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FIGURE 4 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 4. SEM micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. A. Cyst; B. Vulval cone with anus; C. Cuticle surface showing wavy pattern; D. Circumfenestra of cyst; E. Anterior region of J2; F. Lateral field of second-stage juvenile (J2) showing incomplete annulation; G. Egg; H–I. Pattern on surface of egg;

FIGURE 3 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 3. Light micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. (J3) A–C: J3 in root after root staining; D: J3 off root picked after centrifugal-flotation. (Scale bars: A–C = 100 µm, D = 50 µm)

FIGURE 6 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of Heteroderinae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941. The 50% majority rule consensus trees from Bayesian analysis generated from two runs as inferred from the analysis of the D2–D3 of 28S rRNA gene sequences under the GTR + G model. Two clades (A and B) are identified among Cactodera sequences. Branch support (only above 50%) is shown on branches as Bayesian inference (BI)/maximum likelihood (ML)/maximum parsimony (MP). A dash (-) indicates branch support below 50% or incongruence between BI and ML/MP analyses. Sequences produced in this study are highlighted in gray.

FIGURE 1 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 1. Light micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. (Female and Cyst) A. Stylet of female; B. Neck of female; C– D. Vulva and anus of female; E–F. Posterior ends of female showing vulval slit; G. Immature females on roots; H. Females; I. Mature female (full of eggs); J. Egg; K. Cyst; L. Cysts. (Scale bars: A–B, E, F, J =20 µm, C–D = 50 µm, G, I = 200 µm, H= 500 µm, K = 100 µm, L=1mm.)

FIGURE 2 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 2. Light micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. (J2) A. Entire body of J2; B: Anterior region of J2; C–D: Tail of J2(U or V); E. Hemizonid of J2; F. Excretory pore of J2; G. Lateral field of J2. (Scale bars: A = 50 µm, B–G = 10 µm)

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: No evidence for behavioural adaptations to nematode parasitism by the fly Drosophila putrida

Behavioural adaptations of hosts to their parasites form an important component of the evolutionary dynamics of host–parasite interactions. As mushroom-feeding Drosophila can tolerate deadly mycotoxins, but their Howardula nematode parasites cannot, we asked how consuming the potent mycotoxin α-amanitin has affected this host–parasite interaction. We used the fly D. putrida and its parasite H. aoronymphium, which is both highly virulent and at high prevalence in some populations, and investigated whether adult flies utilize food with toxin to prevent infection in the next generation or consume the toxin to reduce the virulence of an already established infection. First, we found that uninfected females did not prefer to eat or lay their eggs on toxic food, indicating that selection has not acted on the flies to alter their behaviour towards α-amanitin to prevent their offspring from becoming infected by Howardula. However, we cannot rule out that flies use an alternate cue that is associated with toxin presence in the wild. Second, we found that infected females did not prefer to eat food with α-amanitin and that consuming α-amanitin did not cure or reduce the virulence of the parasite in adults that were already infected. In sum, our results indicate there are no direct effects of eating α-amanitin on this host–parasite interaction, and we suggest that toxin tolerance is more likely maintained by selection due to competition for resources than as a mechanism to avoid parasite infection or to reduce the virulence of infection.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: A combined parasitological-molecular approach for non-invasive characterization of parasitic nematode communities in wild hosts

Most hosts are concurrently or sequentially infected with multiple parasites; thus, fully understanding interactions between individual parasite species and their hosts depends on accurate characterization of the parasite community. For parasitic nematodes, noninvasive methods for obtaining quantitative, species-specific infection data in wildlife are often unreliable. Consequently, characterization of gastrointestinal nematode communities of wild hosts has largely relied on lethal sampling to isolate and enumerate adult worms directly from the tissues of dead hosts. The necessity of lethal sampling severely restricts the host species that can be studied, the adequacy of sample sizes to assess diversity, the geographic scope of collections and the research questions that can be addressed. Focusing on gastrointestinal nematodes of wild African buffalo, we evaluated whether accurate characterization of nematode communities could be made using a noninvasive technique that combined conventional parasitological approaches with molecular barcoding. To establish the reliability of this new method, we compared estimates of gastrointestinal nematode abundance, prevalence, richness and community composition derived from lethal sampling with estimates derived from our noninvasive approach. Our noninvasive technique accurately estimated total and species-specific worm abundances, as well as worm prevalence and community composition when compared to the lethal sampling method. Importantly, the rate of parasite species discovery was similar for both methods, and only a modest number of barcoded larvae (n = 10) were needed to capture key aspects of parasite community composition. Overall, this new noninvasive strategy offers numerous advantages over lethal sampling methods for studying nematode–host interactions in wildlife and can readily be applied to a range of study systems.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Heterozygote deficits in cyst plant parasitic nematodes: possible causes and consequences

Deviations of genotypic frequencies from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectations could reveal important aspects of the biology of populations. Deviations from HWE due to heterozygote deficits have been recorded for three plant-parasitic nematode species. However, it has never been determined whether the observed deficits were due (i) to the presence of null alleles, (ii) to a high level of consanguinity and/or (iii) to a Wahlund effect. The aim of the present work was, while taking into the possible confounding effect of null alleles, to disentangle consanguinity and Wahlund effect in natural populations of those three economically important cyst nematodes using microsatellite markers: Globodera pallida, G. tabacum and Heterodera schachtii, pests of potato, tobacco and sugar beet, respectively. The results show a consistent pattern of heterozygote deficiency in the three nematode species sampled at the spatial scale of the host plant. We demonstrate that the prevalence of null alleles is weak and that heterozygote deficits do not have a single origin. Our results suggested that it is restricted dispersal that leads to heterozygote deficits through both consanguinity and substructure, which effects can be linked to soil movement, cyst density, and the number of generations per year. We discuss potential implications for the durability of plant resistances that are used to protect crops against parasites in which mating between relatives occur. While consanguineous mating leads to homozygosity at all loci, including loci governing avirulence/virulence, which favours the expression of virulence when recessive, the Wahlund effect is expected to have no particular effect on the adaptation of nematodes to resistances.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Getting there and around: host range oscillations during colonisation of the Canary Islands by the parasitic nematode Spauligodon

Episodes of expansion and isolation in geographic range over space and time, during which parasites have the opportunity to expand their host range, are linked to the development of host-parasite mosaic assemblages and parasite diversification. In this study we investigated whether island colonisation events lead to host range oscillations in a taxon of host-specific parasitic nematodes of the genus Spauligodon in the Canary Islands. We further investigated if range oscillations also resulted in shifts in host breadth (i.e. specialization), as expected for parasites on islands. Parasite phylogeny and divergence time estimates were inferred from molecular data with Bayesian methods. Host divergence times were set as calibration priors after a priori evaluation with a global-fit method of which individual host-parasite associations likely represent cospeciation links. Parasite colonisation history was reconstructed, followed by an estimation of oscillation events and specificity level. The results indicate the presence of four Spauligodon clades in the Canary Islands, which originated from at least three different colonisation events. We found evidence of host range oscillations to truly novel hosts, which in one case led to higher diversification. Contemporary host-parasite associations show strong host specificity, suggesting that changes in host breadth were limited to the shift period. Lineages with more frequent and wider taxonomic host range oscillations prior to the initial colonisation event showed wider range oscillations during colonisation and diversification within the archipelago. Our results suggest that a lineage's evolutionary past may be the best indicator of a parasite's potential for future range expansions.

FIGURES 85, 88 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 85, 88. Pelecitus roemeri (Linstow 1905) Bartlett & Greiner, 1986 from Onychogalea unguifera, Queensland. 85, Caudal end male, latero-ventral view. 88, Left spicule, latero-ventral view. FIGURES 86–87, 89. Pelecitus cf roemeri from Macropus rufus Western Australia. 86, Caudal end male, latero-ventral view. 87, Caudal end male, latero-ventral view. 89, Left spicule, latero-ventral view. Scale bars = 50 µm.

FIGURES 78–81 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 78–81. Breinlia (Johnstonema) woerlei (Spratt & Varughese, 1975) Chabaud & Bain, 1976. 78, Vulva and vagina uterina, lateral view. 79. Anterior end female, lateral view. 80, Caudal end female, ventral view. 81, Posterior end female, lateral view. FIGURES 82–83. Breinlia (Breinlia) spelaea (Leidy, 1875) Chabaud & Bain, 1974. 82, Microfilaria from vagina uterina of Petrogale inornata. 83, Cephalic end, apical view, from Petrogale sharmani. FIGURE 84. Breinlia (Breinlia) pseudocheiri (Spratt & Varughese, 1975) Chabaud & Bain, 1976. 84, Caudal end female from Petauroides volans. Scale bars: Figs. 78, 79, 81 = 500 µm, Fig. 80 = 50 µm, Figs. 82–84 = 20 µm.

FIGURES 69–77 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 69–77. Breinlia (Breinlia) zyzomyos sp. nov. 69, Cephalic end, apical view. 70, Cephalic end, lateral view. 71, Anterior end female, lateral view. 72, Cuticular ornamentation male, 3.7mm from tail tip, bosses most dense ventrally and posteriorly. 73, Vulva, vagina and uterus of female filled with microfilariae, lateral view. 74, Oesophago-intestinal junction female, lateral view. 75, Posterior end male, lateral view. 76, Caudal extremity male, latero-ventral view. 77, Posterior end female, lateral view. Scale bars: Figs 69, 70, 72,75,76 = 50 µm, Figs 71, 73, 74, 77 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 59–68 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 59–68. Breinlia (Breinlia) tricondylus sp. nov. 59, Cephalic end female, lateral view. 60, Anterior end female, lateral view. 61, Vulva, vagina and uterus of female, lateral view. 62, Posterior end female, lateral view. 63, Right spicule and gubernaculum, right lateral view. 64, Left spicule, left lateral view. 65, Posterior end male, lateral view. 66, Caudal end female, lateral view. 67, Caudal end male, lateral view. 68, Cloacal region male, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 59-61, 63, 64, 66, 67 = 20 µm, Figs 62, 65, 68 = 50 µm.

FIGURES 48–58 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 48–58. Breinlia (Breinlia) presidentei sp. nov. 48, Cephalic end, apical view. 49, Anterior end female, dorsal view. 50, Vulva, vagina and uterus female, lateral view. 51, Posterior end male, lateral view. 52, Diagrammatic representation of distribution of cloacal papillae in male from Mesembriomys macrourus, 53, from M. gouldii, 54, from Conilurus penicillatus. 55, Anus female, lateral view. 56, Cuticular bosses on ventral surface male. 57, Caudal extremity male, ventral view. 58, Caudal extremity female, latero-ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 48–51, 55–58 = 50 µm.

FIGURES 21–28 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 21–28. Breinlia (Breinlia) dorcopsis sp. nov. 21, Cephalic end, lateral view. 22, Anterior extremity male, lateral view. 23, Vulva, vagina and intestine female, ventral view. 24, Cuticular bosses on ventral surface male, lateral view. 25, Caudal extremity male, lateral view. 26, Diagrammatic representation of distribution of cloacal papillae in 3 males. 27, Caudal extremity male, latero-ventral view. 28, Caudal extremity female, latero-ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 24, 27, 28 = 25µm, Figs 21, 23, 25 = 50 µm, Fig 22 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 1–6 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 1–6. Breinlia (Breinlia) beveridgei sp. nov. 1, Cephalic end, lateral view. 2, Oesophago-intestinal junction, lateral view. 3, Anterior extremity, male, lateral view. 4, Right spicule and gubernaculum, lateroventral view. 5, Posterior end male, lateral view. 6, Left spicule, lateral view. Scale bars: Fig. 1 = 20 µm, Figs. 2–5 = 50 µm, Fig. 6 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 29–37 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 29–37. Breinlia (Breinlia) melomyos sp. nov. 29, Cephalic end, apical view. 30, Vulva and vagina, lateral view. 31, Posterior extremity female, lateral view. 32,. Anterior extremity female, lateral view. 33, Caudal end female, lateral view. 34, Posterior end male, lateral view. 35, Right spicule, lateral view. 36, Oesophago-intestinal junction female, lateral view. 37, Cuticular ornamentation and lateral cord, male, 3.2 mm anterior to cloaca. Scale bars: Figs. 29, 37 = 25 µm, Figs. 30–34, 35 = 50 µm, Fig. 36 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 7–20 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860

FIGURES 7–20. Breinlia (Breinlia) bigenera sp. nov. 7, Cephalic end, apical view. 8, Cephalic end, lateral view. 9, Anterior extremity, male, lateral view. 10, Microfilaria. 11, Right spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view. 12, Distal extremity left spicule, latero-ventral view. 13, Left spicule, lateral view. 14, Vulva, vagina and intestine female, lateral view. 15, Caudal end male, lateral view. 16, Posterior extremity male, latero-ventral view. 17, Cloacal papillae male, ventral view. 18, Caudal end female, lateral view. 19, Caudal extremity female, lateral view. 20, Caudal extremity female, ventral view. Scale bars: Fig. 10 = 20 µm, Fig. 16 = 25 µm, Figs. 7, 8, 11–13, 15, 17, 19, 20 = 50 µm, Figs 9, 14, 18 = 100 µm.

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

Figure 10 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 10. Ancestral state reconstructions for the genus Hemicycliophora based on parsimony (left maximum parsimony tree) and Bayesian inference (BI; right: BI tree) of A, vulval lip structure; B, tail shape; C, presence of males. Posterior probabilities for each character state are indicated as pie charts in the majority consensus BI tree.