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407 results for “riparian”
Modelling riparian forest distribution and composition to entire river networks
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Developing a methodology to map the distribution of riparian forests to entire river networks and determining the main environmental factors controlling their spatial patterns.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Cantabrian region, northern Spain.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We mapped the riparian forests at a physiognomic and phytosociological levels by delimiting riparian zones and generating vegetation distribution models based on remote sensing data (Landsat 8 OLI and LiDAR PNOA). We built virtual watersheds to define a spatial framework where the catchment environmental information can be routed to each river reach, jointly with the vegetation map. In order to determine the drivers playing a significant role on the observed spatial patterns in the riparian forest we modelled interactions between these datasets of environmental information and riparian vegetation by using the Random Forest algorithm.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The modelling results obtained reproduced a reliable variation of riparian forest structure and composition across Cantabrian watersheds. The produced maps were highly accurate, with more than a 70% overall accuracy for the forest occurrence. A clear differentiation between Eurosiberian (91E0 and 9160 habitats) and Mediterranean (92E0) riparian forests was shown on both sides of the mountain range. Topography and land use were the main drivers defining the distribution of riparian forest as a physiognomic unit. In turn, altitude, climate and percentage of pasture were the most relevant factors determining their composition (phytosociological approach).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study confirms that the anthropic control ultimately defines the distribution of the vegetation in the riparian area at a regional to local scale. Human disturbances constrain the extension of forest patches across their potential distribution defined by topoclimatic boundaries, which establish a clear limit between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian biogeographical regions.</p>
Dataset for "Divergent selection and primary gene flow shape incipient speciation of a riparian tree on Hawaii Island"
<p>HawaiiPopulation_Raw.bcf.gz</p> <p>- Unfiltered SNP + INDEL VCF file for Hawaii Island Metrosideros</p> <p> </p> <p>HawaiiPopulation_FILTERED_SNP.bcf.gz</p> <p>- Filtered SNP VCF for Hawaii Island Metrosideros</p> <p> </p> <p>Population_WithOutgroup_Raw.vcf.gz</p> <p>- Unfiltered SNP + INDEL VCF file used in analysis that grouped G<sub>H1</sub>, G<sub>H2</sub>, N subpopulation with the outgroup samples.</p> <p> </p> <p>Population_WithOutgroup_FILTERED_SNP.vcf.gz</p> <p>- Filtered SNP VCF file used in analysis that grouped G<sub>H1</sub>, G<sub>H2</sub>, N subpopulation with the outgroup samples.</p> <p> </p> <p>Population_WithOutgroup.geno.gz</p> <p>- Genotype file generated from the genomic_general from S. Martin and used as input for Dxy and Fst window analysis</p> <p> </p> <p>Popgene_stat*</p> <p>- 5, 10, and 50 kbp windows of calculating pi, Dxy, Fst, Omega, Hscan, and H12 statistics </p> <p> </p> <p>GPHOCS_INPUT.txt</p> <p>- Input data file for GPhoCS analysis</p> <p> </p> <p>GPHOCS_control_*</p> <p>- GPhoCS control file</p> <p> </p> <p>DADI_INPUT*</p> <p>- Input 2D-SFS file for dadi analysis</p>
FIGURE 1 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA
FIGURE 1. Location of the White Clay Creek leaf mat site, Chester County, Pennsylvania.
Determining the Impacts of Stone Quarry Works On Riparian Vegetation of River Molo in Rongai Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya
<p>The contribution made by stone quarrying to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in many countries globally is enormous. Whether small or large-scale, stone quarrying is inherently disruptive and can cause detrimental effects on the fragile riparian vegetation. This research therefore, aimed at determining the status of riparian vegetation between 2000- 2023 along river Molo and establishing the effects of stone quarry works on riparian vege-tation. A descriptive survey design was adopted where 404 household heads were randomly sampled from a total of 35,545 households in Visoi, Soin and Mosop wards. 15 key informants were purposively sampled for interviews. Questionnaires, interview schedules and Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) instruments were used in data collection. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS (Version 25), ArchMap and remote sensing (time series) to analyze changes in riparian vegetation using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The findings revealed a significant decline in riparian vegetation attributed to land use changes driven by poor agricultural practices and quarrying activities. The five purposively selected quarries were found to be located between 49 - 330 meters away from the river, where one was abandoned with no sign of reclamation, thus directly affecting the health and integrity of the riparian vegetation. It was also noted that massive heaping of quarry overburden and deep excavation accelerated felling of trees, reduced natural regeneration and increased soil erosion. These findings will be useful to inform the best quarrying practices to reduce detrimental impacts on riparian vegetation and a foundation for policy development in quarrying sector at county and national level.</p>
Stuck between the mandibles of an insect and of a rodent: where does the fate of ash-dominated riparian temperate forests lie?
<p>The beaver (<em>Castor canadensis</em> Khul) is a key species that is known to shape the composition of riparian forests. Ash trees (<em>Fraxinus</em> spp.) can be abundant in these forests. However, invasion by the emerald ash borer (<em>Agrilus planipennis </em>Fairmaire) in North America threatens their survival. The disappearance of ash will have a large impact on the riparian forest composition in itself. It is not known what the consequences would be for the remaining forest if ash plays an important role in the beaver diet. Inventory plots across a ash gradient were measured in Plaisance National Park, Quebec, Canada, to collect data and to establish if (1) trees and saplings of this genus were selected or avoided by beavers, (2) if other genera had a lower or a greater probability of being consumed compared to ash, and (3) if ash density could affect the probability of consumption of other genera. Of all genera present in the park, ash trees were selected in the highest number of plots. Only two genera, <em>Carpinus</em> and <em>Populus</em>, had a higher probability of being consumed than ash. These genera are not abundant in the park, and neither in riparian forests of the temperate biome, and thus are not good candidates to replace ash as a staple for beavers. The most abundant genus in riparian temperate forests, along with ash, is <em>Acer</em>. In this study, <em>Acer</em> trees were not selected, and as for <em>Acer</em> saplings, were less likely to be consumed than ash. Mixed results were obtained about genera that could become more likely to be consumed as ash density decreases. It would seem that the disappearance of ash would not cause a switch to a single or a few genera in the future, which may be due to the high diversity of genera present in temperate riparian forests. However, ash may not disappear completely due to its capacity to sprout following the death of the aboveground portion of ash trees. This scenario is discussed in light of the susceptibility of intermediate-sized ash stems to be colonized by the emerald ash borer and of the greater likelihood of beavers to feed on these same-sized stems.</p>
Floristic composition, structure and diversity of riparian forests in southwestern Nigeria: Conservation is inevitable
<p>The Nigerian riparian forest ecosystems had declined in extent and distribution and this had been attributed mainly to land use change. This study intended to provide an understanding of the links between plant diversity, composition, structures, and disturbances both anthropogenic and natural processes inducing the vegetation dynamics. Nine study sites were used for this study, within each site, five (5) plots (0.25 ha in size) were marked out and placed systematically at an interval of 10 m along the transect. A complete enumeration of plant species was carried out and identified at the species level. Diversity indices and structural parameters were determined and anthropogenic activities were ranked. A total number of 233 plant species were identified, belonging to 80 families; out of which, Euphorbiaceae and Apocynaceae were dominant families The density and basal area ranged from 2,200-6,000 ha<sup>-1</sup> and 2.59-17.58 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> respectively across the study sites. <em>Pterocarpus santalinoides</em>, <em>Alchornea cordiflora</em>, <em>Chassalia kolly</em>, <em>Tetracera</em> spp,<em> Fimbristylis</em>, <em>Bambusa vulgaris</em> and <em>Cyrtosperma senegalense</em> were the dominant species. The Shannon diversity index ranged from (1.38-3.49), Simpson (0.66-0.97), and Evenness diversity (0.43-0.84). Fisher alpha (10.03-30.21) and Whittaker beta diversity (0.36-0.89) values were highest in Ipetumodu (site VIII) and lowest in Ilesha (site II). Seventy-three (73%) of the species in this study had a low important value index (IVI). The dominance of some lianas and herbaceous species in the riparian forest sites showed disturbances, stages of ecological succession, and regeneration of the vegetation. Conservation is inevitable towards maintaining and protecting species diversity, ecosystem roles, and services of these forests in Nigeria.</p>
Functional stability of vegetation following biocontrol of an invasive riparian shrub
<p>Understanding plant community response to environmental change is a crucial aspect of biological conservation and restoration, but species-based approaches are limited in that they do not reveal the underlying mechanisms driving vegetation dynamics. An understanding of trait-environment relationships is particularly important in the case of invasive species which may alter abiotic conditions and available resources. This study is the first to measure the functional response of riparian plant communities to biocontrol of an invasive species. We focused on an invasive shrub <em>Tamarix</em> (saltcedar) that is defoliated by a beetle that was released by the US Department of Agriculture along the Upper Colorado River (southwestern United States). We calculated community weighted means and functional dispersion of individual traits, multivariate functional dispersion and species diversity. We used linear mixed effect models (LME) to compare these metrics at paired vegetation patches dominated and not dominated by <em>Tamarix</em> during cycles of defoliation and refoliation over eight years. We found that community-weighted average trait values, species diversity and functional dispersion changed little in response to defoliation, and instead seemed to be responding to fluctuations in yearly precipitation. Average height and seed weight were greater in <em>Tamarix</em>-dominated patches relative to control patches. Functional dispersion followed a similar trajectory to species diversity, but was a more sensitive indicator of plant community change. We showed that riparian vegetation can be resilient to <em>Tamarix</em> biocontrol, and that defoliation might not necessarily always lead to substantial changes in ecosystem function.</p>
Functional and taxonomic diversity indices of riparian plants in river networks
<p>1. The River Continuum Concept (RCC) predicts a gradual shift of organisms' functional adaptations along the longitudinal (upstream-downstream) gradient, as well as the maximization of the biotic diversity in mid-reaches. Although this theoretical framework was originally developed for stream macroinvertebrates, we tested whether such a pattern can be also observed in riparian plant communities.</p> <p>2. We studied the cover of plant species in riparian forests across two river networks. We analyzed the taxonomic and functional diversity indices, as well as community-weighted means of functional traits in relation to the plots' position in the catchments.</p> <p>3. The observed patterns were largely in line with the predictions of RCC. We discovered a significant decrease in the specific leaf area and an increase in the herbaceous plants' height in communities along a river gradient. There was also a shift in the dispersal syndromes, towards a higher importance of zoochory in the lower reaches.</p> <p>4. The functional richness and divergence displayed unimodal patterns of increasing values in the mid-reaches. The patterns of taxonomic diversity were similar, but some plots in the lowest reaches were more diverse than expected, forming an additional increase in diversity.</p> <p>5. The study shows that plant communities in natural riparian forests show high connectivity along the longitudinal gradient, which along with the environmental gradients creates patterns that are known from theoretical predictions.</p>
Soil nutrient dissimilarity and litter nutrient limitation as major drivers of home field advantage in riparian tropical forests
<p><span>Decomposition is a key process driving carbon and nutrient cycling in ecosystems worldwide. The home field advantage effect (HFA) has been found to accelerate decomposition rates when litter originates from "home" when compared to other ("away") sites. It is still poorly known how HFA plays out in tropical, riparian forests, particularly in forests under restoration. We carried out three independent reciprocal litter transplant experiments to test how litter quality, soil nutrient concentrations and successional stage (age) influenced HFA in tropical riparian forests. These experimental areas formed a wide gradient of soil and litter nutrients, which we used to evaluate the more general hypothesis that HFA varies with dissimilarity in soil nutrients and litter quality. We found that HFA increased with soil nutrient dissimilarity, suggesting that litter translocation uncouples relationships between decomposers and litter characteristics; and with litter N:P, indicating P limitation in this system. We also found negative HFA effects at a site under restoration that presented low decomposer ability, suggesting that forest restoration does not necessarily recover decomposer communities and nutrient cycling. Within each of the independent experiments, the occurrence of HFA effects was limited and their magnitude was not related to forest age, nor soil and litter quality. Our results imply that HFA effects in tropical ecosystems are influenced by litter nutrient limitation and soil nutrient dissimilarity between home and away sites, but to further disentangle major HFA drivers in tropical areas, a gradient of dissimilarity between litter and soil properties must be implemented in future experimental designs.</span></p>
Short-term effects of wildfire on high elevation stream-riparian food webs
<p>Understanding how wildfires affect food web structure and function remains an important challenge, especially at high elevations that historically have burned infrequently. In particular, fires may alter the magnitude of reciprocal cross-ecosystem subsidies, leading to indirect effects on aquatic and terrestrial consumers. We quantified characteristics of high-elevation (2500 to 3000 m) stream-riparian food webs at 10 locations in the southern Rocky Mountains less than one year following high-intensity, stand-replacing wildfires. Using a paired 'burned-unburned' stream survey design, we assessed benthic periphyton, aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure, trout population characteristics, trout stomach contents, inputs and emergence of insects to and from streams, and abundance of predatory riparian spiders that consume aquatic insects. Benthic macroinvertebrate density, flux of emerging aquatic insects, and riparian spider abundances were lower at burned sites. Fluxes of insect inputs entering the stream did not differ with burn status, despite the loss of riparian vegetation due to fire. Trout were somewhat less abundant, but larger on average at burned sites and did not differ in body condition. These results suggest mortality of smaller trout from fire disturbance and/or recolonization of burned sites by larger individuals. Trout showed subtle changes in diet composition with burn status, but no change in biomass or number of prey consumed. In general, burned sites showed greater variation in community characteristics than unburned sites, which may reflect differences in the timing and magnitude of post-fire flooding, erosion, and scouring of the stream bed. Taken together, our results suggest that short-term effects of fire disturbance strongly altered some food web responses, but others appeared relatively resilient, which is notable given the high severity of the wildfires in the study area.</p>
Low- and high-intensity fire in the riparian savanna: demographic impacts in an avian model species and implications for ecological fire management
<ol> <li><span>Climate change is driving changes in fire frequency and intensity, making it more urgent for conservation managers to understand how species and ecosystems respond. In tropical monsoonal savannas – Earth's most fire-prone landscapes – ecological fire management aims to prevent intense wildfires late in the dry season through prescribed low-intensity burns early in the dry season. Riparian habitats embedded within tropical savannas represent critical refuges for biodiversity, yet are particularly fire-sensitive. Better understanding of the impact of fire – including prescribed burns – on riparian habitats is therefore key but requires long-term detailed post-fire monitoring of species' demographic rates, as effects may persist and/or be delayed.</span></li> <li><span>We analyse impacts of (prescribed) low-intensity and (prescribed but escaped) high-intensity fire in northern Australian riparian and adjacent savanna habitat. We quantify multi-year impacts on density, survival, reproduction and dispersal of an Endangered riparian bird, the western purple-crowned fairy-wren (<em>Malurus coronatus coronatus</em>), in a well-studied individually-marked population.</span></li> <li><span>Following low-intensity fire, bird density was reduced by >20% in burnt compared to adjacent unburnt riparian habitat for ≥2.5 years. This was a result of reduced breeding success and recruitment for two years immediately following fire, rather than mortality or dispersal of adults.</span></li> <li><span>In contrast, high-intensity fire (in a dry year) resulted in a sharp decline in population density by 50% 2–8 months after fire, with no signs of recovery after 2.5 years. The decline in density was due to post-fire adult mortality, rather than dispersal. Breeding success of the (few) remaining individuals was low but not detectably lower than in unburnt areas, likely because breeding success was poor overall due to prevailing dry conditions.</span></li> <li> <span><em>Synthesis and applications</em>. </span><span>Even if there is no or very low mortality during fire, and no movement of birds away from burnt areas, both low- and high-intensity fire in the riparian zone reduce population density. However, the mechanism by which this occurs, and recovery time, differs with fire intensity. To minimise impacts of fire on riparian zones in tropical savannas, we suggest employing low-intensity prescribed burns under optimal conditions shortly after the breeding season.</span> </li> </ol>
Data from: DNA metabarcoding reveals rangewide variation in aquatic diet of a riparian avian insectivore, the Prothonotary warbler
<p>Riparian avian insectivores not only depend on terrestrial insect prey but also benefit from the inclusion of aquatic prey during critical life history periods. Diets identified herein show that Prothonotary Warbler (<em>Protonotaria citrea</em>) nestlings were provisioned with aquatic prey throughout the breeding season across their range, but with variation in prey frequency of occurrence and taxonomy. Anthropogenic activity and climate change may impact the trophic link especially between aquatic and riparian habitats by altering the presence, abundance, and timing of prey availability. Thus, we used DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples to quantify the frequency of occurrence of nestling diet items at nine sites across their breeding range that differed in expected aquatic prey consumption. We analyzed spatial and temporal differences in the occurrence and multivariate diet assemblages of each prey source. Lepidoptera was the predominant terrestrial prey occurring in diets across space and time, whereas emergent aquatic insects and freshwater mollusks in aquatic diet exhibited greater variation. The frequency of emergent aquatic prey occurrence in nestling diets ranged from 61-100% across sites and was greater for early-season nestlings. The seasonal decrease in aquatic prey consumption indicates a potential temporal shift in the nutritional landscape from aquatic to terrestrial prey sources and a possible nutritional phenological mismatch for early nestlings as climate change advances the timing of insect emergence. Our findings also suggest that Prothonotary Warblers respond to environmental variability by consuming alternative prey and argue for future research investigating the extent to which shifting diets have nutritional consequences for riparian nestlings.</p>
Tropical and temperate differences in the trophic structure and aquatic prey use of riparian predators
<p>The influence of aquatic resource-inputs on terrestrial communities is poorly understood, particularly in the tropics. We used stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen to trace aquatic prey use and quantify impact on trophic structure in 240 riparian arthropod communities in tropical and temperate forests. Riparian predators consumed more aquatic prey and were more trophically diverse in the tropics than temperate regions, indicating tropical riparian communities are both more reliant on, and impacted by, aquatic resources than temperate communities. This suggests they are more vulnerable to disruption of aquatic-terrestrial linkages. Although aquatic resource use declined strongly with distance from water, we observed no correlated change in trophic structure, suggesting trophic flexibility to changing resource availability within riparian predator communities in both tropical and temperate regions. Our findings highlight the importance of aquatic resources for riparian communities, especially in the tropics, but suggest distance from water is less important than resource diversity in maintaining terrestrial trophic structure.</p>
Data and code from: Diverging restoration pathways for overstory and understory communities in a Mediterranean-climate riparian ecosystem
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Disentangling the latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in community composition induced by climate change: the case of riparian birds
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Data from: Hydrological dynamics, wetland morphology and vegetation structure determine riparian arthropod communities in constructed wetlands
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Riparian ecosystem collapse in Rocky Mountain National Park
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Plastic responses to hot temperatures homogenize riparian leaf litter, speed decomposition, and reduce detritivores
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Low- and high-intensity fire in the riparian savanna: demographic impacts in an avian model species and implications for ecological fire management
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Data from: Floristic and structural heterogeneity in a Neotropical riparian wetland: Conservation implications
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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