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opencc-by-4.0May 2017View details →

Data used in the article "Cryptic disease-induced mortality may cause host extinction in an apparently-stable host-parasite system"

These data files include all the capture-history matrices that were used in the article, including two matrices with the age of captured individuals (adults or juveniles) according to the definition presented in the main text. Infection intensity (zoospore equivalents per swab) is provided in separate files for all Rhinoderma darwinii and Eupsophus contulmoensis individuals that tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection. Also, the R code used for the fully paramaterized matrix population model 1 (including figures) is provided. Other codes used to analyze our data, especifically capture-recapture models, were obtained from Kéry and Schaub 2012 (Bayesian population analysis using WinBUGS. A hierarchical perspective. Waltham, USA: Academic Press.)

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2017View details →

Fig. 2 in Haplocotyle japonica n. gen., n. sp. (Monogenea: Microbothriidae) Parasitic on Rhinobatos hynnicephalus (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes: Rhinobatidae) in Japanese Waters

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the Microbothriidae obtained using partial 28S rDNA sequences with Calicotyle japonica Kitamura, Ogawa, Shimizu, Kurashima, Mano, Taniuchi, and Hirose, 2010 (Monocotylidae), Benedenia seriolae (Yamaguti, 1934) and Capsala pricei Hidalgo-Escalente, 1959 (Capsalidae) as outgroups. Bootstrap values shown along the branches are based on 1,000 replicates for the ML and NJ analysis.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2017View details →

Fig. 1. Haplocotyle japonica n. gen., n in Haplocotyle japonica n. gen., n. sp. (Monogenea: Microbothriidae) Parasitic on Rhinobatos hynnicephalus (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes: Rhinobatidae) in Japanese Waters

Fig. 1. Haplocotyle japonica n. gen., n. sp. from Rhinobatos hynnicephalus. A–C, holotype (NSMT-Pl 6167); D, paratype (NSMT-Pl 6168). A, whole mount (ventral view); B, male copulatory organ; C, reproductive system; D, egg in oötype. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B–D, 100 µm. Abbreviations: ag, anterior gland; bc, buccal cavity; cgp, common genital pore; dmc, distal part of male copulatory organ; eb, excretory blad- der; gp, genital pouch; h, haptor; in, intestinal caeca; m, mouth; mag, male accessory gland; mco, male copulatory organ; mg, Mehlis' gland; mgo, male genital opening; o, oötype; od, oviduct; oo, opening of oötype; ov, ovary; ovd, ovovitelline duct; ph, pharynx; pmc, proximal part of male copulatory organ; sr, seminal receptacle; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis; tv, transverse vitelline duct; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vi, vitellarium; vid, vitelline duct; vp, vaginal pore.

Fig. 14. Pseudostegias dulcilacuum Markham, 1982 in Abdominal bopyrid parasites (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae: Athelginae) of diogenid hermit crabs from the western Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species

Fig. 14. Pseudostegias dulcilacuum Markham, 1982, scanning electron micrographs of male, USNM 1283412 (A–F). A, ventral view; B, ventral view of head, showing antennules, antennae, oral cone, and first pereopods; C, antennules and oral cone; D, left pereopods 1 and 2; E, left pereopod 7; F, pleon. Scale bars = 1 mm [A], 400 µm [B], 200 µm [C], 100 µm [D, E], 500 µm [F].

Fig. 11 in Abdominal bopyrid parasites (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae: Athelginae) of diogenid hermit crabs from the western Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species

Fig. 11. Parathelges aniculi (Whitelegge, 1897) Form B, scanning electron micrographs of male, USNM 1283389 (A–D), USNM 1283385 (E, F). A, ventral view of anterior end; B, right antennule, antenna and pereopod 1; C, right antenna, pereopods 1 and 2, oblique view; D, right pereopods 2 and 3; E, right pereopod 2, detail of distal end of dactyl, propodus and carpus; F, left pereopod 7. Scale bars = 500 µm [A], 200 µm [B, C], 200 µm [D], 50 µm [E, F].

Fig. 7. Falsanathelges mariae n in Abdominal bopyrid parasites (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae: Athelginae) of diogenid hermit crabs from the western Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species

Fig. 7. Falsanathelges mariae n. sp. scanning electron micrographs of male paratype, USNM 1283376 (A–F). A, ventral view of anterior end; B, dorsal view of head, showing cephalic slits (presumptive sensory structure, see Bourdon et al., 1981); C, oral cone; D, left pereopod 1; E, left pereopod 7; F, seventh pereomere and pleon. Scale bars = 400 µm [A, B], 20 µm [C], 100 µm [D], 200 µm [E], 500 µm [F].

Fig. 9 in Abdominal bopyrid parasites (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae: Athelginae) of diogenid hermit crabs from the western Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species

Fig. 9. Parathelges aniculi (Whitelegge, 1897) Form A, scanning electron micrographs of male, USNM 1283383 (A–D), USNM 1283380 6-31-87 (E, F). A, ventral view of anterior end; B, dorsal view of head, showing cephalic slits (presumptive sensory structures, see Bourdon et al., 1981); C, left antennule, antenna, pereopods 1 and 2; D, left pereopods 2 and 3; E, right pereopod 2, detail of distal end of dactyl, propodus and carpus; F, right pereopod 7. Scale bars = 500 µm [A, B], 400 µm [C, F], 200 µm [D], 50 µm [E].

Fig. 12 in Abdominal bopyrid parasites (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae: Athelginae) of diogenid hermit crabs from the western Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species

Fig. 12. Parathelges aniculi (Whitelegge, 1897) Form B, scanning electron micrographs of cryptoniscus larva, USNM 1283385 (A-F). A, ventral view; B, head, dorsal view; C, right antennule, ventral view; D, right antenna, laterodorsal view; E, right pereopods 1–4; F, right pereopods 5–7. Scale bars = 200 µm [A], 100 µm [B, D], 50 µm [C, E, F].

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Dataset for: Cattle aggregations at shared resources create potential parasite exposure hotspots for wildlife

Globally rising livestock populations and declining wildlife numbers are likely to dramatically change disease risk for wildlife and livestock, especially at resources where they congregate. However, limited understanding of interspecific transmission dynamics at these hotspots hinders disease prediction or mitigation. In this study, we combined gastrointestinal nematode density and host foraging activity measurements from our prior work in this system with three estimates of parasite-sharing capacity to investigate how interspecific exposures alter the relative riskiness of an important resource – water – among cattle and five dominant herbivore species in an East African tropical savanna. We found that due to their high parasite output, water dependence, and parasite-sharing capacity, cattle greatly increased potential parasite exposures at water sources for wild ruminants. When untreated for parasites, cattle accounted for over two-thirds of total potential exposures around water for wild ruminants, driving 2–23-fold increases in relative exposure levels at water sources. Simulated changes in wildlife and cattle ratios showed that water sources become increasingly important hotspots of interspecific transmission for wild ruminants when the relative abundance of cattle parasites increases. These results emphasize that livestock have significant potential to alter the level and distribution of parasite exposures across the landscape for wild ruminants.

How does parasite environmental transmission stage concentration change before, during, and after disease outbreaks?

Outbreaks of environmentally transmitted parasites require that susceptible hosts encounter transmission stages in the environment and become infected, but we also know that transmission stages can be in the environment without triggering disease outbreaks. One challenge for understanding the relationship between environmental transmission stages and disease outbreaks is that the distribution and abundance of transmission stages outside of their hosts have been difficult to quantify. Thus, we have limited data about how changes in transmission stage abundance influence disease dynamics; moreover, we do not know whether the relationship between transmission stages and outbreaks differs among parasite species. We used digital PCR to quantify environmental transmission stages of five parasites in six lakes in southeastern Michigan every two weeks from June to November 2021. At the same time, we quantified infection prevalence in hosts and host density. Our study focused on eight zooplankton host species (Daphnia spp. and Ceriodaphnia dubia) and five of their parasites from diverse taxonomic groups (bacteria, yeast, microsporidia, and oomycete) with different infection mechanisms. We found that parasite transmission stage concentration increased prior to disease outbreaks for all parasites. However, parasites differed significantly in the relative timing of peaks in transmission stage concentration and infection outbreaks. The 'continuous shedder' parasites had transmission stage peaks at the same time as or slightly after the outbreak peaks. In contrast, parasites relying on host death for transmission ('obligate killers') had transmission stage peaks before outbreak peaks. For most parasites, lakes with outbreaks had higher spore concentrations than those without outbreaks, especially once an outbreak began; the exception was for a parasite, Pasteuria ramosa, with very strong genotypic specificity of infection. Overall, our results show that disease outbreaks are tightly linked to transmission stage concentration; outbreaks were preceded by increases in transmission stage concentration in the environment and then were fueled by the production of more transmission stages during the outbreak itself, with concentrations decreasing to pre-outbreak levels as outbreaks waned. Thus, tracking transmission stages in the environment improves our understanding of the drivers of disease outbreaks and reveals how parasite traits may affect these dynamics.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Fig. 2A–H in Dirty Tricks in the Plankton: Diversity and Role of Marine Parasitic Protists

Fig. 2A–H. Protistan parasites of marine zooplankton. A – the dinoflagellate Haplozoon inerme (bottom left) parasitizing Appendicularia sicula (after Cachon 1964); B, C – hyperparasitic Amobophrya grassi in Oodinium poucheti, an ectoparasites on Oikopleura (after Cachon 1964); B – several early-stage parasites inside the host; C – macrospore (left) and dividing microspores (right) of A. grassi; D, E – the syndinean dinoflagellate Syndinium bogerti in the acantharian Amphilonche sp. (after Hollande and Enjumet 1955); D – multinuclear parasites inside the host; E – relased parasite macrospore (left) and microspore (right); F–H – Syndinium- like parasite in the copepod Clausocalanus sp. from the NW Mediterranean Sea; F, G – dinospores originating from the infected host in H. Scale bars: 10 µm; H – recently diseased host filled with live dinospores. Scale bar: 100 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Fig. 1A in Dirty Tricks in the Plankton: Diversity and Role of Marine Parasitic Protists

Fig. 1A–-E. Protistan parasites of marine phytoplankton. A – Amoeba biddulphiae in the diatom Odontella sinensis. Left: recently attached parasite cell. Center: parasitic amoeba inside the host. Rigth: almost empty diatom frustule with protoplasm transformed into 10 amoebae (after Zuelzer 1927); B, C – the stramenopile fungi Lagenisma coscinodisci in the diatom Coscinodiscus sp.; B – host cell protoplasm transformed into parasite hyphae; C – expulsion of parasite swarmer cells. Courtesy of Gerhard Drebes, Plankton*Net Data Provider at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine, http://planktonnet. awi.de; D – Parvilucifera sp. sporangium in a deceased dinoflagellate, Tripos macroceros, from the North Sea; E – Amoebophrya sp. in the dinoflagellate Tripos fusus from the North Sea. Arrows show extreme points of parasite. All scale bars: 50 µm.

Data for: The rediscovery of the putative ant social parasite Manica parasitica syn. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reveals an unexpected endoparasite syndrome

Parasitism is ubiquitous across the tree of life, comprising approximately half of all animal species. Social insect colonies attract many pathogens, endo- and ectoparasites, and are exploited by social parasites, which usurp the social environment of their hosts for survival and reproduction. Exploitation by parasites and pathogens versus social parasites may cause similar behavioral and morphological modifications. Ants possess two overlapping syndromes: the social parasite and endoparasite syndromes. Upon rediscovering two populations of the putative social parasite Manica parasitica in the Sierra Nevadas, we test the hypothesis that M. parasitica is an independently evolving social parasite species relative to its host M. bradleyi. We evaluate traits used to discriminate M. parasitica from M. bradleyi, and examine the morphology and behavior of M. parasitica in the context of ant parasitic syndromes. We find that M. parasitica is not a social parasite species. Instead, M. parasitica individuals represents cestode-infected M. bradleyi workers. We propose that Manica parasitica should be regarded as a junior synonym of Manica bradleyi. Our results emphasize that an integrative approach is essential for unraveling the complex life histories of social insects and their symbionts.

Data from: Extreme heat reduces host and parasite performance in a butterfly-parasite interaction

Environmental temperature fundamentally shapes insect physiology, fitness, and interactions with parasites. Differential climate warming effects on host versus parasite biology could exacerbate or inhibit parasite transmission, with far-reaching implications for pollination services, biocontrol, and human health. Here, we experimentally test how controlled temperatures influence multiple components of host and parasite fitness in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and their protozoan parasites Ophryocystis elektroscirrha. Using five constant temperature treatments spanning 18-34°C, we measured monarch development, survival, size, immune function, and parasite infection status and intensity. Monarch size and survival declined sharply at 34°C, as did infection probability, suggesting that hot temperatures decrease both host and parasite performance. The lack of infection at 34°C was not due to greater host immunity or faster larval development but could instead reflect the thermal limits of parasite invasion and within-host replication. In the context of ongoing climate change, our experiment suggests that temperature increases above the upper thermal range will reduce the fitness of both monarchs and their parasites, with lower infection rates potentially mitigating the impact of extreme heat on future monarch abundance and distribution.

Data from: The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism, and hostplant quality in a host-parasitoid system

Species interactions are expected to change in myriad ways as the frequency and magnitude of extreme temperature events increase with anthropogenic climate change. The relationships between endosymbionts, parasites, and their hosts are particularly sensitive to thermal stress, which can have cascading effects to other trophic levels. We investigate the interactive effects of heat stress and parasitism on a terrestrial tritrophic system consisting of two hostplants (one common, high-quality plant and one novel, low-quality plant), a caterpillar herbivore, and a specialist parasitoid wasp. We used a fully-factorial experiment to determine the bottom-up effects of the novel hostplant on both the caterpillars' life history traits and the wasps' survival, and the top-down effects of parasitism and heat shock on caterpillar developmental outcomes and herbivory levels. Hostplant identity interacted with thermal stress to affect wasp success, with wasps performing better on the low-quality hostplant under constant temperatures but worse under heat shock conditions. Surprisingly, caterpillars consumed less leaf material of the low-quality hostplant to reach the same final mass across developmental outcomes. In parasitized caterpillars, heat shock reduced parasitoid survival and increased both caterpillar final mass and development time on both hostplants. These findings highlight the importance of studying community-level responses to climate change from a holistic and integrative perspective and provide insight into potential substantial interactions between thermal stress and diet quality in plant-insect systems.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Year 1 Tanzanian ponds snail-parasite dynamics

<div> <div> <div> <div> Different populations of hosts and parasites experience distinct seasonality in environmental factors, depending on local-scale biotic and abiotic factors. This can lead to highly heterogeneous disease outcomes across host ranges. Variable seasonality characterizes urogenital schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic trematodes (Schistosoma haematobium). Their intermediate hosts are aquatic Bulinus snails that are highly adapted to extreme rainfall seasonality, undergoing prolonged dormancy yearly. While Bulinus snails have a remarkable capacity for rebounding following dormancy, we investigated the extent to which parasite survival within snails is diminished. We conducted an investigation of seasonal snail-schistosome dynamics in 109 ponds of variable ephemerality in Tanzania from August 2021 to July 2022. First, we found that ponds have two synchronized peaks of schistosome infection prevalence and observed cercariae, though of lower magnitude in the fully-desiccating than non-desiccating ponds. Second, we evaluated total yearly schistosome prevalence across an ephemerality gradient, finding ponds with intermediate ephemerality to have the highest infection rates. We also investigated dynamics of non-schistosome trematodes, which lacked synonymity with schistosome patterns. We found peak schistosome transmission risk at intermediate pond ephemerality, thus the impacts of anticipated increases in landscape desiccation could result in increases or decreases in transmission risk with global change. </div> </div> </div> </div>

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Data from: Parasite-mediated changes in host traits alter food web dynamics

Parasites commonly alter the phenotype of their host, thereby influencing competitive and consumer-resource interactions. This could trigger a cascade effect on the dynamics of biological communities, but the role of parasites in ecosystem processes is poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how parasite-induced trait modifications shape the dynamics of a complex lake food web using an allometric trophic network model (ATN). We simulated infections of stage-structured fish host populations via increased maintenance costs and predation risk. Our results show that host trait modifications can significantly impact host demography, with stage-specific biomass declines up to 60%. However, less severely affected host stages buffered these effects and sustained the population. Importantly, host biomass decline altered the dynamics of species interactions and these effects cascaded through the entire community, with biomass changes observed at all trophic levels. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating both indirect parasite effects and host life history in ecological network studies for more realistic simulations of community dynamics.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Arceuthobium M.Bieb. (Viscaceae) parasitizing an angiosperm: the unique case of Arceuthobium azoricum Hawksw. & Wiens in the Azores islands

Dataset for manuscript "Arceuthobium M.Bieb. (Viscaceae) parasitizing an angiosperm: the unique case of Arceuthobium azoricum Hawksw. & Wiens in the Azores islands".

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Fig. 5 in Parasitic gastropod bioerosion trace fossil on Cenomanian oysters from Le Mans, France and its ichnologic and taphonomic context

Fig. 5. Parasitic gastropod bioerosion and perforation trace Loxolenichnus stellatocinctus igen. et isp. nov., MHNLM 2015.2.244, holotype, Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian, Lycée Bellevue earthmoving works, Le Mans, Sarthe Department, France; on LV of Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801). A. Entire LV shell with the arrow showing the perforation. B. LV (viewed from inside), the arrow shows the opening of the perforation on the inner side of the shell, diascopic illumination. Outer (C) and inner (D) sides of the shell, close-ups of the perforation, the dashed line delimitates approximately the course of the perforation through the shell, diascopic illumination. E. Positive X-ray print of the perforation.