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Fig. 4 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 4. Correlation between the percentages of Chironomidae larvae consumed by Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & C. de Oliveira, 2009 and the percentage of individuals of M. forestii consumed by Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) in the all levels of habitat complexity.

Fig. 5 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 5. Conceptual scheme describing prey consumption by Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) and Moenkhausi forestii Benine, Mariguela & C. de Oliveira, 2009 reported in this experimental study. Bold solid arrows represent trophic interactions and thin solid arrows represent direct effects. Dashed arrow represents indirect effects. Habitat complexity, represented by macrophytes density, affects prey capture strategy of H. unitaeniatus and indirectly affects invertivore foraging.

Fig. 1 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 1. The experimental design. The (A) axis represents habitat complexity [(a) low, (b) intermediate and (c) high] and the (B) axis represents the piscivore [(d) absence and (e) presence]. Numbers in the aquaria represent the number of replicates for each treatment combination.

Fig. 3 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 3. Percentage of Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & C. de Oliveira, 2009 individuals consumed by Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) in low, intermediate and high habitat complexities.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Diversity of fecal parasitomes of wild carnivores inhabiting Korea, including zoonotic parasites and parasites of their prey animals, as revealed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing

Fig. 2. Relative abundance of all parasite genera detected from fecal samples of wild carnivores in Korea. The relative abundance of each parasite is defined as the ratio of the number of sequence reads assigned to that parasite to the total number of sequence reads assigned to all target parasites.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Diversity of fecal parasitomes of wild carnivores inhabiting Korea, including zoonotic parasites and parasites of their prey animals, as revealed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing

Fig. 1. Diversity of fecal parasitomes of wild carnivores in Korea. The results shown are based on the diversity of zero-radius operational taxonomic units (ZOTUs) that were taxonomically assigned to parasites. (a) Comparison of richness and diversity of parasite ZOTUs between host animals estimated by the Chao1 estimator and Shannon index, respectively. (b) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots showing the structure and membership of parasite ZOTUs represented by the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard index, respectively. In the panel (a), one asterisk (*) and two asterisks (**) represent p <0.05 and p <0.01, respectively, by the post hoc Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The abbreviation "ns" represents no statistical difference.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2014View details →

Fig. 6 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 6 First (a) and second (b) phase of the tongue prehension mode shown in Fig. 4a. The time axes are normalized to percentages of corresponding phase duration. Both phases can, therefore, be directly compared to the kinematic profiles shown in Fig. 4. Note the striking similarities of movement patterns of the second phase (b) and the aquatic feeding patterns shown in Fig. 4a, b, c

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2014View details →

Fig. 5 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 5 Significant correlation plots of kinematic variables. The feeding modes are color*coded: blue (a, b) suction feeding in the aquatic stage, liVWt brown (c, d), jaw prehension in the aquatic stage, and Vreen (e–l)

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

The Meadow Viper's perspective on the diet and predator-prey interactions of the reptile specialist Smooth Snake

Despite its wide distribution, ecological data on the Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) remains limited. Previous dietary analyses report that it mainly consumes lizards, but it also eats mammals and snakes. Little information is available on the habitat choice of the species, but vegetation structure and microtopography are considered the main factors determining occupancy of these snakes. As there is limited data on the diet of this species from Central Europe and it was considered a potential predator of the endangered Vipera ursinii rakosiensis (Hungarian Meadow Viper), we conducted a study concerning the diet of C. austriaca in one of the largest habitats of V. ursinii in Hungary. As there is no data on the occupancy of C. austriaca, we tested if the availability of certain prey species affects its occupancy C. austriaca individuals were captured to collect faecal samples, in which the remains were identified. In the obtained samples (n=53) we found remains of lizards (65%), mammals (20%), insects (12.5%) and Smooth Snake (2.5%). The consumed lizard species were Lacerta viridis, Podarcis tauricus and Lacerta agilis. We found no remains of V. ursinii in the faecal samples. We used dynamic two-species occupancy modeling to test if the occupancy of C. austriaca is linked to the presence of its prey species in the area. We found an interaction between C. austriaca and its lizard prey, as occupancy of C. austriaca had a higher probability when these species were present. We found no interaction between C. austriaca and V. ursinii. Our results support that C. austriaca mainly preys on lizards and its site occupancy depends on prey availability. Importantly, we found no evidence that C. austriaca consumes V. ursinii, which is further supported by the lack of interaction between the occupancy of C. austriaca and that of V. ursinii.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Supplementary data for "Individual quality and environmental factors interact to shape reproduction and survival in a resident bird of prey"

Abstract The archive contains data file and R-Script to reproduce the results presented in the paper “Individual quality and environmental factors interact to shape reproduction and survival in a resident bird of prey” published in Royal Society Open Science.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

FIGURE 2 in Prey selectivity of the invasive largemouth bass towards native and non-native prey: an experimental approach

FIGURE 2 | Relationship between the Manly-Chesson selectivity and prey availability for Micropterus salmoides. Higher values indicate preference for non-native species. Shading represents 95% confidence intervals. Note that because the index fluctuates between 0 and 1, with 2 types of prey and equal availability of prey for both types, the result of the index for one prey is exactly the opposite of the other. For this reason, the graph only shows the results of the index for the non-native species. The graph for the other type of prey would be the spectral image of this one.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in Prey selectivity of the invasive largemouth bass towards native and non-native prey: an experimental approach

FIGURE 1 | Relative consumption of non-native (Oreochromis niloticus and Coptodon rendalli) and native (Geophagus iporangensis) prey, considering different prey availability for Micropterus salmoides.

Fig. 6 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 6. Relationships between test thickness and test length (A) and benefit−cost curves (B) of Echinocyamus species from the Heterostegina Sands; N, number of specimens; R, Pearson's correlation coefficient. Test thickness measured at the upper part of interambulacra situated between petals.

Fig. 15 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 15. Tests of representatives of Echinocyamus bearing multiple drill holes. A. Echinocyamus pseudopusillus. Double drilled MWG/ZI/036 in aboral (A1) and oral (A2) views. B. Echinocyamus pusillus. Double drilled MWG/ZI/037 in aboral (B1) and oral (B2) views. C–G. Echinocyamus linearis. C. MWG/ZI/038 bearing three drill holes in oral view. D. Juvenile specimen (MWG/ZI/039) bearing three drill holes in aboral (D1) and slightly (D2) oblique views. E. Double drilled MWG/ZI/040 in lateral (E1) and aboral (E2) views. Note the crevice connecting the drill holes (white arrow) and its oral prolongation (see E1). F. Double drilled MWG/ZI/041 in aboral view. Note extremely short distance between the drill holes. G. Double drilled MWG/ZI/042 in oblique view; ps, peristome; pp, periproct; d1, d2, d3, drill holes. E. linearis and E. pusillus collected from the coarse−grained Heterostegina Sands, and E. pseudopusillus from the fine−grained Heterostegina Sands. Scale bars 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 5. Cross−sections of Echinocyamus tests. A, B. Echinocyamus pusillus, MWG/ZI/018 (A), MWG/ZI/019 (B). C. Echinocyamus linearis, MWG/ZI/020. D. Echinocyamus pseudopusillus, MWG/ZI/021; internal supports indicated by white arrows. Scale bars 0.5 mm.

Fig. 9 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 9. Intensities of drilling predation observed within particular samples (A) and facies (B). Confidence intervals for large samples (30 specimens or more) p (1 − p) computed from the formula p ± 1.96, where p denotes the proportion of one kind of fossil observed in the collection of n specimens (Łomnicki n 1995). Confidence intervals for small samples (less than 30 specimens) derived from Weber (1964: Table 8a).

Fig. 1 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 1. Palaeoenvironmental sketch of the Korytnica Basin with sample localities (adapted from Złotnik 2003).

Fig. 13 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 13. Distribution of drill holes within the particular sectors of the tests of Echinocyamus linearis (A), Echinocyamus pusillus (B), and Echinocyamus pseudopusillus (C); Fq, relative frequency of drill holes. E. linearis and E. pusillus collected from the coarse−grained Heterostegina Sands, and E. pseudopusillus from the fine−grained Heterostegina Sands. Fq for particular sectors computed from the formulas presented in Table 2, the numbers of formulas in Table 2 correspond to the numbers attributed here to the particular sectors. Confidence intervals computed from the formulas presented in captions to Fig. 9; abor. − (pet. + ap. dsc.), aboral side of test excluding petals and apical disc.

Fig. 12 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 12. Relationship between the size of drilled Echinocyamus linearis and the size (maximum diameter) of the drill holes; N, number of specimens; R, Pearson's correlation coefficient; p, probability of significance of R. All specimens collected from coarse−grained Heterostegina Sands.

Fig. 8 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland

Fig. 8. Numerical distribution of the particular morphotypes of drill holes within the studied Echinocyamus species.