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500 results for “semi-arid”
FIG. 3 in Saxicolous lichens in the semi-arid Caatinga in Brazil show substratum shifts
FIG. 3. — Peltula nigrotestudinea Aptroot & M. Cáceres, sp. nov., holotype: A, habitus on top of granite boulder, with a Xanthoparmelia; B, detail showing thallus areoles. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Data from: Root responses to elevated CO2, warming, and irrigation in a semi-arid grassland: integrating biomass, length, and life span in a 5‐year field experiment
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Recent fire history enhances semi-arid conifer forest drought resistance
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Recent tree mortality dampens semi-arid forest die-off during subsequent drought
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Livestock and kangaroo grazing have little effect on biomass and fuel hazard in semi-arid woodlands
<ol> <li>Using livestock grazing as a tool to manage biomass and reduce fuel hazard has gained widespread popularity, but examples from across the globe demonstrate that it often yields mixed, context-dependent results. Grazing has potential to deliver practical solutions in systems where grazing reduces not only biomass but also reduces fuel hazard by altering vegetation connectivity or composition.</li> <li>We assessed the extent to which recent rainfall, rabbit and kangaroo grazing and recent and historic livestock grazing alters and accounts for variation in above-ground biomass, biomass composition and fuel hazard ratings across three broad communities in eastern Australia. We used nested linear models to assess biomass in three vertical vegetation strata, that matched the strata assessed in the Overall Fuel Hazard Assessment guide (i.e. litter/surface fuel; groundstorey vegetation/near surface fuel; and midstorey vegetation/elevated fuel) and Ordinal Logistic Regression to assess categorical fuel hazard ratings.</li> <li>Only recent kangaroo grazing reduced groundstorey biomass across all communities. Kangaroo grazing altered litter mass and significantly reduced surface fuel hazard in one community. Recent livestock grazing did not reduce fuel hazard, and despite significantly reducing half of our measures of biomass, these were not practical reductions. For instance, livestock grazing significantly reduced litter mass, however our model predicts that doubling our assessment of livestock grazing intensity only reduces total litter mass by 0.8 %, or 8 kg per hectare in landscapes where average litter loads ranged from 3,600 to 12,600 kg per hectare. Furthermore, long-term livestock grazing increased shrub biomass and in one community this increased elevated fuel hazard. There were few effects of rabbits. The effects of rainfall on biomass were up to an order of magnitude greater than any effects due to grazing.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications:</i> Our data suggest that management practices that seek to use livestock grazing to reduce biomass in these systems will not achieve practical reductions in biomass and or fuel hazard.</li> </ol>
Asymmetric responses of resource use efficiency to previous-year precipitation in a semi-arid grassland
<p>1. Intensified inter-annual fluctuations in precipitation could profoundly impact terrestrial ecosystems. However, how changes previous-year precipitation influence current ecosystem functioning (e.g., resource use efficiency) in semi-arid regions remains unclear.</p> <p>2. In this study, water use efficiency (WUE) and light use efficiency (LUE) were investigated in a multi-year precipitation gradient experiment with seven treatment levels: 20%, 40% and 60% decreases and 20%, 40% and 60% increases in the amount of natural rainfall plus ambient precipitation. Plots receiving 60% less precipitation were representative of extreme dry years whereas the other treatment levels fell within the normal year-to-year range in precipitation change. Measurements made in both the post-treatment period (2013-2015) and the treatment period (2010-2012) provided an opportunity to quantify the legacy effects of precipitation on resource use efficiency (RUE).</p> <p>3. Sensitivities of LUE to previous-year precipitation were not changed among treatments in 2013. However, asymmetric responses of RUEs (i.e., WUE and LUE) to previous-year precipitation were found in 2014-2015. WUE<sub>2014</sub>, WUE<sub>2015</sub>, LUE<sub>2014</sub>, and LUE<sub>2015</sub> responded more strongly to previous normal decreased than increased precipitation. Importantly, they were more sensitive to previous extreme dry year (represented by 60% precipitation reduction) than normal wet year (represented by 60% precipitation increment). Aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) rather than resource absorption (R<sub>uptake</sub>) drove these asymmetric responses of RUE, and biomass of grasses further explained the asymmetric responses of ANPP.</p> <p>4. This study reveals the non-linear responses of RUE to previous-year precipitation and highlighted that the legacy effects of precipitation on RUE can be ascribed to the changes in vegetation composition. Our findings can facilitate the prediction of the legacy effects of precipitation variation on grassland ecosystem functions in the future.</p>
Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) captures the ecohydrological sensitivity of a semi-arid mixed conifer forest
The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) corresponds to the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle and is one of the few pigment-based vegetation indices sensitive to rapid plant physiological responses. As such, new remotely-sensed PRI products present opportunities to study diurnal and seasonal processes in evergreen conifer forests, where complex vegetation dynamics are not well reflected by the small annual changes in chlorophyll content or leaf structure. Because PRI is tied explicitly to short and long term changes in xanthophyll pigments which are responsible for regulatig stress, this study characterized PRI in a semi-arid, sub-alpine mixed conifer forest, in order to assess its potential as a proxy for water stress by extension of its association with photoprotection. To determine the sensitivity of PRI to seasonal changes in ecohydrological variability and gross primary productivity, canopy spectral measurements were combined with eddy covariance flux and sap flow methods. Seasonally, there was a significant relationship between PRI and sap flow velocity (R2=0.56), and multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated the PRI response to dynamic water and energy limitations in this system. Although PRI was an effective indicator of stomatal response to ecohydrological constraints on a seasonal time scale, top-of-canopy leaf-level gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and hyperspectral reflectance measurements suggest that diurnal PRI saturates under conditions of severe light stress. This research indicates that remotely-sensed PRI has potential to fill spatial and temporal gaps in the ability to distinguish how water availability influences carbon dynamics of forested ecosystems.
Factors influencing space-use and kill distribution of sympatric lion prides in a semi-arid savanna landscape
<p>In this study, Global Positioning System collar data and logistic regression were used to investigate space-use and kill distribution among three lion prides at Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Zimbabwe. The R statistical platform was used to perform logistic regression analysis to determine the effects of the environmental variables on the outcome of each pride's ranging behaviour. <i>Presence/Kill probability </i>(presence or absence) was used as a response variable while<i> distance to water, shrub canopy volume</i>, <i>soil depth</i> and <i>clay content</i> were treated as fixed effects.</p>
Greening and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) during a period of high frequency of droughts in the Brazilian Semi-arid
<p>DATA DESCRIPTION</p><p>E = evaporation (mm)</p><p>Et = transpiration (mm)</p><p>GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) (kg C/m<strong>2 </strong>d-1)</p><p>LAI (Leaf Area Index) (m2 leaf m-2)</p><p>PR (Precipitation) (mm)</p><p>WUE (Water Use Efficiency) (kg C/m<strong>2 </strong>d-1 mm-1)</p><p>Areas of study</p><p>CAR = Cariri</p><p>GLO =Gloria</p><p>MAD Madre de Deus</p><p>P7C = Parque 7 Cidades</p><p>PETRO = Petrolina</p><p>TAL = Serra Talhada</p><p>TRI = Triunfo</p><p>XINGO = Xingo</p><p>D = dry season</p><p>R = rainy season</p><p>Months initial</p><p> </p>
Data from: Signatures of autumn deluges revealed during spring drought in a semi-arid grassland
<p>Increases in extremely large precipitation events (deluges) and shifts in seasonal patterns of water availability with climate change will both have important consequences for ecosystem function, particularly in water-limited regions. While previous work in the semi-arid shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado has demonstrated this ecosystem's strong sensitivity to growing season deluges, our understanding of ecosystem responses to deluges during the dormant season is limited. Here, we imposed experimental 100 mm deluges (~ 30% of mean annual precipitation) in either September or October in a native C<sub>4</sub>-dominated shortgrass steppe ecosystem to evaluate the impact of this post-growing season shift in water availability during the autumn and the following growing season. Soil moisture for both deluge treatments remained elevated compared with ambient levels through April as spring precipitation was atypically low. Despite overall low levels of productivity with spring drought, these deluges from the previous autumn increased aboveground net primary production (ANPP), primarily due to increases with C<sub>4</sub> grasses. C<sub>3</sub> ANPP was also enhanced, largely due to an increase in the annual C<sub>3 </sub>grass,<em> Vulpia octoflora</em>, in the October deluge treatment. While spring precipitation has historically been the primary determinant of ecosystem function in this ecosystem, this combination of two climate extremes – an extremely wet autumn followed by a naturally occurring spring drought – revealed the potential for meaningful carryover effects from autumn precipitation. With climate change increasing the likelihood of extremes during all seasons, experiments that create novel climatic conditions can provide new insight into the dynamics of ecosystem functioning in the future.</p>
Effect of changing precipitation in different periods on precipitation use efficiency in a semi-arid grassland
<p>Climate change intensifies global and regional water cycles, leading to changes in both the magnitude and timing of precipitation. Precipitation use efficiency (PUE) plays a crucial role in measuring the response of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) to precipitation changes. However, little is known about how changes in precipitation during different periods affect PUE. Using a manipulation precipitation experiment in a semi-arid steppe, we simulated a 60% increase and decrease in precipitation during the early (April-June), late (July-September), and entire (April-September) growing seasons across 2015-2021 to examine the effects of changes in precipitation timing on PUE. The results showed that: (1) decreased precipitation in the late growing season (DLP) and whole growing season (DWP) stimulated PUE by an average of 0.14 and 0.12 g m<sup>-2</sup> mm<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, whereas increased precipitation in the late growing season (ILP) and whole growing season (IWP) suppressed PUE by an average of 0.11 and 0.09g m<sup>-2</sup> mm<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. By contrast, neither decreased nor increased precipitation in the early growing season affected PUE; (2) the increased PUE under DLP was primarily attributed to the increase of PUE in grass (GR) and annuals and biennials (AB), whereas the elevation of PUE under DWP was mainly due to an increase of PUE in AB. By contrast, the reduction of PUE under ILP was mainly caused by a decline of PUE in GR; (3) changes in evapotranspiration and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) explained the variation of PUE in AB while changes of PUE in GR was mainly due to the alteration of soil water content and LDMC. These results suggest that precipitation during the late growing season has a crucial influence on PUE, highlighting the importance of evapotranspiration and leaf dry matter content in regulating ecosystem productivity in the semi-arid steppe.</p>
Deepened snow cover mitigates soil carbon loss from intensive land use in a semi-arid temperate grassland
<p>Carbon (C) loss due to soil erosion is a major issue in semi-arid grasslands. The extent of soil erosion is determined by soil properties and vegetation structure, especially during the non-growing season. In many Inner Mongolian grasslands, intensive land use, such as overgrazing and mowing, has severely reduced plant cover and damaged soil structure, which has exacerbated soil C loss by erosion. At the same time, increasing winter snowfall due to climate change is stimulating plant growth and altering plant composition. However, we do not know how changes in winter snow cover interact with land-use practices to regulate soil C loss due to erosion.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a six-year snow manipulation experiment under different land-use practices (control; moderately mowed, MM; heavily mowed, HM) to measure net changes in soil depth, soil C, plant biomass, and vegetation structure.</p> <p>After six years, soil C loss under ambient snow was three times greater in the MM and four times greater in the HM treatment compared with controls during non-growing season. However, deepened winter snow alleviated erosion-induced soil C loss by 14%, 47%, 16% in the controls, MM and HM treatments, respectively.</p> <p>The severity of soil C loss declined with increasing aboveground biomass (AGB), surface root biomass and vegetation structure. Vegetation structure and AGB explained more of the variation in soil C loss than surface root biomass, possibly because a complex canopy and plant cover increases overall surface roughness, thereby reducing soil C loss. Intensified land use reduced AGB, surface root biomass and vegetation structure, but deepened snow increased overall surface roughness by promoting AGB. Hence, our study demonstrates that deepened snow can alleviate soil C loss due to land use practices by promoting AGB.</p>
High-resolution and full coverage AOD downscaling based on the bagging model over the arid and semi-arid areas, NW China
<p>High-resolution and full coverage 250 m monthly AOD product over the arid and semi-arid areas, NW China. the scale factor is 1000.</p>
Characterization and biodiversity of native Azotobacter in semi-arid agroecosystems of Eastern Kenya
<p>Declining food production in the African agroecosystems is attributable to changes in weather patterns, soil infertility, and limited farming inputs. The exploitation of plant growth-promoting soil microbes could remedy these problems. Azotobacter, a free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, confers stress tolerance, avails phytohormones, and aids in soil bioremediation. The study aimed to isolate, characterize and determine the biodiversity of native Azotobacter isolates from soils in semi-arid Eastern Kenya. The isolation was conducted on nitrogen-free Ashby's agar and the morphological, biochemical and molecular attributes were evaluated. The isolates were sequenced using DNA amplicons of 27F and 1492R primers of the 16SrRNA gene loci. The Basic Local alignment search Tool (BLASTn) analysis of their sequences, revealed the presence of three main Azotobacter species viz., Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter salinestris, and Azotobacter tropicalis. Azotobacter vinelandii was the most dominant species. Kitui County had the highest number of recovered Azotobacter isolates (45.4%) with the lowest diversity index (0.8761). Tharaka Nithi County showed the lowest occurrence (26.36%) with a diversity index of (1.057). The diversity was influenced by the soil pH, texture, and total organic content. This study revealed the presence of native strains of Azotobacter species in Kenyan soils with the potential for utilization as a bioinoculant.</p>
Incubation mound-building by the Australian megapode (Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata) creates novel, resource-rich patches in a semi-arid woodland
<p> Desert ecosystems are characterised by a patchy distribution of resources. Nutrient sinks associated with landscape modulators (trees) differ markedly from the resource-poor interpatch matrix. Fauna can also act as landscape modulators, modifying patch dynamics by redistributing resources via 'ecosystem engineering'. In semi-arid woodlands, malleefowl (<em>Leipoa ocellata</em>: Megapodiidae) reconfigure surface characteristics by scavenging leaf litter to construct large incubation mounds. The extent to which this movement of resources creates a novel patch and alters extant patches is largely unknown. Ecosystem engineering effects by megapodes have been little studied, but are potentially great, particularly in drylands, where mammalian engineers are known to enhance ecosystem function and drive restoration.</p> <p>We measured vegetation, ground cover, and soil chemistry at malleefowl mounds and four extant microsites (trees and open areas close to, and far from, mounds) and predicted that: 1) malleefowl mounds would represent enriched, yet novel, microsites; 2) the characteristics of tree and open patches close to the mounds would differ from those away from the mounds, because of the diminishing intensity of disturbance; and 3) effects at tree and open patches close to the mound would be shorter-term, compared to the more substantial high-resource patch formation occurring at the mound, but we expected all effects would diminish with time since malleefowl activity.</p> <p>We found that: 1) malleefowl mounds were novel microsites with soil chemistry more similar to tree-modulated patches, and groundcover and vegetation variables more similar to the open, interpatch matrix; 2) effects extended to tree and open patches near the mound, but most effects were short lived; and 3) some novel mound attributes (e.g., soil pH, phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon) were greater at mounds, irrespective of their age, while less plant cover and richness on young mounds dissipated with age.</p> <p><strong><em>Synthesis</em></strong>: Mound-building megapodes can modulate the distribution of locally derived resources and create a novel microsite. Engineering effects can enhance spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem function over broad spatial and temporal scales, and may assist with ecological restoration, particularly in depauperate, arid systems.</p>
Data from: Does pH matter for ecosystem multifunctionality? An empirical test in a semi-arid grassland on the Loess Plateau
<p>Date of data collection: 2016-2018</p> <p>Geographic location of data collection: Guyuan, Ningxia, China (106°23′E, 36°15′N)</p> <p>These data were generated to (<em>i</em>) investigate the responses of soil properties, biological communities and multifunctionality to decreased soil pH; (<em>ii</em>) determine the potential biotic and abiotic pathways that soil pH may drive multifunctionality. In 2016, a 17 m × 40 m semi-arid grassland plot with an initial pH value of 8.05 and uniform vegetation was selected. The experiment was granted by the administration of Yunwu Mountain National Nature Reserve. A randomized block design was used with five treatments and six replicates per treatment. A total of 30 plots were established. All plots were 2 m × 2 m and separated by 1 m buffer zones. The treatments included five levels of acid addition rate (0, 0.23, 0.56, 3.60, and 9.01 mol H<sup>+</sup> m<sup>-2</sup>) in the form of sulphuric acid solution. In late August 2017, the plant communities achieved their peak biomass, and were surveyed and harvested in a 0.5 m × 1 m quadrat in each plot to determine the plant community diversity and estimate above-ground biomass. After harvesting the plants, six soil cores (0-15 cm deep, 2.5 cm diameter) per plot in each of the six blocks were collected and pooled by plot as a replicate for further chemical analyses.</p>
Data: Drought and fire determine juvenile and adult woody diversity and dominance in a semi-arid African savanna
<p><em>Aim</em>: To understand how communities of adult and juvenile (seedlings and saplings) woody plants were impacted by fire and the 2014 – 2016 El Niño drought in Kruger National Park, South Africa.</p> <p><em>Methods</em>: We used a landscape scale fire experiment spanning 2013-2019 in a semi-arid savanna in the central west of Kruger National Park (mean annual precipitation, 543 mm). Adult and juvenile woody species composition were recorded during and after the drought in 40 plots that experienced a mix of no fire, moderate fire and frequent fire treatments. Using multivariate modelling, we related community composition in juvenile and adult woody plants to year of sampling and the experimental fire treatments.</p> <p><em>Results</em>: Post-drought, there was significant adult woody plant top-kill, especially in dominant species <em>Dichrostachys cinerea</em> (81% reduction in abundance), <em>Acacia nigrescens</em> (30%), and <em>Combretum apiculatum</em> (19%), but no significant change in adult species richness. Two years post-drought, abundance of all juveniles decreased by 35%, and species richness increased in juveniles in both the frequent fire (7%) and no fire treatments (32%).</p> <p><em>Conclusion</em>: Counter-intuitively, the El Niño drought increased species richness of the woody plant community due to the recruitment of new species as juveniles, a potential lasting impact on diversity, and where different fire regimes were associated with differences in community composition. Drought events in semi-arid savannas could drive temporal dynamics in species richness and composition in previously unrecognised ways.</p>
Data from: Grassland type and seasonal effects have a bigger influence on plant functional and taxonomical diversity than prairie dog disturbances in semi-arid grasslands
<p>Prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) are considered keystone species and ecosystem engineers for their grazing and burrowing activities (summarized here as disturbances). As climate changes and its variability increases, the mechanisms underlying organisms' interactions with their habitat will likely shift. Understanding the mediating role of prairie dog disturbance on vegetation structure, and its interaction with environmental conditions through time, will increase knowledge on the risks and vulnerability of grasslands. Here, we compared how plant taxonomical diversity, functional diversity metrics and community-weighted trait means (CWM) respond to prairie dog C. mexicanus disturbance across grassland types and seasons (dry and wet) in a priority conservation semiarid grassland of Northeast Mexico. Our findings suggest that functional metrics and CWM analyses responded to interactions between prairie dog disturbance, grassland type and season, whilst species diversity and cover measures were less sensitive to the role of prairie dog disturbance. We found weak evidence that prairie dog disturbance has a negative effect on vegetation structure, except for minimal effects on C4 and graminoid cover, but which depended mainly on season. Grassland type and season explained most of the effects on plant functional and taxonomic diversity as well as CWM traits. Furthermore, we found that leaf area as well as forb and annual cover increased during the wet season, independent of prairie dog disturbance. Our results provide evidence that grassland type and season have a stronger effect than prairie dog disturbance on the vegetation of this short-grass, water restricted grassland ecosystem. We argue that focusing solely on disturbance and grazing effects is misleading, and attention is needed on the relationships between vegetation and environmental conditions which will be critical to understand semi-arid grassland dynamics under future climate change conditions in the region. </p>
Forage provision is more affected by droughts in arid and semi-arid than in mesic rangelands
<p>1. Droughts are projected to increase in magnitude, frequency and duration in the near future. In rangelands, the provision of valuable ecosystem services such as forage supply for livestock productivity is intimately linked to rainfall patterns, which makes it particularly vulnerable to droughts. Nonetheless, rangelands can differ in their sensitivity to droughts as shown by strong differences in the impacts of inter-annual precipitation changes on vegetation productivity in different sites. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity to droughts of nine rangelands located across a broad aridity gradient in Argentina, South America.</p> <p>2. We experimentally imposed comparable droughts under field conditions by reducing a fixed proportion of each incoming precipitation event within-year during three consecutive years and tracked changes in total aboveground and forage productivity.</p> <p>3. We found that arid and semi-arid rangelands were more severely impaired in their forage provision by drought than mesic rangelands, i. e. that sensitivity to drought declined as aridity decreased. Forage productivity decreased on average by ca. 50%, in arid and semi-arid rangelands, whereas mesic sites did not exhibit significant changes between drought and control treatments. The negative impact in forage productivity of arid and semi-arid rangelands was mainly driven by the productivity reduction of few key plant species at each site. In seven of the nine rangelands, we found detrimental effects of drought on forage productivity during the first experimental-drought year, and in five of them the impact was further accentuated until the end of the experiment, which indicates how serious can these events be.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: Our main findings indicate that the drought-induced impacts on forage provision are higher as aridity increases. This pattern highlights the urgent need to implement strategies to mitigate the detrimental consequences of drought, particularly in arid and semiarid rangelands, where forage provision is strongly associated with human well-being. Management approaches focused on key forage species, such as reducing the grazing pressure during drought periods according to these species' productivity dynamics, can attenuate impacts on vulnerable ecosystems, preserving the rangelands' integrity while maintaining high long-term productivity levels.</p>
Bottom-up effects of plant quantity and quality on arthropod diversity across multiple trophic levels in a semi-arid grassland
<p><span>1. </span><span>Plant quantity and quality can independently affect the diversity of the entire arthropod communities and multiple arthropod taxa in grassland ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how these effects on arthropod taxa at one trophic level propagate through food web to influence the diversity of higher trophic levels.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We performed a monoculture experiment with 15 herbaceous species in the Inner Mongolian grassland to investigate how natural variations in plant productivity and host leaf traits affect herbivore taxon richness, which in turn affects predator taxon richness.</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>For herbivores, plant productivity indirectly promoted herbivore taxon richness by increasing herbivore biomass, which was attributed to the increases in the richness of dominant sucking herbivores and endophytes</span> <span>with high food requirements. However, the high plant quality indicator (e.g. high leaf protein, phosphorus and water contents, and high leaf protein to carbohydrate ratio) directly increased, whereas the low plant quality indicator (e.g. high leaf lignin content) directly decreased herbivore taxon richness. Taxon richness of chewing and sucking herbivores with specific feeding modes (tearing or sucking mouthparts) showed strong positive responses to increas</span><span>ing</span><span> plant quality.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>For predators, herbivore taxon richness, rather than herbivore biomass, mainly mediated the positive effects of plant productivity and the high plant quality indicator, but the negative effect of the low plant quality indicator, on predator taxon richness. At the feeding guild level, the taxon richness of parasitoids, other predators and spiders exhibited positive responses to different herbivores, which was attributed to their different diet preferences. Predator diversity could be promoted by prey partitioning among predator guilds facilitating species coexistence. At the family level, the taxon richness of most predator families was positively correlated with that of more than one herbivore family, suggesting that high predator diversity may </span><span>be caused by balanced diets owing to high prey diversity.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis</span><span>.</span><span> Natural variations in plant quantity and quality can substantially affect the diversity of herbivores and cascade up the food web to affect predators. Specificity and mechanisms of feeding have a large impact on the responses of arthropod guilds at each trophic level.</span></p>
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