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Fig. 11 in Early ontogeny and palaeoecology of the Mid-Miocene rissoid gastropods of the Central Paratethys

Fig. 11. Four species of Mohrensternia Stoliczka, 1868. A. Mohrensternia pseudoangulata politioanei Jekelius, 1944. Specimen (NHMW 2002z0029/ 0009) from the Early Sarmatian of Waldhof, Styria/Austria (A1). Protoconch of the same specimen in lateral view (A2). The onset of the teleoconch is indicated by the formation of weak axial folds, grading into axial ribs. B. Mohrensternia soceni Jekelius, 1944. Specimen (NHMW 2002z0029/0012) from the Early Sarmatian of Hollabrunn (B1). Protoconch of the same specimen as in B1 in lateral view (B2). The onset of the teleoconch is indicated by the formation of axial folds. Detailed apical view of the initial whorl of the same protoconch as in B2 (B3). The embryonic shell is demarcated from the subsequent larval shell by a slightly thickened rim followed by an incision of the shell. C. Mohrensternia pfaffstaettensis sp. nov. Holotype (NHMW 2002z0029/0014) from the Early Sarmatian of Pfaffstätten, Vienna Basin/Lower Austria (C1). Lateral and apical view of the protoconch of the same specimen as in C1 (C2, C3). The protoconch is terminated by a slightly sinuous rim. The onset of the teleoconch is indicated by the formation of strong axial ribs and subordinated spiral threads. Detailed view of the initial whorl of the same protoconch as in C3 (C4). The embryonic shell has a finely granulated spiral sculpture. It is terminated by a slightly sinuous rim. D. Mohrensternia waldhofensis sp. nov. Holotype (NHMW 2002z0029/0004) from the Early Sarmatian of Waldhof, Styria/Austria (D1). Lateral and apical view of the protoconch of the same specimen (D2, D3). The transition to the teleoconch is indicated by a thickened rim which is not projecting.

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Fig. 8 in Early ontogeny and palaeoecology of the Mid-Miocene rissoid gastropods of the Central Paratethys

Fig. 8. Two species of Manzonia (Alvinia) Monterosato, 1884 and two of Manzonia (Manzonia) Brusina, 1870. A. Manzonia (Alvinia) miocrassicosta (Sacco, 1895). Specimen (NHMW 2002z0030/0016) from the Badenian of Steinebrunn (A1). Lateral and apical view of the protoconch of the same specimen (A2, A3). The protoconch is terminated by a short sinusigera notch. Detailed view of the initial whorl of the same protoconch as in A3 (A4). The embryonic shell is demarcated from the subsequent larval shell by a well developed thickened rim. B. Manzonia (Alvinia) partschi (Hörnes, 1856). Specimen (NHMW 2002z0030/0017) from the Badenian of Baden/Sooss, Lower Austria (B1). Lateral and apical view of the protoconch of the same specimen as in B1 (B2, B3). The protoconch is terminated by a short, slightly thickened sinusigera notch. Detailed view of the initial whorl of the same protoconch as in B3 (B4). The embryonic shell is strongly sculptured and terminated by a slightly sinuous rim. C. Manzonia (Manzonia) crassa (Kanmacher in J. Adams, 1798), specimen (NHMW 2002z0030/0018) from the Badenian of Niederleis, Lower Austria. D. Manzonia (Manzonia) scalaris (Dubois, 1831). Specimen (NHMW 2002z0030/0019) from the Badenian of Steinebrunn, Lower Austria (D1). Lateral and apical view of the protoconch of the same specimen as in D1 (D2, D3). The protoconch is terminated by a well developed sinusigera notch. Detailed view of the initial whorl of the same protoconch as in D3 (D4). The transition to the larval shell is indicated by a thickened rim.

Fig. 4 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 4. Antanal face of the eocrinoid Cardiocystites bohemicus Barrande, 1887 (MHNM.15406.13.1); Upper Ordovician, Morocco, Oued El Caïd Rami. A. Photograph of latex cast showing brachioles and stem articulated to the theca. B. Camera lucida drawing. Brachioles are not detailed because of their thinness. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 1. Location of the collecting site. A. General map of Morocco. B. Geological sketch−map of Anti−Atlas (after Destombes et al. 1985; modified). C. Geographical location of the studied section (black star).

Fig. 6 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 6. Palaeogeographical reconstruction of the continent position for the Sandbian (Upper Ordovician); modified from Cocks and Torsvik 2004.

Fig. 3 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 3. Global morphology of the Cardiocystites bohemicus Barrande, 1887 eocrinoid featuring developed ambulacra and the well−preserved stem inserted into the theca (Upper Ordovician, Morocco, Oued El Caïd Rami). A. MHNM. 15406.13.1; A1, photograph of the antanal face showing brachioles, the theca and the well−preserved stem; A2, enlargement showing erect ambulacra and brachioles. B. MHNM. 15406.13.2; B1, photograph of the anal face; B2, enlargement showing the anal pyramid. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 5. Anal face of the eocrinoid Cardiocystites bohemicus Barrande, 1887 (MHNM.15406.13.2); Upper Ordovician, Morocco, Oued El Caïd Rami. A. Photograph of latex cast showing anal pyramid and brachioles articulated to the theca. B. Camera lucida drawing. Brachioles are not detailed because of their thinness. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 2. Correlation chart between main stratigraphic subdivisions proposed for the Upper Ordovician by the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy (ISOS; modified from Webby et al. 2004; Bergström et al. 2006), North Gondwanan graptolite biozones (after Vannier et al. 2003; Webby et al. 2004; Finney 2005), lithostratigraphic units defined in the Anti−Atlas (after Destombes et al. 1985; Gutiérrez−Marco et al. 2003; Vecoli and Le Hérissé 2004), British regional time scale (after Webby et al. 2004; Finney 2005), and Bohemian regional time scale (after Prokop and Petr 1999; Vannier et al. 2003; Vecoli and Le Hérissé 2004). Abbreviations: G., Geniculograptus; D., Dicellograptus; N., Normalograptus.

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Fig. 1 in Palaeoecology of Late Triassic conodonts: Constraints from oxygen isotopes in biogenic apatite

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the Western Tethys and position of the Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines, Italy) for the Carnian (Late Triassic), modified after Stampfli and Kozur (2006). White, landmass; dark grey, basins; light grey, rift zones; hazel grey, continent margins.

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Fig. 2 in Palaeoecology of Late Triassic conodonts: Constraints from oxygen isotopes in biogenic apatite

Fig. 2. Oxygen isotope curves of conodont apatite from the Sasso di Castalda and Pignola 2 sections, Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines, Italy). Dark gray and light gray contours give, respectively, analytical reproducibility of 1 Ơ and 2 Ơ for δ18O. Radiometric age of 230.91 ± 0.33 Mya from Furin et al. (2006, 2007). Time scale after Brack et al. (2005).

Fig. 5 in Ordovician polychaeturid polychaetes: Taxonomy, distribution and palaeoecology

Fig. 5. Pattern of relative abundance (%) of polychaeturid polychaetes Pteropelta gladiata and Pteropelta huberti in the Laeva 18 drill core, central Estonia. The counts are based on a total of 572 posterior maxillae (MI), of which 147 belong to polychaeturids. Arrow heads indicate that the ranges continue beyond the interval shown.

Fig. 4 in Ordovician polychaeturid polychaetes: Taxonomy, distribution and palaeoecology

Fig. 4. Sketch map showing selected occurrences of four species of polychaeturid polychaete genus Pteropelta in the Baltic Region. Note that the localities may expose strata of different stratigraphical intervals. The boundary between shallow and deeper shelf facies is tentative; it has shifted in time due to basin infilling and sea level changes. Thus, for instance, the occurrence of P. gladiata in the Ruhnu and Valga drill cores does not infer its relation to deeper shelf settings. All localities are boreholes, unless stated otherwise. For more information about the localities see the on−line catalogue at http://sarv.gi.ee.

Fig. 3 in Ordovician polychaeturid polychaetes: Taxonomy, distribution and palaeoecology

Fig. 3. Stratigraphical distribution of polychaeturids in the Baltic region and also showing the tentative phylogenetic relationship between the different species. The stratigraphical chart is slightly modified from Nõlvak et al. (2006). Abbreviations: Dap., Dapingian; Flo., Floian; H., Hirnantian; Hun. & Bill., Hunneberg and Billingen; Reg., regional; Trem., Tremadocian.

Fig. 1 in Ordovician polychaeturid polychaetes: Taxonomy, distribution and palaeoecology

Fig. 1. Elements of jaw apparatuses of Ordovician polychaeturid polychaete Pteropelta gladiata Eisenack, 1939. A–I. Left MI, all in dorsal view. A. GIT 592−34, sample OM97−5, Väike−Pakri Cliff, Estonia, Kunda Stage, Darriwilian. B. GIT 592−35, sample OM97−20, Väike−Pakri Cliff, Estonia, Uhaku Stage, Darriwilian. C. GIT 592−36, sample OM03−51, Viru Mine, Estonia, Kukruse Stage, Sandbian. D. GIT 433−24, sample OM03−51, Viru Mine, Estonia, Kukruse Stage, Sandbian. E. GIT 592−37, sample OM97−116, Väike−Pakri Island, Estonia, Kukruse Stage, Sandbian. F. GIT 592−38, sample OM−205, Vaemla F−364 borehole, 140 m, Estonia, Keila Stage, Sandbian. G. GIT 592−39, sample M96−81, Orjaku borehole, 112.5 m, Estonia, Rakvere Stage, Katian. H. GIT 592−40, sample M96−1, Laeva 18 borehole, 187.45 m, Estonia, Pirgu Stage, Katian. I. LO 10476, sample 04E1−3, Stormyr−2 borehole, 213.65 m, Sweden, Pirgu Stage, Katian. J–Q. Right MI, all in dorsal view. J. GIT 433−25, sample OM03−51, Viru Mine, Estonia, Kukruse Stage, Sandbian, magnified (J1) and reduced to the same scale as O, to show size variation (J2). K. GIT 592−41, sample OM03−51, Viru Mine, Estonia, Kukruse Stage, Sandbian. L. GIT 592−42, sample OM−205, Vaemla F−364 borehole, 140 m, Estonia, Keila Stage, Sandbian. M. GIT 592−43, sample M96−49, Orjaku borehole, 47.62 m, Estonia, Pirgu Stage, Katian. N. GIT 592−44, sample M96−49, Orjaku borehole, 47.62 m, Estonia, Pirgu Stage, Katian. O. GIT 592−45, sample D−102/22, Lelle D−102 borehole, 141.42 m, Estonia, Pirgu Stage, Katian. P. GIT 592−46, sample D−102/49, Lelle D−102 borehole, 146.18 m, Estonia, Vormsi Stage, Katian. Q. LO 10477, sample 04E1−3, Stormyr−2 borehole, 213.65 m, Sweden, Pirgu Stage, Katian. R. Left MI, ventral view, GIT 592−47, sample OM97−5, Väike−Pakri Cliff, Estonia, Kunda Stage, Darriwilian. S. Left MI, left lateral view, GIT 592−48, sample M96−81, Orjaku borehole, 112.5 m, Estonia, Rakvere Stage, Katian. T. Right MI, right lateral view, GIT 592−49, sample M96−81, Orjaku borehole, 112.5 m, Estonia, Rakvere Stage, Katian. U. Apparatus, GIT 592−50, sample M−4711, Suhkrumägi outcrop, Estonia, Kunda Stage, Darriwilian. V. Apparatus, GIT 592−51, sample M−4430, Orjaku borehole, 135.6 m, Estonia, Keila Stage, Sandbian/Katian. W. Basal plate, GIT 592−52, sample M−4711, Suhkrumägi outcrop, Estonia, Kunda Stage, Darriwilian. X. Carriers, GIT 315−34, sample M96−77, Orjaku borehole, 63.8 m, Estonia, Pirgu Stage, Katian. Y. Carriers, GIT 592−53, sample M96−49, Orjaku borehole, 47.62 m, Estonia, Pirgu Stage, Katian. SEM micrographs, scale bars 100 µm.

Fig.9 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig.9.Diagram showing the percentages of flat versus globose morphotypes of encrusting foraminiferans within Facies 1, Facies 2, and Facies 3.

Fig.8 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig.8.Encrusting foraminiferans of Facies 3. A.IPUM 27832, Solenomeris sp.encrusting the lower surface of the coral Actinacis rollei. B.IPUM 27833, Carpenteria sp.encrusting the upper surface of the coral Actinacisrollei. C.IPUM 27834, Acervulinalinearis Hanzawa, 1947 encrusting the upper surface of the coral Actinacisrollei. D.IPUM 27835, foralgal crust with Miniacina sp.1 on the upper surface of the coral Actinacisrollei. E.IPUM 27836, foralgal crust with Planorbulina aff. uva Scheibner, 1968 (a), Miniacina aff. multiformis Scheibner, 1968 (b), and Victoriellidae (c) on the upper surface of the coral Acropora. F.IPUM 27837, foralgal crust with Miniacina aff. multiformis Scheibner, 1968 on the upper surface of the coral Astreoporatecta.Scale bar 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig. 3. Encrusting foraminiferans recognized in the Nago section and their relative abundance within Facies 1, Facies 2, and Facies 3.

Fig.2. A in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig.2. A.The portion of the Nago Limestone type section corresponding to the second major cycle.Minor cycles and facies types are also indicated (from Bosellini 1998). B.Model of the uppermost shallowing−upward parasequence showing distribution of facies types along the Nago Limestone shelf−edge.

Fig.1. A in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig.1. A.Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Lessini Shelf: 1) deep−water mudstones of the surrounding Jurassic basins; 2) Palaeogene lagoon and shelf−edge reefs; 3) Palaeogene pelagic claystones and marlstones (modified from Bosellini 1989). B.Location map of the study area with indication of the Nago Limestone type section (II° major cycle) (from Bosellini 1998).

Fig.6 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig.6.Diagram showing the percentages of isolated encrusting foramini − feran specimens versus foralgal crusts and their preferential attachment surface within Facies 1, Facies 2, and Facies 3.