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Fig. 4 in A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the 'alchorneoids clade'

Fig. 4. Field photographs of Paranecepsia andrafiabensis Barberá & O.Lachenaud sp. nov. a. Forest of Paranecepsia andrafiabensis. b. Old trunk. c. Seedlings. d. Detail of old tree trunk. e. Detail of young tree trunk. From Barberá et al. 2769 (b, d), Barberá et al. 2767 (c), Barberá et al. 2798 (e). Photos by P. Barberá.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the 'alchorneoids clade'

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of representatives of the alchorneoids clade within EuphorbiaceaeAcalyphoideae, including samples of the new species. Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on the combined 2-marker, 26-tip dataset with posterior probability values indicated at nodes. Note: the name Conceveiba terminalis (Baill.) Müll.Arg. is used in place of Gavarretia terminalis Baill. in Wurdack et al. (2005).

Fig. 3 in A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the 'alchorneoids clade'

Fig. 3. Illustration of Paranecepsia andrafiabensis Barberá & O.Lachenaud sp. nov. a. Branch with pistillate flower. b. Bud. c. Leaf base with stipels. d. Detail of the lower leaf surface with domatia. e. Leaf margin. f. Staminate inflorescence. g. Staminate flower. h. Stamen. i. Pistillate flower. j. Petal of pistillate flower. k. Ovary and stigmas, lateral view. l. Fruit with persistent calyx, lateral view. m. Fruit, top view. n. Seed, lateral view. From Barberá et al. 2797 (a–b), Capuron SF-28711 (c–e, l–n), Barberá 2799 (f), Barberá et al. 2765 (g–h), Barberá et al. 2771 (i), Barberá et al. 2798 (j), Barberá et al. 2764 (k). Drawn by O.Lachenaud.

Fig. 2 in The first documented record of Chvalaea Papp & Földvári, 2002 (Diptera, Hybotidae, Ocydromiinae) from the Australasian Region: a new species and its possible relationship to other members of the genus

Fig. 2. Chvalaea australis sp. nov. A–D. Male terminalia, holotype (AMS). A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Left lateral view. D. Right lateral view. E. Female terminalia, paratype (AMS), ventral view. Abbreviations: bac scl = bacilliform sclerite; cerc = cercus; epand = epandrium; hypd = hypandrium; hyprct = hypoproct; ph = phallus; st = sternite; subepand scl = subepandrial sclerite; sur = surstylus; tg = tergite.

Fig. 5 in The first documented record of Chvalaea Papp & Földvári, 2002 (Diptera, Hybotidae, Ocydromiinae) from the Australasian Region: a new species and its possible relationship to other members of the genus

Fig. 5. Living specimens of Chvalaea Papp & Földvári, 2002 from the Australasian Region. A–B. Specimens resting on tips of branches (Geeveston, Tasmania), provided by Tony Daley. C. Specimen resting on a flower of Bedfordia salicina D.C. (Wellington Park, Tasmania), provided by Keith Martin-Smith.

Fig. 3 in The first documented record of Chvalaea Papp & Földvári, 2002 (Diptera, Hybotidae, Ocydromiinae) from the Australasian Region: a new species and its possible relationship to other members of the genus

Fig. 3. Chvalaea australis sp. nov. Wing of male paratype (AMS). Abbreviations: bm = basal medial cell; br = basal radial cell; cua = anterior cubital cell; CuA+CuP = anterior branch of cubital vein + posterior branch of cubital vein; dm = discal medial cell; M1 = first branch of media; M4 = fourth branch of media; R1 = anterior branch of radius; R2+3= second branch of radius; R4+5= third branch of radius.

Fig. 1 in The first documented record of Chvalaea Papp & Földvári, 2002 (Diptera, Hybotidae, Ocydromiinae) from the Australasian Region: a new species and its possible relationship to other members of the genus

Fig. 1. Chvalaea australis sp. nov. A, C–F. ♂, holotype (AMS). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. ♀, paratype (AMS), habitus, lateral view. C. Frons, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Hind leg, lateral view. F. Hind tarsus, lateral view.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

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Data from: Density-dependence produces spurious relationships among demographic parameters in a harvested species

1. Harvest of wild organisms is an important component of human culture, economy, and recreation, but can also put species at risk of extinction. Decisions that guide successful management actions therefore rely on the ability of researchers to link changes in demographic processes to the anthropogenic actions or environmental changes that underlie variation in demographic parameters. 2. Ecologists often use population models or maximum sustained yield curves to estimate the impacts of harvest on wildlife and fish populations. Applications of these models usually focus exclusively on the impact of harvest and often fail to consider adequately other potential, often collinear, mechanistic drivers of the observed relationships between harvest and demographic rates. In this study, we used an integrated population model and long-term data (1973-2016) to examine the relationships among hunting and natural mortality, the number of hunters, habitat conditions, and population size of blue-winged teal (Spatula discors), an abundant North American dabbling duck with a relatively fast-paced life history strategy. 3. Over the last two and a half decades of the study, teal abundance tripled, hunting mortality probability increased slightly (< 0.02), and natural mortality probability increased substantially (> 0.1) at greater population densities. We demonstrate strong density-dependent effects on natural mortality and fecundity as population density increased, indicative of compensatory harvest mortality and compensatory natality. Critically, an analysis that only assessed the relationship between survival and hunting mortality would spuriously indicate depensatory hunting mortality due to multicollinearity between abundance, natural mortality, and hunting mortality. 4. Our findings demonstrate that models that only consider the direct effect of hunting on survival or natural mortality can fail to accurately assess the mechanistic impact of hunting on population dynamics due to multicollinearity among demographic drivers. This multicollinearity limits inference and may have strong impacts on applied management actions globally.

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7).

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Data from: On the shape and origins of the freshwater species-area relationship

The species-area relationship (SAR) has over a 150-year-long history in ecology, but how its shape and origins vary across scales and organisms is still not fully understood. This is the first subcontinental freshwater study to examine both properties of the SAR in a spatially explicit way across major organismal groups (diatoms, insects, and fish), differing in body size and dispersal capacity. First, to describe the SAR shape, we evaluated the fit of three commonly used models, logarithmic, power, and Michaelis-Menten. Second, we proposed a hierarchical framework to explain the variability in the SAR shape, captured by the parameters of the SAR model. According to this framework, scale and species group were the top predictors of the SAR shape, climatic factors (heterogeneity and median conditions) represented the second predictor level, and metacommunity properties (intraspecific spatial aggregation, γ-diversity, and species abundance distribution), the third predictor level. We calculated the SAR as a sample-based rarefaction curve using 60 streams within landscape windows (scales) in the US, ranging from 160,000 to 6,760,000 km2. First, we found that all models provided good fits (R2 ≥ 0.93), but the frequency of the best-fitting model was strongly dependent on organism, scale, and metacommunity properties. Michaelis-Menten model was most common in fish, at the largest scales, and at the highest levels of intraspecific spatial aggregation. The power model was most frequent in diatoms and insects, at smaller scales, and in metacommunities with the lowest evenness. The logarithmic model was best fitting exclusively at the smallest scales and in species-poor metacommunities, primarily fish. Second, we tested our framework with the parameters of the most broadly used SAR model, the log-log form of the power model using a structural equation model. This model supported our framework and revealed that the SAR slope was best predicted by scale- and organism-dependent metacommunity properties, particularly spatial aggregation, while the intercept responded most strongly to species group and γ-diversity. Future research should investigate from the perspective of our framework how shifts in metacommunity properties due to climate change would alter the SAR.

FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 8 | Bayesian tree showing the phylogenetic relationships within Diapoma inferred by the concatenated dataset (12S, 16S, COI, MYH6, ptchd1, RAG1, RAG2, total of 5067pb).

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 5 | Holotype of Diapoma potamohadros, UFRGS 28700, male, 48.6 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná, Quedas do Iguaçu, Salto Osório Reservoir.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 4 | Map of part of southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and east Argentina showing the geographic distributions of Diapoma pampeana (white squares) and D. potamohadros (paratypes with pink circles, and non-types with plus sign in red). Stars indicate type localities.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 3 | Diapoma pampeana, paratypes, UFRGS 8123, A. Male, 27.2 mm SL, B. Female, 26.0 mm SL, Caraguatá creek, tributary of the Tacuarembó River, Ruta 26, Las Toscas, Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Photograph taken just after fixation in formalin.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 2 | Left premaxilla, maxilla and dentary of Diapoma pampeana, UFRGS 8464, 31.9 mm SL, paratype.

FIGURE 9 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 9 | Bayesian species tree of Diapoma obtained from multilocus sequences (12S, 16S, COI, MYH6, ptchd1, RAG1, RAG2, total of 5067pb).

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 1 | Holotype of Diapoma pampeana, male, UFRGS 28705, 29.6 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Bagé, Sanga Cinco Saltos, affluent of Negro River, BR-153, between Aceguá and Bagé.

FIGURE 6 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 6 | Right premaxilla, maxilla and dentary of Diapoma potamohadros, UFRGS 41353, 51.4 mm SL, paratype.

FIGURE 7 in Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

FIGURE 7 | Anal fin of Diapoma potamohadros, MACN-ict 10364, A. Male, 37.8 mm SL; B. Female, 37.6 mm SL. Lateral view, left side. Scale bars = 1 mm.