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FIG. 15 in Unveiling a hidden diversity: descriptions of nine new species of Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 (Isopoda, Armadillidae) discovered in Brazilian caves and their importance for conservation

FIG. 15. — Ctenorillo cearensis Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp., paratype (male, 4 mm, ISLA96021): A, uropod, B, pereopod 1; C, pereopod 7; D, pleopod 1 and genital papilla; E, pleopod 2; F, pleopod 3 exopod; G, pleopod 4 exopod; H, pleopod 5 exopod.

FIG. 7 in Unveiling a hidden diversity: descriptions of nine new species of Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 (Isopoda, Armadillidae) discovered in Brazilian caves and their importance for conservation

FIG. 7. — Ctenorillo araguaia Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.: A, quartzite outcrops on the Serra das Andorinhas mountain range; B, entrance of the Andorinhas cave, where specimens are found; C, inner portion of the Andorinhas cave; D, habitus in natural condition.

FIG. 27 in Unveiling a hidden diversity: descriptions of nine new species of Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 (Isopoda, Armadillidae) discovered in Brazilian caves and their importance for conservation

FIG. 27. — Habitus of the species of the genus Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 discussed in the present paper: A, Ctenorillo ferrarai Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014; B, Ctenorillo pelado Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.; C, Ctenorillo araguaia Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.; D, Ctenorillo intertidalis Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.; E, Ctenorillo ubajarensis Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.; F, Ctenorillo cearensis Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.; G, Ctenorillo quiteriensis Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.; H, Ctenorillo potiguar Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp.; I, Ctenorillo iuiuensis n. sp.; J, Ctenorillo jequitinhonha Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 14 in Unveiling a hidden diversity: descriptions of nine new species of Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 (Isopoda, Armadillidae) discovered in Brazilian caves and their importance for conservation

FIG. 14. — Ctenorillo cearensis Cardoso & Ferreira, n. sp., holotype (male, 4 mm, ISLA96021): A, habitus, lateral view; B, disposition of dorsal tubercles; C, cephalon, frontal view; D, cephalon, dorsal view; E, epimera 1-3 ventral view; F, pleonites 3-5, uropods and telson, dorsal view; G, antennula; H, antenna; I, right mandible; J, left mandible; K, maxillula; L, maxilla; M, maxilliped. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 29 in Unveiling a hidden diversity: descriptions of nine new species of Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 (Isopoda, Armadillidae) discovered in Brazilian caves and their importance for conservation

FIG. 29. — Distribution of Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 species in Brazil, with the delimitation of the plateaus in Carajás Formation. Karstic areas marked in yellow. Abbreviations: BA, Bahia; CE, Ceará; MG, Minas Gerais; PA, Pará; RN, Rio Grande do Norte.

Figure 5 in Species Composition, Diversity and Length Frequency of By-Catch Sharks from the Syrian Coast

Figure 5. Geographic distribution of possible nursery areas for three species (H. griseus; +, C. plumbeus; ×, M. mustelus; *, black circles; main cities) in Syrian marine waters.

Figure1 in Species Composition, Diversity and Length Frequency of By-Catch Sharks from the Syrian Coast

Figure1. Changes of diversity indices seasonally for by-catch sharks: (a); diversity index H, (b); qualitative richness factor D, (c); evenness factor

Figure 3 in Species Composition, Diversity and Length Frequency of By-Catch Sharks from the Syrian Coast

Figure 3. Size (TL) variations of abundant and common of by-catch sharks per season off Syria coast. Males (gray), females (white): (a); H. griseus,(b); H. perlo, (c); C. plumbeus, (d); M. mustelus (e); G. melastomus, (f); S. blainvillei, (g); C. granulosus, (h); C. uyato

Figure 4 in Species Composition, Diversity and Length Frequency of By-Catch Sharks from the Syrian Coast

Figure 4. Total length (TL) frequency distributions (percent of species catch) of the abundant and common bycatch sharks off Syrian coast. Males (black), females (white). Vertical lines indicate maturity size of males (sporadic) and females (continuous) following literature: (a); H. griseus,(b); H. perlo, (c); C. plumbeus, (d); M. mustelus (e); G. melastomus, (f); S. blainvillei, (g); C. granulosus, (h); C. uyato

Figure 2 in Species Composition, Diversity and Length Frequency of By-Catch Sharks from the Syrian Coast

Figure 2. Changes of caught specimens number per season; (a) H. griseus,(b); H. perlo, (c); C. plumbeus, (d); M. mustelus (e); G. melastomus, (f); S. blainvillei, (g); C. moluccensis, (h); C. granulosus

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Fig. 1 in (macro-) Evolutionary ecology of parasite diversity: From determinants of parasite species richness to host diversification

Fig. 1. Expression of the basic transmission rate (R0) for the case of microparasites (i.e. viruses) and macroparasites (i.e. helminths with direct transmission) (for derivations of these expressions see Morand and Deter, 2008), emphasizing the importance of two host traits, longevity and density, as likely determinants of parasite invasion and then parasite species richness. In the right panel, relationships showing that both density and longevity are in allometry with host body mass (after Brown, 1995).

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Fig. 2 in (macro-) Evolutionary ecology of parasite diversity: From determinants of parasite species richness to host diversification

Fig. 2. (A) Variability of ectoparasite species richness among 113 families of mammals (20 orders) (data from Kim, 1985;see Poulin and Morand, 2004). (B) Ectoparasite species richness is related to mammal diversification. The statistical analysis follows Nunn et al. (2004), where the change in the number of descendent clades is related to the change in the number of ectoparasite species, estimated using a modified version of the independent contrast method (Agapow and Isaac, 2002), for each node of the mammal phylogeny (from Binida-Emonds et al., 2007).

F I G U R E 6 A in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 6 A midpoint rooted, maximum likelihood phylogeny using IQ-TREE of the 20 biological species found in this study. The phylogeny was estimated using 1000 ultrafast bootstraps (ufBS) from the three-gene concatenated sequence alignment. Coloured boxes and borders correspond to the colours used under the 5% cut-off (Figure S1). Only ufBS of 90 or greater are shown. Species sharing the same colour were found to share at least one nuclear allele.

F I G U R E 3 A 16S in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 3 A 16S neighbour-joining tree constructed under an HKY substitution model used for identifying putative species.

F I G U R E 5 in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 5 TCS haplotype network coloured by putative species identified at the 4% cut-off. (a) EF1γ. (b) 28S.

F I G U R E 1 in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 1 Map of sampling localities across Australia identified by putative species under the 4% threshold.

F I G U R E 4 in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 4 Species delimitation summary. Boxes in white represent which initial putative species specimens are assigned to as estimated under different barcode gap cut-offs. Letters within boxes represent different putative species hypotheses. Boxes in green are where the nuclear loci are consistent with being a distinct biological species, with no evidence of allele sharing. Boxes in grey are where putative species are found to share alleles of the nuclear loci. Boxes in orange are where putative species share internal haplotypes but also have alleles unique to each putative species (neotypy). Boxes in black represent the putative species found to be supported under different initial putative species thresholds.

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FIGURE 13 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.

FIGURE 13. The most compressive Bayesian phylogenetic relationship of Heptapteridae based on coI. The circles nodes represent the Bayesian support (black circle = 1 and grey circle = 0.9). Species delimitations of Pariolius are represented by bar (black bar = morphological delimitation (MOR), red bar = general mixed yule coalescent (GMYC) and blue bar = poisson tree processes (PTP). ORI (Orinoco River) and AMA (Amazonas River).

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FIGURE 9 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.

FIGURE 9. Geographical distribution of Pariolius pax (yellow) and Pariolius maldonadoi (red) from Colombia. Star represents the type localities. Each symbol may represent more than one specimen.