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Figure 3 from: Vadthanarat S, Raspé O, Lumyong S (2018) Phylogenetic affinities of the sequestrate genus Rhodactina (Boletaceae), with a new species, R. rostratispora from Thailand. MycoKeys 29: 63-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22572

Figure 3 Microscopic features of Rhodactina rostratispora A Basidiospores in side view, polar view and optical section B Basidia C Hymenium showing basidia and basidioles D Peridiopellis covered with some encrustations. All drawings were made from the type. Scale bars: A = 10 µm; B–C = 20 µm; D = 50 µm.

Figure 4 from: Vadthanarat S, Raspé O, Lumyong S (2018) Phylogenetic affinities of the sequestrate genus Rhodactina (Boletaceae), with a new species, R. rostratispora from Thailand. MycoKeys 29: 63-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22572

Figure 4 Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores A–B Rhodactina himalayensis (CMU25117) showing the basidiospores with 6–7 longitudinal ridges C–D Rhodactina incarnata (CMU25116, holotype) showing the basidiospores with 8–9 longitudinal ridges E–F Rhodactina rostratispora (O. Raspé 1055) showing the basidiospores with 8–9 longitudinal ridges, the wide and prominent hilar appendage (ha), a terminal hilum (th) and anastomosing ridges in some spores (as).

Figure 2 from: Vadthanarat S, Raspé O, Lumyong S (2018) Phylogenetic affinities of the sequestrate genus Rhodactina (Boletaceae), with a new species, R. rostratispora from Thailand. MycoKeys 29: 63-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22572

Figure 2 Basidiomata of Rhodactina rostratispora A S. Vadthanarat 170 (holotype) B S. Vadthanarat 206 C S. Vadthanarat 208 D O. Raspé 1055 E S. Vadthanarat 406, showing one basidioma (white arrow) that had a strong fruity alcoholic smell F Hymenophore turned dark purple to greyish violet with 5% KOH (white arrow). Scale bars: A–E = 1 cm; F =0.5 cm.

Figure 1 from: Vadthanarat S, Raspé O, Lumyong S (2018) Phylogenetic affinities of the sequestrate genus Rhodactina (Boletaceae), with a new species, R. rostratispora from Thailand. MycoKeys 29: 63-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22572

Figure 1 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the three-gene dataset (atp6, rpb2, tef1), including Rhodactina rostratispora and selected Boletaceae. The three Chalciporus species were used as outgroup taxa. Most of the taxa not belonging to the subfamily Leccinoideae were collapsed into subfamilies or similar level clade (i.e. Pulveroboletus group). Bootstrap support values > 70% are shown above branches.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Figure 2 from: de la Fuente JI, Guevara-Guerrero G, Oros-Ortega I, Sánchez-Zavalegui R, Córdova-Lara I, García-Jiménez J (2019) Stephanospora mayana (Stephanosporaceae, Russulales), a new sequestrate fungus from Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. MycoKeys 48: 115-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.48.31007

Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree inferred under the maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion from the ITS rDNA alignment corresponding the Stephanospora Clade III (i) dataset from Lebel et al. (2015). The tree was rooted using midpoint rooting. Numbers on the branches represent support values from 1,000 ML boostrap replicates. The branches are scaled in terms of the expected number of substitutions per site. Accession numbers in the sequence labels indicate sequences from GenBank.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Figure 3 from: de la Fuente JI, Guevara-Guerrero G, Oros-Ortega I, Sánchez-Zavalegui R, Córdova-Lara I, García-Jiménez J (2019) Stephanospora mayana (Stephanosporaceae, Russulales), a new sequestrate fungus from Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. MycoKeys 48: 115-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.48.31007

Figure 3 Stephanosporamayana (JF-397-ITCV-HOLOTYPE). a Basidiomata showing the pileus and hymenophore b basidiospores c corona d hymenophoral trama e pileus hyphae f hyphae from the locules. Scale bars: 10 mm (a); = 10 µm (b, c, e, f); 40 µm (d).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2019View details →

Impact of deadwood decomposition on soil organic carbon sequestration in Estonian and Polish forests

Data for publication.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Evaluation and Enhancement of Carbon Sequestration Potential of Existing Vegetation along Roadsides

Corresponding data set for Tran-SET Project No. 18HSTSA01. Abstract of the final report is stated below for reference: "The objectives of this study were to evaluate the vegetative composition and carbon sequestration potential of vegetation along a major roadway in Texas. Soil and vegetation were evaluated along IH-35 within Bexar County for composition and carbon content. Three 20 m transects were placed at each site and percent vegetative cover was estimated and above ground plant biomass, and soil was collected from three 0.25 m2 subplots along each transect. Plant and soil samples were analyzed for carbon content. Two non-native grasses, bermudagrass and King Ranch bluestem, were the dominant cover at all sites accounting for > 90% coverage at several sites. Native plants were rare with only one species, western ragweed, accounting for > 5% mean coverage at all sites. Carbon content of plant species was highest for bermudagrass (699 kg C ha-1) and King Ranch bluestem (401 kg C ha-1), and 6 of 7 sites contained significantly more carbon in non-native plants compared to native plants. The highest native plant carbon content was western ragweed with an average of 15 kg C ha-1. Mean soil carbon content ranged from 3.1 to 6.9 kg C m3 -1 among the sites, and significantly (P < 0.05) greater amounts of carbon were recorded in the upper 0-10 cm compared to the 10-20 cm. The photosynthesis rates of Bermudagrass were significantly greater than rates recorded for King Ranch bluestem indicating the former species is highly adapted to hot semi-arid climate of central Texas, but King Ranch bluestem may gain a competitive advantage along roadways during the spring, fall and periods of increased precipitation. The total available area for the vegetation along the IH-35 highway in Bexar County is estimated to be approximately 81.7 ha (201.5 acres). We suggest the area between sites 5 and 6 (25.1 ha; 62 acres) are ideal locations for carbon sequestration using native plant communities including those with larger diameter woody stems such as trees."

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Dataset for the project "The role of expansive and invasive plant species in shaping the activity of microbial communities and carbon sequestration in the soil of post-mining spoil heaps."

Description of the project: Research on carbon sequestration in all types of ecosystems, including human-transformed oligotrophic ecosystems, has become more important today from a climate change perspective, as it can help mitigate its effects. Increasing the potential for C sequestration on brownfield sites can be achieved by improving biological processes and developing soil organic matter reservoirs. This may be particularly relevant for the functioning of oligotrophic ecosystems such as waste coal mine spoil heaps. In studies conducted to date on soil carbon dynamics, it has been found that carbon storage capacity is related to vegetation type, among other factors. This is mainly due to the fact that different plant species affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the chemical composition of the litter, detritus supply and rooting depth differently. Furthermore, plant species have been shown to influence the composition and biomass of soil microbial communities, and these microorganisms are responsible for the decomposition of organic compounds in the soil. There is little knowledge of soil microbial communities and their activities in the different plant communities of post-mining spoil heaps, especially with regard to the effects of specific microbial communities on soil carbon sequestration. The aim of the project was to compare the influence of a native expansive grass species (Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) ROTH) and an alien invasive species (Solidago gigantea AITION) on the activity and structure of soil microorganisms and carbon sequestration on post-mining spoil heaps spontaneously colonised by vegetation and subjected to reclamation. The study was carried out on a model post-mining heap, part of which has been reclaimed with overburdened soil, while the remaining part has not undergone any reclamation and is subject to spontaneous succession processes. An analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) in soil substrate samples was carried out to determine the effect of the plant species studied on carbon sequestration. TOC consists of organic compounds mainly derived from root exudates, microbial biomass and decomposition of plant litter and SOM by microorganisms. Therefore, the structure of soil microbial assemblages was also investigated by means of phospholipid fatty acid profiles and the activity of these microorganisms, by means of soil enzyme analysis and functional diversity of microorganisms using BIOLOG® Ecoplates. In addition, the in situ level of CO2 release from the soil was also determined.

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Data from: Milkweed butterfly resistance to plant toxins is linked to sequestration, not coping with a toxic diet

Insect resistance to plant toxins is widely assumed to have evolved in response to using defended plants as a dietary resource. We tested this hypothesis in the milkweed butterflies (Danaini) which have progressively evolved higher levels of resistance to cardenolide toxins based on amino acid substitutions of their cellular sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase). Using chemical, physiological, and caterpillar growth assays on diverse milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and isolated cardenolides, we show that resistant Na+/K+-ATPases are not necessary to cope with dietary cardenolides. In contrast, sequestration of cardenolides in the body (as a defense against predators) is associated with the three levels of Na+/K+-ATPase resistance. To estimate the potential physiological burden of cardenolide sequestration without Na+/K+-ATPase adaptations, we applied haemolymph of sequestering species on isolated Na+/K+-ATPase of sequestering and nonsequestering species. Haemolymph cardenolides dramatically impair non-adapted Na+/K+-ATPase, but had systematically reduced effects on Na+/K+-ATPase of sequestering species. Our data indicate that major adaptations to plant toxins may be evolutionarily linked to sequestration, and may not necessarily be a means to eat toxic plants. Na+/K+-ATPase adaptations thus were a potential mechanism through which predators spurred the coevolutionary arms race between plants and insects.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

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Long-term litter removal rather than litter addition enhances ecosystem carbon sequestration in a temperate steppe

1. Global change can greatly affect plant productivity and subsequently litter input to soil, with potential impacts on soil carbon (C) fluxes. However, the effects of litter layer in mediating C cycling and budget at an ecosystem scale is still not clear. 2. As part of a long-term litter fall manipulation experiment in a temperate steppe on the Mongolian Plateau, this study was conducted to explore effects of litter removal and addition on ecosystem C budget and the associated mechanisms. 3. Overall, litter removal enhanced photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) at soil surface by 31.0%, but litter addition reduced it by 26.5%. Litter removal decreased soil inorganic nitrogen (SIN) content at the depth of 0-10 cm by 13.6%, but litter addition enhanced it by 14.1%. Litter removal increased legume abundance by 131.1%, whereas litter addition enhanced grass abundance by 30.7% but decreased forb abundance by 33.1%. Litter removal increased gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) through enhancing PAR and legume abundance, whereas litter addition elevated GEP by changing plant community composition mediated by decreasing PAR and increasing SIN. Litter removal did not affect ecosystem respiration (ER), but litter addition stimulated ER by 14.9%. Therefore, while litter addition did not affect net ecosystem productivity (NEP), litter removal surprisingly enhanced NEP by 23.9% over the later 7 years. 4. Our findings highlight that more aboveground litter input derived from biomass production may not necessarily result in a larger ecosystem C sink in grasslands under global change scenarios in the future. On the contrary, proper litter removal may be an effective way to increase the ecosystem C sink in grassland management.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Figure 2 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547

Figure 2 - Succession of carbon content (left y-axis and black line) and species diversity (right y-axis and striped line) in a stand after the destruction of the trees by fire. After the fire, the carbon content is low with Cicindela hybrida and the sticky bun (Suillus luteus) as characteristic species (left photographs). In 100 years old stands the carbon content is high with Carabus intricatus and the dotted stem bolete Boletus erythropus as characteristic species (right photographs) (from Szyszko 2007).

Figure 3 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547

Figure 3 - a Relationship between the age of a forest stand and thickness of the litter layer b relationship between the thickness of the litter layer and the weight of carbon per 1 sq. m (from Szyszko et al. 2003).

Figure 6 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547

Figure 6 - Landscape species in a heterogenous landscape. The lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina) nests in old trees in natural and cultivated forests, and hunts in wastelands. The crane (Grus grus) nests in peat bogs and hunts in wastelands. The kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) nests in old trees in natural and cultivated forests and hunts in clear-cut areas. The black stork (Ciconia nigra) nests in old trees in natural and cultivated forests and hunts in peat bogs (from Szyszko 2007).

Figure 1 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547

Figure 1 - A natural forest with a carbon content within the limit of 350 tons per ha and a mean individual biomass (MIB) for carabid beetles exceeding 350 mg and with species characteristic for that environmental system. Lucanus cervus – a species linked to old decaying oak wood (top right), Cerambyx cerdo – a species linked to living old oaks (top left), Boletus erythropus – a mycorrhizal species occurring in soils with a historically well developed soil profile (bottom right), Carabus intricatus – a species occurring in old forest environmental systems with an easily decomposing duff (bottom left).

Figure 5 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547

Figure 5 - Examples of several habitats with different carbon contents and different characteristic carabid species, building a heterogenous landscape. Top left – a natural forest with a carbon content of 350 ton per ha with Carabus coriaceus, top right – arable land with a carbon content 20 tons per ha with Cicindela campestris, in the middle – a peatbog with a very high content of carbon per ha with Panagaeus bipustulatus, bottom left – a clear-cut with a carbon content of ca. 90 tons per ha with Harpalus rufitarsis, Bottom right – a timber stand with the carbon content 124 tons with Carabus nemoralis (from Szyszko 2007).

Figure 4 from: Szyszko J, Schwerk A, Malczyk J (2011) Animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes. ZooKeys 100: 565-573. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1547

Figure 4 - The occurrence of characteristic birds, carabid beetles and fungi as well as the structure of the carbon content in tons per ha in a forest stand, litter and mineral soil up to 10 cm in depth in a: a 10 year old pine stand with a MIB value of about 50 mg, created after the clear-cut of a timber pine stand (more than 100 years old) b ca. 60 year old pine stand with a MIB value about 250 mg. c ca. 80 year old beech stand created from the undergrowth after the clear-cut of a pine stand with a MIB value of about 350 mg. In all graphs the annual accumulation of carbon in that stand, the value of such accumulation and the value of the entire carbon content (forest stand + litter + mineral soil) are expressed in carbon dioxide at the prices of the European Emission Trade System on 15.08.2008 (all graphs from Szyszko 2007).