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600 results for “sex-specific”
Supplementary File for: Cannabinoid and nicotine exposure during adolescence induces sex-specific effects on anxiety- and reward-related behaviors during adulthood
<p>Raw data from manuscript.</p>
Spring vegetation dynamics drive sex-specific migration propensity and fine-scale green-up tracking in Alpine ibex
<p># Data and srcipts used to perform analyses presented in the manuscript: "Spring vegetation dynamics drive sex-specific migration propensity and fine-scale green-up tracking in Alpine ibex"</p>
Novel sex-specific genes and diverse interspecific expression in the antennal transcriptomes of ithomiine butterflies"
<p>The following repository contains both the genomic and functional annotations for 4 Ithomiini species. Data that was used in GBE paper "Novel sex-specific genes and diverse interspecific expression in the antennal transcriptomes of ithomiine butterflies".</p>
Inter-Chemical Correlation results for the study: HHEARx2016-1431 (Sex-Specific Omics Profiles Related to Toxicant Exposures in Children)
Title: Sex-Specific Omics Profiles Related to Toxicant Exposures in Children <br>Species: Homo sapiens <br>Number of samples: 887 <br>Number of named analytes: 8 <br>Datasource url: https://hheardatacenter.mssm.edu/PublicFile/ViewPublicFile?projectid=4 <br>
Data from: Increased male bias in eider ducks can be explained by sex-specific survival of prime-age breeders
In contrast to theoretical predictions of even adult sex ratios, males are dominating in many bird populations. Such bias among adults may be critical to population growth and viability. Nevertheless, demographic mechanisms for biased adult sex ratios are still poorly understood. Here, we examined potential demographic mechanisms for the recent dramatic shift from a slight female bias among adult eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) to a male bias (about 65% males) in the Baltic Sea, where the species is currently declining. We analysed a nine-year dataset on offspring sex ratio at hatching based on molecularly sexed ducklings of individually known mothers. Moreover, using demographic data from long-term individual-based capture-recapture records, we investigated how sex-specific survival at different ages after fledgling can modify the adult sex ratio. More specifically, we constructed a stochastic two-sex matrix population model and simulated scenarios of different survival probabilities for males and females. We found that sex ratio at hatching was slightly female-biased (52.8%) and therefore unlikely to explain the observed male bias among adult birds. Our stochastic simulations with higher survival for males than for females revealed that despite a slight female bias at hatching, study populations shifted to a male-biased adult sex ratio (> 60% males) in a few decades. This shift that was driven by prime reproductive-age individuals (≥5-year-old), with sex-specific survival of younger age classes playing a minor role. Hence, different age classes contributed disproportionally to population dynamics. We argue that an alternative explanation for the observed male dominance among adults - sex-biased dispersal - can be considered redundant and is unlikely, given the ecology of the species. The present study highlights the importance of considering population structure and age-specific vital rates when assessing population dynamics and management targets.
Data from: Sex-specific prey partitioning in breeding piscivorous birds examined via a novel, non-invasive approach
Piscivorous birds frequently display sex-specific differences in their hunting and feeding behaviour, which lead to diverging impacts on prey populations. Cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), for example, were previously studied to examine dietary differences between the sexes and males were found to consume larger fish in coastal areas during autumn and winter. However, information on prey partitioning during breeding and generally on sex-specific foraging in inland waters is missing. Here, we assess sex-specific prey choice of Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) during two subsequent breeding seasons in the Central European Alpine foreland, an area characterized by numerous stagnant and flowing waters in close proximity to each other. We developed a unique, non-invasive approach and applied it to regurgitated pellets: molecular cormorant sexing combined with molecular fish identification and fish-length regression analysis performed on prey hard parts. Altogether, 364 pellets delivered information on both, bird sex and consumed prey. The sexes differed significantly in their overall prey composition, even though Perca fluviatilis, Rutilus rutilus and Coregonus spp. represented the main food source for both. Albeit prey composition did not indicate the use of different water bodies by the sexes, male diet was characterized by higher prey diversity within a pellet and the consumption of larger fish. The current findings show that female and male cormorants to some extent target the available prey spectrum at different levels. Finally, the comprehensive and non-invasive approach has great potential for application in studies of other piscivorous bird species.
Data from: Sex-specific shifts in morphology and colour pattern polymorphism during range expansion of an invasive lizard
Aim: Human-assisted range expansion of animals to new environments can lead to phenotypic shifts over ecological timescales.We investigated whether phenotypic changes are sex-specific using an invasive lizard (Lampropholis delicata). Location: Pacific region (Hawaiian Islands, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, eastern Australia) Methods: Using our knowledge of theintroduction history of L. delicata, we examined museum specimens of individuals collected across the native and introduced range to determine whether shifts in morphologyor colour pattern polymorphism had occurred during its range expansion, and if so, whether they differed between the sexes. Results: Sexual dimorphism in both size and shape was documented within the native range of the delicate skink. However, during range expansion, phenotypic shifts were observed in shape, but not size. In two of the three invasive populations, these phenotypic shifts were sex-specific. In the Hawaiian Islands, changes in shape were driven by males, whereas in New Zealand it was due to shifts in females.Similarly, changes in the frequency of a colour pattern polymorphism, a mid-lateral stripe shown to have sex-specific impacts on fitness (positive in females, negative in males), occurred following colonisation of the Hawaiian Islands and Lord Howe Island. In Hawaii, the incidence of the polymorphism increased over time in females, and decreased in males. Main conclusions: Phenotypic shifts during the range expansion of invasive species may be sex-specific, and are potentially related to the degree of realised niche shift that has occurred between the source and introduced range.
Data from: Sex-specific responses to territorial intrusions in a communication network: evidence from radio-tagged great tits
Signals play a key role in the ecology and evolution of animal populations, influencing processes such as sexual selection and conflict resolution. In many species, sexually selected signals have a dual function: attracting mates and repelling rivals. Yet, to what extent males and females under natural conditions differentially respond to such signals remains poorly understood, due to a lack of field studies that simultaneously track both sexes. Using a novel spatial tracking system, we tested whether or not the spatial behavior of male and female great tits (Parus major) changes in relation to the response of a territorial male neighbor to an intruder. We tracked the spatial behavior of male and female great tits (N = 44), 1 hr before and 1 hr after simulating territory intrusions, employing automatized Encounternet radio-tracking technology. We recorded the spatial and vocal response of the challenged males and quantified attraction and repulsion of neighboring males and females to the intrusion site. We additionally quantified the direct proximity network of the challenged male. The strength of a male's vocal response to an intruder induced sex-dependent movements in the neighborhood, via female attraction and male repulsion. Stronger vocal responders were older and in better body condition. The proximity networks of the male vocal responders, including the number of sex-dependent connections and average time spent with connections, did not change directly following the intrusion. The effects on neighbor movements suggest that the strength of a male's vocal response can provide relevant social information to both the males and the females in the neighborhood, resulting in both sexes adjusting their spatial behavior in contrasting ways, while the social proximity network remained stable. Moreover, our study underlines the importance of the "silent" eavesdroppers within communication networks for studying the dual functioning and evolution of sexually selected signals.
Data from: Trait compensation and sex-specific aging of performance in male and female professional basketball players
Phenotypic traits are often influenced by dynamic resource allocation trade-offs which, when occurring over the course of individual lifespans, may manifest as trait aging. Although aging is studied for a variety of traits that are closely tied to reproduction or reproductive effort, the aging of multiple traits related to fitness in other ways are less well understood. We took advantage of almost 30 years of data on human whole-organism performance in the National Basketball Association (U.S.A.) to examine trends of aging in performance traits associated with scoring. Given that patterns of aging differ between sexes in other animal species, we also analysed a smaller dataset on players in the Women's National Basketball Association to test for potential sex differences in the aging of comparable traits. We tested the hypothesis that age-related changes in a specific aspect of overall performance can be compensated for by elevated expression of another, related aspect. Our analyses suggest that the aging of performance traits used in basketball is generally characterised by senescence in males, whereas age-related changes in basketball performance are less evident in females. Our data also indicate a different rate of senescence of different performance traits associated with scoring over a male's lifetime.
Data for: Sex-specific ornament evolution is a consistent feature of climatic adaptation across space and time in dragonflies
<p><span>Adaptation to different climates fuels the origins and maintenance of biodiversity. Detailing how organisms optimize fitness for their local climate is therefore an essential goal in biology. Although we increasingly understand how survival-related traits evolve as organisms adapt to climatic conditions, it is unclear if organisms also optimize traits that coordinate </span><span><span>mating</span></span><span> between the sexes. Here, we show that dragonflies consistently adapt to warmer climates across space and time by evolving less male melanin ornamentation—a mating-related trait that also absorbs solar radiation and heats individuals above ambient temperatures. Continent-wide macroevolutionary analyses reveal that species inhabiting warmer climates evolve less male ornamentation. Community-science observations across ten species indicate that populations adapt to warmer parts of species' ranges </span><span><span>through microevolution of</span></span><span> smaller male ornaments. Observations from 2005-2019 detail that contemporary selective pressures oppose male ornaments in warmer years; and our climate-warming projections predict further decreases by 2070. Conversely, our analyses show that female ornamentation responds idiosyncratically to temperature across space and time, indicating the sexes evolve in different ways to meet the demands of the local climate. Overall, these macro- and microevolutionary findings demonstrate that organisms predictably optimize their mating-related traits for the climate just as they do their survival-related traits.</span></p>
Mitonuclear interactions alter sex-specific longevity in a species without sex chromosomes
<p>Data submission accompanies a manuscript submitted to Proceedings of the Royal Society B entitled "Mitonuclear interactions alter sex-specific longevity in a species without sex chromosomes" by Flanagan, Li, and Edmands. Data files include longevity, mtDNA content, DNA damage, and sample information. All analyses are performed in a single R Markdown file.</p>
Sex-specific genetic (co)variances of standard metabolic rate, body mass and locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>A longstanding focus in evolutionary physiology concerns the causes and consequences of variation in maintenance metabolism. Insight into this can be gained by estimating the sex-specific genetic architecture of maintenance metabolism alongside other, potentially correlated traits on which selection may also act, such as body mass and locomotor activity. This may reveal potential genetic constraints affecting the evolution of maintenance metabolism. Here, we used a half-sibling breeding design to quantify the sex-specific patterns of genetic (co)variance in standard metabolic rate (SMR), body mass, and daily locomotor activity in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. There was detectable additive genetic variance for all traits in both sexes. As expected, SMR and body mass were strongly and positively correlated, with genetic allometry exponents (<i>b</i><sub>A</sub>±se) of 0.66±0.16 in females and 0.58±0.32 in males. There was a significant and positive genetic correlation between SMR and locomotor activity in males, suggesting that alleles that increase locomotion have pleiotropic effects on SMR. Sexual differences in the genetic architecture were driven in large part by a difference in genetic variance in locomotor activity between the sexes. Overall, genetic variation was mostly shared between males and females, setting the stage for a potential intralocus sexual conflict in the face of sexually antagonistic selection.</p>
Sex-specific responses to intraspecific competition in the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki
<p>Intraspecific competition constitutes an important source of selection that can influence the development, expression and evolution of phenotypic traits. Although often neglected in studies of intraspecific competition, the sex of competitors can alter the nature and intensity of competition between individuals, and in turn can influence the development of resource-dependent traits. We examine here how the sex of focal and of competitor individuals interact to affect developmental responses to competition in the Eastern mosquitofish <i>Gambusia holbrooki</i>. We raised individuals of both sexes either alone or in the presence of a male or female competitor, and measured their juvenile growth rate, time to maturity and size at maturity; for males we also measured their gonopodium length, sperm quantity, and sperm velocity. We found that plastic phenotypic responses to competition were dependent on the sex of the focal individual, the sex of their competitor and sometimes an interaction between the two. When there was a competitor present, regardless of its sex, males had slower growth rates and took longer to mature, but eventually matured at the same size. Like males, females also showed slower growth rates in the presence of a competitor, but in contrast to males, reached maturity sooner and at a smaller size than when there was no competitor present. Presence of a competitor influenced male sexual traits, however there was little evidence that these effects were mediated by the sex of the competitor. Males that were reared with competitors had longer gonopodia for their body size, as well as fewer and faster sperm. Overall our results suggest that the effects of competition on resource-dependent traits are different for males and females, potentially due to sex differences in adult life history strategies. Further, for males, both life history traits and sexual traits were influenced by competition. For life history traits this effect appears to result from decreased resources and/or increased energy expenditure, but for sexual traits, effects appear to be mediated, at least in part, by the social environment, which also differs in the presence of competitors.</p>
Experimental evolution reveals sex-specific dominance for surviving bacterial infection in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Males and females are subjected to distinct kinds of selection pressures, often leading to the evolution of sex-specific genetic architecture, an example being sex-specific dominance. Sex-specific dominance reversals (SSDRs), where alleles at sexually antagonistic loci are at least partially dominant in the sex they benefit, have been documented in Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout and beetles. Another interesting feature of many sexually reproducing organisms is the asymmetric inheritance pattern of X chromosomes, which often leads to distinct evolutionary outcomes on X chromosomes compared to autosomes. Examples include, the higher efficacy of sexually concordant selection on X chromosomes, and X chromosomes being more conducive to the maintenance of sexually antagonistic polymorphisms under certain conditions. Immunocompetence is a trait that has been extensively investigated for sexual dimorphism with growing evidence for sex-specific or sexually antagonistic variation. X chromosomes have been shown to harbour substantial immunity-related genetic variation in the fruit-fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Here, using interpopulation crosses and cytogenetic cloning, we investigated sex-specific dominance and the role of the X chromosome in improved post-infection survivorship of laboratory populations of <i>D. melanogaster</i> selected against pathogenic challenge by <i>Pseudomonas entomophila</i>. We could not detect any contribution of the X chromosome to the evolved immunocompetence of our selected populations as well as to within population variation in immunocompetence. However, we found strong evidence of sex-specific dominance related to surviving bacterial infection. Our results indicate that alleles that confer a survival advantage to the selected populations are, on average, partially dominant in females but partially recessive in males. This could also imply a sex-specific dominance reversal for overall fitness, given the putative evidence for sexually antagonistic selection affecting immunocompetence in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We also highlight sex-specific dominance as a potential mechanism of sex differences in immunocompetence, with population-level sex differences primarily driven by sex differences in heterozygotes.</p>
Bioenergetic consequences of sex-specific mitochondrial DNA evolution
<p>Doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) represents a notable exception to the general rule of strict maternal inheritance (SMI) of mitochondria in metazoans. This system entails the coexistence of two mitochondrial lineages (F- and M-type) transmitted separately through oocytes and sperm, thence providing an unprecedented opportunity for the mitochondrial genome to evolve adaptively for male functions. In this study, we explored the impact of a sex-specific mitochondrial evolution upon gamete bioenergetics of DUI and SMI bivalve species, comparing the activity of key-enzymes of glycolysis, fermentation, fatty acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and antioxidant metabolism. Our findings suggest reorganized bioenergetic pathways in DUI gametes compared to SMI gametes. This generally results in a decreased enzymatic capacity in DUI sperm with respect to DUI oocytes, a limitation especially prominent at the terminus of the electron transport system. This bioenergetic remodelling fits a reproductive strategy that does not require a high energy input and could potentially link with the preservation of the paternally-transmitted mitochondrial genome in DUI species. Whether this phenotype may derive from positive or relaxed selection acting on DUI sperm is still uncertain.</p>
Experimental ectoparasite removal has a sex-specific effect on nestling telomere length
<p>Parasites are a strong selective force that can influence fitness-related traits. The length of chromosome-capping telomeres can be used to assess the long-term costs of parasitism, as telomere loss accelerates in response to environmental stressors and often precedes poorer survival prospects. Here, we explored the sex-specific effects of ectoparasite removal on morphology and telomere length in nestling tree swallows (<em>Tachycineta bicolor</em>). To do so, we experimentally removed blowfly (<em>Protocalliphora</em> spp.) larvae from nests using Permethrin, a broad-spectrum insecticide. Compared to water-treated controls, insecticide treatment of nests had a sex-biased effect on blood telomere length: ectoparasite removal resulted in significantly longer telomeres in males but not females. While this treatment did not influence nestling body mass, it was associated with reduced feather development regardless of sex. This may reflect a relaxed pressure to fledge quickly in the absence of parasites, or alternatively, could be a negative side effect of permethrin on morphology. Exploring robust sex-specific telomere dynamics in response to early-life environmental pressures such as parasitism will shed light on sexual dimorphism in adult life histories and ageing.</p>
Fig. 3 in Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii)
Fig. 3.—Age-specific mortality rates (qx) for male and female longfinned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) mass-stranded on the New Zealand coast between 2006 and 2017. Points are based on traditional life table calculations (qx) and smoothed curves were fitted using the Siler model (Siler qx). Age-class = age x to x + 1.
Fig. 1 in Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii)
Fig. 1.—Age distribution of female (n = 227), male (n = 154), and unknown sex (n = 3) long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) mass-stranded on the New Zealand coast between 2006 and 2017.
Fig. 2 in Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii)
Fig. 2.—Age-specific survivorship (lx) for male and female longfinned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) mass-stranded on the New Zealand coast between 2006 and 2017. Points are based on traditional life table calculations (lx) and smoothed curves were fitted using the Siler model (Siler lx). Age-class = age x to x + 1.
Dataset and code for "Magnitude and determinants of excess total, age- and sex-specific all-cause mortality in 24 countries worldwide during 2020 and 2021: results on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from the C-MOR project"
<p>Data and statistical codes used for the results presented in the paper "Magnitude and determinants of excess total, age- and sex-specific all-cause mortality in 24 countries worldwide during 2020 and 2021: results on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from the C-MOR project"</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.