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opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

FIG. 1 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species

FIG. 1. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A-C, Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.; A, stem, bicollateral bundle; B, caudex, cortex laticifers and fibrous wood; C, caudex, fibrous wood, thin-walled libriform fibers, tangential section; D-F, Ceropegia africana R. Br.; D, stem, bicollateral bundles; E, stem, extraxylary gelatinous fibers; F, caudex, conjunctive tissue, parenchyma cells are proliferated in wood; G-I, Momordica rostrata Zimm; G, stem, wood; H, caudex, wood; I, caudex, conjunctive tissue bordered by secondary phloem. Abbreviations: bc, bicollateral bundle; l, laticifer; p, parenchyma cells; gf, gelatinous fibers; ct, conjunctive tissue; pw, parenchymatous wood; fw, fibrous wood; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: 50 µm.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

VCF files of common grassland plants from wild collected seeds of 19 common European grassland species with up to 4 consecutive generations grown in monoculture for seed production for restoration

A growing number of restoration projects require large amounts of seeds. As harvesting natural populations cannot cover the demand, wild plants are often propagated in large-scale monocultures. There are concerns that this cultivation process may cause genetic drift and unintended selection, which would alter the genetic properties of the cultivated populations and reduce their genetic diversity. Such changes could reduce the pre-existing adaptation of restored populations, and limit their adaptability to environmental change. We used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and a pool-sequencing approach to test for genetic differentiation and changes in gene diversity during cultivation in 19 wild grassland species, comparing the source populations and up to four consecutive cultivation generations. We then linked the magnitudes of genetic changes to the species' breeding systems and seed dormancy, to understand the roles of these traits in genetic change. The propagation changed the genetic composition of the cultivated generations only moderately. The genetic differentiation we observed as a consequence of cultivation was much lower than the natural genetic differentiation between different source regions. The propagated generations harbored even higher gene diversity than wild-collected seeds. Genetic change was stronger in self-compatible than in self-incompatible species, probably as a result of increased outcrossing in the monocultures. Synthesis and applications: Our study indicates that large-scale seed production maintains the genetic integrity of natural populations. Increased genetic diversity may be indicative of increased adaptive potential of propagated seeds, which would make them especially suitable for ecological restoration. Yet, it remains to be tested whether these patterns observed on the level of molecular markers will be mirrored also in plant phenotypes. Further, we used seeds produced in Germany and Austria, where the seed production is regulated and certified. Whether other seed production systems perform equally well remains to be tested.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Species Composition And Structure Of The Communities Of Plant-Parasitic And Free-Living Soil Nematodes In The Greenhouses Of Botanical Gardens Of Ukraine

Fig. 1. Dendrogram of similarity of the nematode communities in the greenhouses of botanical gardens of Ukraine (amalgamation by the method of complete linkage). Explanation of the abbreviations is given in table 2. Рис. 1. Дендрограмма сходства нематодных сообществ в оранжереях ботанических садов Украины (объединение по методу полной связи). Расшифровка сокращений дана в таблице 2.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in Species Composition And Structure Of The Communities Of Plant-Parasitic And Free-Living Soil Nematodes In The Greenhouses Of Botanical Gardens Of Ukraine

Fig. 2. Dendrogram of similarity of plant-parasitic nematodes' communities in the greenhouses of botanical gardens of Ukraine (amalgamation by the method of complete linkage). Explanation of the abbreviations is given in table 2.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Dataset for "Alien plants tend to occur in species-poor communities"

This dataset contains the list of plant species, their abundances, vegetation types, and the area of the vegetation plots analyzed in the paper titled “Alien plants tend to occur in species-poor communities” by Padullés Cubino et al. (2022; Neobiota).  These data were obtained from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý and Rafajová, 2003) (<a href="https://botzool.cz/vegsci/phytosociologicalDb">https://botzool.cz/vegsci/phytosociologicalDb</a>). The dataset contains 2 tables: <ol> <li>“Metadata.xlsx”: It includes a description of the fields found in "plot_species.csv".</li> <li>“plot_species.csv”: It includes the list of angiosperm plant taxa, their abundance cover, associated vegetation type, and the area of each vegetation plot.</li> </ol> References:  Chytrý M, Rafajová M (2003) Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. Preslia 75: 1–15.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

R_JAGS code for estimation and analysis of species-area-relationship (SAR) parameters from NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network) data on plant surveys

Invasive species science is heavily geared toward the invasive agent. However, management to protect native species also requires a proactive approach focused on understanding the features affecting community vulnerability to invasion impacts. Vulnerability is likely the result of factors acting across spatial scales, from local to regional, and it is the combined effects of these factors that will determine the magnitude of vulnerability. We introduce an analytical framework that quantifies the scale-dependent impact of biological invasions from the shape of the native species-area-relationship (SAR). We leverage newly available, biogeographically extensive vegetation data from the US National Ecological Observatory Network to assess plant community vulnerability to invasion impact as a function of factors acting across scales. We analyzed more than 1000 SARs widely distributed across the USA along environmental gradients and under different levels of invasion. Results show that a decrease in native richness is consistently associated with invasive species cover, but it is only at relatively high levels of invasion that native richness is compromised. After accounting for variation in baseline ecosystem diversity, net primary productivity, and human modification, ecoregions that are colder and wetter seem to be most vulnerable to losses of native plant species at the local level, while warmer and wetter areas seem most susceptible at the landscape level. We also document how the combined effects of cross-scale factors result in a heterogenous spatial pattern of vulnerability. This pattern cannot be predicted by analyses at any single scale, underscoring the importance of accounting for factors acting across scales. Simultaneously assessing differences in vulnerability between distinct plant communities at local, landscape and regional scales provided outputs that can be used to inform policy and management aimed at reducing vulnerability to the impact of plant invasions.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Stable species and interactions in plant-pollinator networks deviate from core position in fragmented habitats

Species and their interactions are more dynamic over time and space in fragmented habitats than in continuous habitats. In fragmented habitats, the low nestedness of mutualistic networks may be related to the position change of stable (high persistence over time/space) species and interactions in the networks. Previous studies have shown that stable species and interactions tend to be in the core position of mutualistic networks. However, in fragmented habitats, it remains unknown whether stable species or interactions still tend to be in the core position. To address this gap, here we evaluated the correlation between the position of proximity to the network core and the temporal/spatial stability of species and interactions, using the observation of 42 plant-pollinator networks conducted in a fragmented island landscape over 3 years. We showed that temporally/spatially stable species and interactions deviated from the network core to varying degrees. Temporally stable plants were most likely to deviate from the network core, followed by pollinators and interactions, while only spatially stable pollinators tend to deviate from the network core. When unstable species (present in few time/space points, typically specialists) and interactions occupy the network core, they cannot interact with most species in the network as generalists do, resulting in the decrease of network nestedness. Therefore, from the perspective of position and stability, stable species and interactions deviate from the network core in fragmented habitats, which is an important reason for the decrease of nestedness in mutualistic networks. Our study suggests that protecting plants that occupy the core in large plant-pollinator networks is essential for maintaining the network persistence in fragmented habitats.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Presence data for vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen species in 100 vegetation plots (each 1 m2) from 32 shell-beds at Akerøya, Hvaler, SE Norway

We present a data set consisting of abundance data for 106 vascular plant species, 36 bryophyte species and 13 lichen species from 100 vegetation plots, each 1 m2, distributed on 32 shell-beds at Akerøya, Hvaler municipality, former Østfold (in 2022 Viken) county. The plots were analysed with respect to species composition in June 1979. These data formed the basis for the publication: Halvorsen, R. 1980. Numerical analysis and successional relationships of shell-bed vegetation at Akerøya, Hvaler, SE Norway. Norw. J. Bot. Vol. 27 pp. 71-95. Oslo. ISSN 0300-1156.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Opposing community assembly patterns for dominant and non-dominant plant species in herbaceous ecosystems globally

Biotic and abiotic factors interact with dominant plants —the locally most frequent or with the largest coverage— and non-dominant plants differently, partially because dominant plants modify the environment where non-dominant plants grow. For instance, if dominant plants compete strongly, they will deplete most resources, forcing non-dominant plants into a narrower niche space. Conversely, if dominant plants are constrained by the environment, they might not exhaust available resources but instead may ameliorate environmental stressors that usually limit non-dominants. Hence, the nature of interactions among non-dominant species could be modified by dominant species. Furthermore, these differences could translate into a disparity in the phylogenetic relatedness among dominants compared to the relatedness among non-dominants. By estimating phylogenetic dispersion in 78 grasslands across five continents, we found that dominant species were clustered (e.g., co-dominant grasses), suggesting dominant species are likely organized by environmental filtering, and that non-dominant species were either randomly assembled or overdispersed. Traits showed similar trends for those sites (<50%) with sufficient trait data. Furthermore, several lineages scattered in the phylogeny had more non-dominant species than expected at random, suggesting that traits common in non-dominants are phylogenetically conserved and have evolved multiple times. We also explored environmental drivers of the dominant/non-dominant disparity. We found different assembly patterns for dominants and non-dominants, consistent with asymmetries in assembly mechanisms. Among the different postulated mechanisms, our results suggest two complementary hypotheses seldom explored: (1) Non-dominant species include lineages adapted to thrive in the environment generated by dominant species. (2) Even when dominant species reduce resources to non-dominant ones, dominant species could have a stronger positive effect on some non-dominants by ameliorating environmental stressors affecting them, than by depleting resources and increasing the environmental stress to those non-dominants. These results show that the dominant/non-dominant asymmetry has ecological and evolutionary consequences fundamental to understand plant communities.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Great tits (Parus major) flexibly learn that herbivore-induced plant volatiles indicate prey location – an experimental evidence with two tree species

1. When searching for food, great tits (Parus major) can use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as an indicator of arthropod presence. Their ability to detect HIPVs was shown to be learned, and not innate, yet the flexibility and generalization of learning remains unclear. 2. We studied if, and if so how, naïve and trained great tits (Parus major) discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings of Scotch elm (Ulmus glabra) and cattley guava (Psidium cattleyanum). We chemically analysed the used plants and showed that their HIPVs differed significantly and overlapped only in a few compounds. 3. Birds trained to discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings preferred the herbivore-induced saplings of the plant species they were trained to. Naïve birds did not show any preferences. Our results indicate that the attraction of great tits to herbivore-induced plants is not innate, rather it is a skill that can be acquired through learning, one tree species at a time. 4. We demonstrate that the ability to learn to associate HIPVs with food reward is flexible, expressed to both tested plant species, even if the plant species has not coevolved with the bird species (i.e. guava). Our results imply that the birds are not capable of generalising HIPVs among tree species but suggest that they either learn to detect individual compounds or associate whole bouquets with food rewards.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Can disease resistance evolve independently at different ages? Genetic variation in age-dependent resistance to disease in three wild plant species

1. Juveniles are typically less resistant (more susceptible) to infectious disease than adults, and this difference in susceptibility can help fuel the spread of pathogens in age-structured populations. However evolutionary explanations for this variation in resistance across age remain to be tested. 2. One hypothesis is that natural selection has optimized resistance to peak at ages where disease exposure is greatest. A central assumption of this hypothesis is that hosts have the capacity to evolve resistance independently at different ages. This would mean that hosts populations have a) standing genetic variation in resistance at both juvenile and adult stages, and b) that this variation is not strongly correlated between age-classes so that selection acting at one age does not produce a correlated response at the other age 3. Here we evaluated the capacity of three wild plant species (Silene latifolia, S. vulgaris, and Dianthus pavonius) to evolve resistance to their anther-smut pathogens (Microbotryum fungi), independently at different ages. The pathogen is pollinator-transmitted, and thus exposure risk is considered to be highest at the adult flowering stage. 4. Within each species we grew families to different ages, inoculated individuals with anther smut, and evaluated the effects of age, family and their interaction on infection. 5. In two of the plant species, S. latifolia and D. pavonius, resistance to smut at the juvenile stage was not correlated with resistance to smut at the adult stage. In all three species, we show there are significant age*family interaction effects, indicating that age-specificity of resistance varies among the plant families. 6. Synthesis: These results indicate that different mechanisms likely underlie resistance at juvenile and adult stages and support the hypothesis that resistance can evolve independently in response to differing selection pressures as hosts age. Taken together our results provide new insight into the structure of genetic variation in age-dependent resistance in three well-studied wild host-pathogen systems.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Diversity among rare and common congeneric plant species from the Garry oak and Okanagan shrub-steppe ecosystems in British Columbia: implications for conservation

Using universal non-coding chloroplast DNA markers (cpDNA), we investigated genetic diversity and genetic structure in four rare and common plant species pairs inhabiting threatened ecosystems (Garry Oak and Okanagan shrub-steppe) in British Columbia. The species found in the Garry oak ecosystem are: Sanicula bipinnatifida (purple sanicle; Apiaceae; rare), Sanicula crassicaulis (Pacific sanicle; Apiaceae; common), and Balsamorhiza deltoidea (deltoid balsamroot; Asteraceae; rare). The species found in the Okanagan shrub-steppe ecosystem are: Balsamorhiza sagittata (arrowleaf balsamroot; Asteraceae; common), Orthocarpus barbatus (Grand Coulee owl-clover; Orobanchaceae; rare), Orthocarpus luteus (yellow owl-clover; Orobanchaceae; common), Phacelia ramosissima (branching phacelia; Hydrophyllaceae; rare), and Phacelia linearis (thread-leaved phacelia; Hydrophyllaceae; common). Eight cpDNA regions were sequenced for each study species. Sequences were aligned and concatenated within each species, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to analyze patterns of regional genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure within genera and species. Results include: total gene diversity (Ht), nucleotide diversity (π), number of private alleles, haplotype networks, isolation by distance, and analysis of molecular variance.

Fig. 30 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 30 (continued on next page). Distribution of the lutko species group fritillaries in combination with the distribution of known and suspected species of host plants from the genus Phlomoides Blume. = Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932; = M. timandra timandra Coutsis & Oorschot, 2014; = M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov.; = M. shahvarica sp. nov.; = M. mimetica mimetica Higgins, 1940; = M. mimetica delerei Heidemann, 1954;? = unconfirmed findings of M. timandra; = M. timandra with an unclear subspecies status; = Phlomoides regeliana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides boissieriana (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides laciniata (L.) Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides labiosiformis (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides loasifolia (Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki; = Phlomoides acaulis (Beck ex Rech.f.) Salmaki; = Phlomoides labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. A. Pakistan, Chitral, Chaghbini CGNP, alt. 2700–3000 m. B. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Drosh. C. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Keon Nullah. D. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Malakand. E. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Birmoglasht. F. Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, Kepeli, alt. 700 m. G. Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, Kyzyl-Jar, alt. 700 m. H. Turkmenistan, Kushka, alt. 700 m. I. Turkmenistan, Murgab river, Sary-Yazy, alt. 300 m. J. Turkmenistan, 30 km E of BairamAli, Zahmet, alt. 240 m. K. Turkmenistan, Bairam-Ali, alt. 230 m. L. Turkmenistan, Kara-Kum desert, 30 km W of Mary, alt. 200 m.M. Turkmenistan, Dushak, alt. 250 m.N. Turkmenistan, Chaacha, alt. 400 m. O. Turkmenistan, Bakharden, alt. 200 m. P. Iran, Khorossan Razavi, Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Qadamgah area, Gerina, alt. 2000 m. Q. Iran, Khorasan Razavi, Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, 15 km SW of Zoshk, alt. 2300– 2500 m. R. Iran, S Khorosan, 75 km N of Birjant, Sedeh, alt. 1500 m. S. Iran, S Khorosan, 35 km N of Birjant, alt. 1500 m. T. Afghanistan, Bamian, Band-e-Amir, Dzhudoi-Kvak Gorge, alt. 3200 m. U. Afghanistan, Bamian, Band-e-Amir, Hazarajat, alt. 3000–3200 m. V. Afghanistan, Bamian, Koh-iBaba Mts, Joshanak, alt. 2800 m. W. Afghanistan, Heart, Qala-i-Naw, Kashka pass. X. Iran, Semnan, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2200–2500 m. Y. Turkmenistan, Kara-Kala, Monjukly Ridge, 300–700 m. Z. Iran, Golestan, E Maraveh Tappeh, N Ghazan Ghayeh, Palizan Mts. A". Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2500 m. B". Pakistan, Balochistan, Ziarat, alt. 2500 m. C". Pakistan, Balochistan, Khojak, alt. 1700 m. D". Pakistan, Balochistan, Zaghum, alt. 1600 m; E". Pakistan, Punjab, Gawar, alt. 500 m. F". Pakistan, Balochistan, Sheik Wazil, alt. 1600 m. G". Afghanistan, Bamian, Hushkak, alt. 2700–2800 m. H". Afghanistan, Bamian, Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas, alt. 2400 m. I". Afghanistan, Ghor, 17 km E of Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m. J". Afghanistan, Ghor, Bayan Range, 15 km S of Changcharan, Kindival valley, alt. 2700 m. K". Afghanistan, Bamiyan, Kohi-Baba Mts, Panjao, alt. 3000 m. Afghanistan, Bamiyan, Koh-i-Baba Mts, Shah-tu-Kotal, alt. 4000 m. L". Afghanistan, Kapisa, Pandshir valley, alt. 2200–2800 m. M". Afghanistan, Kabul. N". Iran, Tehran, Elburz Ridge, Demavend Mt., Ask, alt. 1800 m. O". Iran, Semnan, Foulad Mohaleh, alt. 2200 m. P". Pakistan, Punjab, Murree.

Fig. 29 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 29.Differences in the structure of valva and aedeagus of the lutko species group.A. Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. B, D, H. M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. C–E. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. F. M. lutko Evans, 1932. G. M. timandra timandra Coutsis &van Oorschot, 2014. A. Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. B. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m. C. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. D. Afghanistan, Band-i-Amir, Hazarajat. E. Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400– 2700 m. F. Pakistan, Chitral, Gol National Park, alt. 2700 m. G. Turkmenistan, Sary-Yazy, alt. 700 m. H. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m.

Fig. 28 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 28.Eggs and caterpillars of Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. in nature and in the laboratory.A–B. Freshly laid eggs under a leaf of a host plant, May 2018, Iran, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2200 m. C–D. IV–V instar caterpillars on the leaves of the host plant Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki, July 2019, Iran, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2500 m. E. I instar caterpillars in the laboratory, Moscow, May 2018. F. VI instar caterpillars during diapause, Moscow, October 2018.

Fig. 18. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 18. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C. Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. D–E. M. lutko Evans, 1932. F–I. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. A–C. Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. D–E. Pakistan, Chitral, Chaghbini, CGNP [Chitral Gol National Park], alt. 2700 m. F–G. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km. NE Varas v., alt. 2400 m. H–I. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Panjub Distr., 10 km. NE Varas vil., alt. 2400 m.

Fig. 8 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 8. Distribution of Melitaea mimetica Higgins, 1940. For a description of the symbols with letters, see Fig. 30. = M. mimetica mimetica Higgins, 1940; = M. mimetica delerei Heidemann, 1954.

Fig. 14 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 14. Distribution of Melitaea timandra timandra Coutsis & van Oorschot, 2014, M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. and M. shahvarica sp. nov. For a description of the points by letters, see Fig. 30. = Melitaea timandra timandra; = Melitaea timandra binaludica subsp. nov.; = Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov.;? = unconfirmed finds of Melitaea timandra; = Melitaea timandra with uncertain subspecies status.

Fig. 17 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 17. Male genitalia (without aedeagus) in dorsal projection. A–C. Melitaea timandra timandra Coutsis & van Oorschot, 2014. D–I. M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. A–C. S Turkmenistan, SaryYazy, alt. 300 m. D –F. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m. G. Iran, Horossan Prov., 35 km N of Birjant t. H. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Band-e-Amir, alt. 3200 m. I. Central Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Band-e-Amir, Dzhudoi-Kvak Gorge, alt. 3200 m.

Fig. 24 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 24. First instar caterpillar of Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. A. Head, bottom view. B. Head, front view. C–D. Head, lateral view. E–F. Caterpillar, lateral view.