  a cvs file with the database (71 variables, 1,280 records) <ul> <li>The uploaded files related to the MixOcc database are as follows:</li> </ul> Hedera_MixOccDatabase_Field description: a cvs file with the description of the 11 variables included in the database Hedera_MixDatabase_Records:  a cvs file with the database  (11 variables, 3,252 records) Finally, we also upload 20 layers including the point-occurrence maps obtained from the MixOcc database. Six species maps (one per species), five additional maps of H. canariensis (one per island), eight additional maps of H. azorica (one per island) and a combined map including the six species. In all of them, we distinguish the records from individuals morphologically reviewed by the taxonomist of the genus and those obtained from online repositories and not reviewed by the taxonomist: <ul> <li>Hedera azorica_MixOccDatabase_Map</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Corvo</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Faial</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Flores</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Graciosa</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Pico</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Santa Maria</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Sao Jorge</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Sao Miguel</li> <li>Hedera_azorica_map_Terceira</li> <li>Hedera canariensis_MixOccDatabase_Map</li> <li>Hedera_canariensis_map_El Hierro</li> <li>Hedera_canariensis_map_Gran Canaria</li> <li>Hedera_canariensis_map_La Gomera</li> <li>Hedera_canariensis_map_La Palma</li> <li>Hedera_canariensis_map_Tenerife</li> <li>Hedera helix_MixOccDatabase_Map</li> <li>Hedera hibernica_TaxRevDatabase_Map</li> <li>Hedera iberica_TaxRevDatabase_Map</li> <li>Hedera maderensis_MixOccDatabase_Map</li> <li>Hedera_MixOccDatabase_Map</li> </ul> The records which allow us to improve geographic coverage without compromising taxonomic certainty. The databases and the resulting spatial layers have high taxonomic and geographic certainty and a good geographic coverage for ivies in Europe.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Species occurrence records of special area of conservation Montesinho/Nogueira.

The dataset contains biodiversity data for significant taxonomic groups (flora - vascular plants, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) in special area of conservation Montesinho/Nogueira (Portugal). It covers the period from 2000 to 2022 and has a high spatial resolution (e.g., georeferenced and aggregated (1 km) records. Additionally, the dataset offers details on the conservation status of each species at both regional (Portugal) and European levels, as well as the sources of the records and their corresponding spatial resolution. The dataset was developed in response to the absence of standardized species occurrence records in the region and to facilitate modeling (e.g., development of ecological niche models).

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Amazona obscured occurrences, background points, and environmental data

Aim: Introduced species offer insight on whether and how organisms can shift their ecological niches during translocation. The genus Amazona offers a clear test case, where sister species Red-crowned (A. viridigenalis) and Lilac-crowned Parrots (A. finschi) have established breeding populations in southern California following introduction via the pet trade from Mexico where they do not coexist. After establishment in the 1980s, introduced population sizes have increased, with mixed species flocks found throughout urban Los Angeles. Here, we investigate the differences between the environmental conditions of the native and introduced ranges of these now co-occurring species. Location: Southern California and Mexico. Methods: Using environmental data on climate and habitat from their native and introduced ranges, we tested whether Red-crowned and Lilac-crowned Parrots have divergent realized niches between their native ranges, and whether each species has significantly shifted its realized niche to inhabit urban southern California. We also analyzed data from Texas and Florida introductions of Red-crowned Parrots for comparative analysis. Results: There are significant differences in the native-range niches of both parrot species, but a convergence into a novel, shared environmental niche into urban southern California, characterized by colder temperatures, less tree cover, and lower rainfall. Texas and Florida Red-crowned Parrots also show evidence for niche shifts with varying levels of niche conservatism through the establishment of somewhat different realized niches. Main Conclusions: Despite significant niche shifts, introduced parrots are thriving, suggesting a broad fundamental niche and an ability to exploit urban resources. Unique niche shifts in different U.S. introductions indicate that Amazona parrots can adapt to diverse environmental conditions, with cities offering a resource niche and the timing of introduction playing a crucial role. Cities can potentially serve as refugia for threatened parrot species, but the risk of hybridization between species emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and genetic investigations.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data from: Geographic distribution of terpenoid chemotypes in Tanacetum vulgare mediates tansy aphid occurrence but not abundance

Intraspecific variation of specialized metabolites in plants, such as terpenoids, are used to determine chemotypes. Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) exhibits diverse terpenoid profiles that affect insect communities. However, it is not fully known whether patterns of their chemical composition and associated insects vary beyond the community scale. Here, we investigated the geographic distribution of mono- and sesquiterpenoid chemotypes in tansy leaves and their relationships with specific insect communities across Germany. We sampled tansy leaves from ten plants with and five plants without aphids in each of 26 sites along a north-south and west-east transect in Germany. Hexane-extracted metabolites from leaf tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Plant morphological traits, aphid occurrence and abundance, and occurrence of ants were recorded locally. The effect of plant chemotype, plant morphological parameters, and abiotic site parameters such as soil types, temperature and precipitation on insect occurrences were analyzed. Plants clustered into four monoterpenoid and four sesquiterpenoid chemotype classes. Monoterpene classes differed in their latitudinal distribution, whereas sesquiterpenes were more evenly distributed across the transect. Aphid and ant occurrence was influenced by monoterpenoids. Plants of monoterpenoid class 1 were colonized by aphids and ants significantly more often than expected by chance, whereas in other classes there were no significant differences. Aphid abundance was affected by soil type, and average annual temperature positively correlated with the occurrence of ants. We found significant geographic patterns in the distribution of tansy chemodiversity and show that monoterpenoids affect aphid and ant occurrence, while the soil type can influence aphid abundance. We show that geographic variation in plant chemistry influences insect community assembly on tansy plants.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2016View details →

Figure 7. Pteraspidiformes phylogeny with genera plotted against their stratigraphical occurrences. A in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters

Figure 7. Pteraspidiformes phylogeny with genera plotted against their stratigraphical occurrences. A, discrete and continuous character analysis with implied weighting (k = 3). B, discretized analysis with implied weighting (k = 3). Colours relate to palaeobiogeographical provinces.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Occurrence of Anthalona neotropica Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Debastiani-Júnior, 2015 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae) in Bahia State, Brazil

Figure 2. Anthalona neotropica Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Debastiani-Júnior, 2015. A, Habitus, specimen from Jequitinhonha River. B, Habitus, specimen from Una River. C–E, Post-abdomen (arrow indicating the lateral fascicles). F, Labral keel and antenna. G, Spine on the first segment of endopod of antenna. H, First trunk limb, arrows showing the IDL setae. I, Head pores. mp: main pores, lp: lateral pore. Scale bars = 100 µm (A, B) or 10 µm (C–I).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Occurrence of Anthalona neotropica Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Debastiani-Júnior, 2015 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae) in Bahia State, Brazil

Figure 1. Occurrence records of Anthalona neotropica Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Debastiani-Júnior, 2015 in southern Bahia State.

FIGURE 1 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 1 First page of field notebook number 156. This trip was conducted from Port Augusta to Norseman, Western Australia, by Ken Key, Murray S Upton and Jim Balderson from 28/9/1963 to 23/10/1963. Plant specimens were identified by Nancy T Burbidge. On 28th of September, they started from Mildura, took Arumpo road at a vehicle odometer 6827 and travelled 6 mi to reach 6833. Site description and general observations for collection at stop 6833: Flat with sparse belah and Callitris robusta to 25 ft on pale brown sandy loam with?Cassia sp. abundant to 8 ft and regrowth. Ground layer of Bassia spp. and Kochia spp. to 6 in. and occasional Kochia?pyramidata to 2 ft barley grass and succulents drying off, considerable bare ground. Return. Grasshoppers collected at this site: Cratilopus sp. 1, Chortoicetes terminifera, Caperrala sp. 1 (j.), Apotropis vittata (j.).

FIGURE 4 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 4 Comparison of survey consistency among different surveyors. (a) Between-site distance maintained by different lead surveyors. (b) The total number of grasshoppers recorded per site by different lead surveyors. Numbers in the middle of boxplot show median value. (c) Seasonal variation in the number of species counted per site by different lead surveyors. (d) Proportion of total surveys conducted in each season by different surveyors. Values on pie charts show the number of surveys conducted by each surveyor. Seasons are indicated by colours.

FIGURE 3 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 3 Spatial bias in historic grasshopper surveys in Western Australia and Tasmania (inset). (a) Thiessen polygon network drawn based on survey sites as centre of each polygon, showing the intensity of survey activity; the smaller polygons, the more intensive the survey activity because each polygon represents a sampling site. Colours in the background represent bioregions. (b) Bioregions bias: Positive scores indicate positive survey bias (higher survey effort than expected from a random allocation) and vice versa. Bars on right side of vertical dash line represent Tasmania. Bioregions were abbreviated as: AvWh, Avon Wheatbelt; BL, Ben Lomond; Ca, Carnarvon; CeKi, Central Kimberley; CeRa, Central Ranges; Co, Coolgardie; Da, Dampierland; EsPl, Esperance plains; F, Furneaux; Ga, Gascoyne; GeSa, Geraldton Sandplains; GiDe, Gibson Desert; GrSaDe, Great Sandy Desert; GrViDe, Great Victorian Desert; Ha, Hampton; JaFo, Jarrah Forest; K, King; LiSaDe, Little Sandy Desert; Ma, Mallee; Mu, Murchison; NoKi, Northern Kimberley; Nu, Nullarbor; OrViPl, Ord Victoria Plain; Pi, Pilbara; SwCoPl, Southwest Coastal Plain; Ta, Tanami; TCH, Tasmanian Central Highlands; TNM, Tasmanian Northern Midlands; TNS, Tasmanian Northern Slopes; TSE, Tasmanian South East; TSR, Tasmanian Southern Ranges; TW, Tasmanian West; ViBo, Victorian Bonaparte; Wa, Warren; Ya, Yalgoo.

FIGURE 2 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 2 Grasshopper species count and survey effort in Western Australia and Tasmania (inset) per 50-km grid cells. Only records with both genus and species (either confirmed based on formal taxonomy for genus and species or putative taxonomy used for genus or species) names were included in these analyses. (a) Species richness (total number of recorded species per cell); (b) total number of survey sites per cell; (c) for each cell, the average number of species per survey site. No survey was conducted in white cells. Bioregions were abbreviated as: Ca, Carnarvon; CeKi, Central Kimberley; Co, Coolgardie; Da, Dampierland; EsPl, Esperance Plains; Ga, Gascoyne; Ha, Hampton; Nu, Nullarbor; Pi, Pilbara; SwCoPl, Southwest Coastal Plains; ViBo, Victorian Bonaparte.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Figures 128–129 in Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXX. Parabuthus (Buthidae) (Part III), with description of three new species from Somaliland and occurrence of Parabuthus eritreaensis Kovařík, 2003

Figures 128–129: Figure 128. Map showing confirmed distribution of Parabuthus spp. In Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Somaliland. Figure 129. Parabuthus eritreaensis, female from Somaliland in vivo habitus.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Figures 122–127 in Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXX. Parabuthus (Buthidae) (Part III), with description of three new species from Somaliland and occurrence of Parabuthus eritreaensis Kovařík, 2003

Figures 122–127. Male mitotic metaphases (122, 125), postpachytenes (123, 126), one sister (124) and two sister metaphases II (127) of Parabuthus species. Parabuthus dorisae sp. n. (sample 2037) (2n=16, 4II+CVIII) (122–124), P. quincyae sp. n. (sample S2134) (2n=16, II+CXIV) (125–127). Arrowheads show chromosomes in multivalent association during postpachytene. Scale bar: 5 μm. (122–127).