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No link between population isolation and speciation rate in squamate reptiles
<p>Rates of species formation vary widely across the tree of life and contribute to massive disparities in species richness among clades. This variation can emerge from differences in metapopulation-level processes that affect the rates at which lineages diverge, persist, and evolve reproductive barriers and ecological differentiation. For example, populations that evolve reproductive barriers quickly should form new species at faster rates than populations that acquire reproductive barriers more slowly. This expectation implicitly links microevolutionary processes (the evolution of populations) and macroevolutionary patterns (the profound disparity in speciation rate across taxa). Here, leveraging extensive field sampling from the Neotropical Cerrado biome in a biogeographically-controlled natural experiment, we test the role of an important microevolutionary process – the propensity for population isolation – as a control on speciation rate in lizards and snakes. By quantifying population genomic structure across a set of co-distributed taxa with extensive and phylogenetically independent variation in speciation rate, we show that broad-scale patterns of species formation are decoupled from demographic and genetic processes that promote the formation of population isolates. Population isolation is likely a critical stage of speciation for many taxa, but our results suggest that interspecific variability in the propensity for isolation has little influence on speciation rates. These results suggest that other stages of speciation – including the rate at which reproductive barriers evolve and the extent to which newly formed populations persist – are likely to play a larger role than population isolation in controlling speciation rate variation in squamates.</p>
Modeled trajectories of the Mediterranean squamates
<p>Mediterranean islands have a high diversity of squamates, although they are unevenly distributed. This variability in the composition of the reptile assemblages across islands may have been influenced by differences in the colonization abilities of these species. To evaluate the dispersal capacities of squamate species, we modeled their sea routes using cost surface models. We estimated the effects of some life-history traits and the phylogenetic signal in the characteristics of the modeled dispersal paths. We hypothesized that a significant phylogenetic signal should be present if the dispersal ability is enhanced by traits shared among evolutionarily related species. The results showed that no phylogenetic signal was present in the characteristics of the dispersal paths (i.e., in the distance traveled/bypassed sea depth). Thus, no superior island-colonizer lineages were detected in Mediterranean Squamata. However, our analyses also revealed that small-sized lizards were superior to other groups of squamates at dispersing over long distances on the sea.Mediterranean islands have a high diversity of squamates, although they are unevenly distributed. This variability in the composition of the reptile assemblages across islands may have been influenced by differences in the colonization abilities of these species. To evaluate the dispersal capacities of squamate species, we modeled their sea routes using cost surface models. We estimated the effects of some life-history traits and the phylogenetic signal in the characteristics of the modeled dispersal paths. We hypothesized that a significant phylogenetic signal should be present if the dispersal ability is enhanced by traits shared among evolutionarily related species. The results showed that no phylogenetic signal was present in the characteristics of the dispersal paths (i.e., in the distance traveled/bypassed sea depth). Thus, no superior island-colonizer lineages were detected in Mediterranean Squamata. However, our analyses also revealed that small-sized lizards were superior to other groups of squamates at dispersing over long distances on the sea.</p>
FIGURE 29. Cheiracanthus latus squamation, light microscope images. 1, 2, QMF60004 in A redescription of the three longest-known species of the acanthodian Cheiracanthus from the Middle Devonian of Scotland
FIGURE 29. Cheiracanthus latus squamation, light microscope images. 1, 2, QMF60004 from Tynet Burn: 1, midflank scales; 2, caudal peduncle, scale impressions. 3, 4, NMS G.2018.28.26 from Tarrel Bay. 5-7, NMS G.2019.3.7 from Den of Findon, Banffshire 8, NMS G.2019.3.3 from Jessie Port. 9, NMS G.1870.14.145 from Cromarty. 10, NMS G.2019.9.17 from Geanies Point. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm. p, pit. Arrows indicate anterior.
Рис. 21–22. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., гоΛотип (21) и C. anisacanthus, гоΛотип (22), чешуйный покров поΔ основанием первого спинного пΛавника выше боковой Λинии. Масштаб: 21 — 15 мм; 22 — 10 мм Figs. 21–22. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., holotype (21) and C. anisacanthus, holotype (22), squamation below first dorsal-fin base and above lateral line. Scale bars: 21 — 15 mm; 22 — 10 mm in Coelorinchus From The Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain (The Pacific Ocean) (Teleostei, Gadiformes, Macrouridae)
Рис. 21–22. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., гоΛотип (21) и C. anisacanthus, гоΛотип (22), чешуйный покров поΔ основанием первого спинного пΛавника выше боковой Λинии. Масштаб: 21 — 15 мм; 22 — 10 мм Figs. 21–22. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., holotype (21) and C. anisacanthus, holotype (22), squamation below first dorsal-fin base and above lateral line. Scale bars: 21 — 15 mm; 22 — 10 mm
Рис. 3–6. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., гоΛотип, ΔетаΛи строения: 3 — гоΛова, виΔ сверху; 4 — ditto, виΔ снизу; 5 — чешуйный покров верха гоΛовы; 6 — абΔоминаΛьная обΛасть. Обозначения: А — гоΛый участок верхней поверхности рыΛа; B — меΔиаΛьный назаΛьный гребень; C — затыΛочный гребень; D — перипрокт и анус. Масштаб: 3, 4 — 30 мм (Λинейка общая); 5 — 15 мм; 6 — 25 мм Figs. 3–6. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., holotype, structural details: 3 — head, dorsal view; 4 — ditto, ventral view; 5 — squamation of snout and top of head; 6 — abdominal region. Symbols: А — scaleless area on snout; B — medial nasal ridge; C — occipital ridge; D — periproct and anus. Scale bars: 3, 4 — 30 mm (common bar); 5 — 15 mm; 6 — 25 mm in Coelorinchus From The Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain (The Pacific Ocean) (Teleostei, Gadiformes, Macrouridae)
Рис. 3–6. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., гоΛотип, ΔетаΛи строения: 3 — гоΛова, виΔ сверху; 4 — ditto, виΔ снизу; 5 — чешуйный покров верха гоΛовы; 6 — абΔоминаΛьная обΛасть. Обозначения: А — гоΛый участок верхней поверхности рыΛа; B — меΔиаΛьный назаΛьный гребень; C — затыΛочный гребень; D — перипрокт и анус. Масштаб: 3, 4 — 30 мм (Λинейка общая); 5 — 15 мм; 6 — 25 мм Figs. 3–6. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov., holotype, structural details: 3 — head, dorsal view; 4 — ditto, ventral view; 5 — squamation of snout and top of head; 6 — abdominal region. Symbols: А — scaleless area on snout; B — medial nasal ridge; C — occipital ridge; D — periproct and anus. Scale bars: 3, 4 — 30 mm (common bar); 5 — 15 mm; 6 — 25 mm
Figures 1-4 from: Fernandes Perrella D, Piacentini VQ, Zima PVQ, Biagolini-Jr C, Ribeiro-Silva L, Francisco MR (2019) First complete description of nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Squamate Antbird, Myrmoderus squamosus (Aves: Thamnophilidae). Zoologia 36: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e29719
Figures 1-4 Nests, eggs and nestling of Squamate Antbird Myrmoderussquamosus: (1) details of the nest and eggs at Reserva Natural Salto Morato, Paraná; (2) details of the nest and egg on a bromeliad at Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Paulo; (3) incubating Female in a nest built on a tree fern; (4) details of a nestling. Photos: DF Perrella and VQ Piacentini.
Figure 1 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 1. The variation of the dermal palate in squamates as classified by Lakjer (1927) (redrawn after Guibé, 1970: fig. 80). A, the palaeochoanate condition; B, the incomplete neochoanate condition; C, the neochoanate condition.
Figure 4 in The potential utility of postnatal skeletal developmental patterns in squamate phylogenetics
Figure 4. Results of sequence unit analyses. A, single most parsimonious tree that results when polymorphisms are coded by hard start method of Kornet & Turner (1999). Tree length = 1091 steps, CI = 0.51, RI = 0.61. Node 1, Gekkota; node 2, Xantusiidae. B, strict consensus of 69 equally parsimonious trees that result when polymorphic characters are excluded.
Global squamate presence-absence matrix
<p>This dataset contains a global presence-absence matrix for 10,215 species of terrestrial squamates (lizards and snakes), constructed from the GARD 1.5 species range shapefiles<span><span>.</span></span> Suitable for global diversity analyses using the R package LetsR. It consists of a list including three elements (1) a presence-absence matrix for all 96x96 km global terrestrial grid cells (48800 grid cells have at least one species), (2) a raster summarizing global richness patterns, and (3) a list of species.</p>
Fig. 8 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 8. Phylogenetic analysis of Squamata and phylogenetic placement of Cryptovaranoides. Maximum parsimony tree from a Bayesian-inference analysis of combined molecular and morphological data based on the data matrix of (32). Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities. Full details in the Supplementary Materials.
No link between population isolation and speciation rate in squamate reptiles
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Data from: Vascular patterns in iguanas and other squamates: blood vessels and sites of thermal exchange
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Data from: Integrated analyses resolve conflicts over squamate reptile phylogeny and reveal unexpected placements for fossil taxa
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Data from: Vertebral evolution and the diversification of squamate reptiles
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Data from: The evolutionary economics of embryonic-sac fluids in squamate reptiles
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Data from: Uterine gene expression in the live-bearing lizard, Chalcides ocellatus, reveals convergence of squamate reptile and mammalian pregnancy mechanisms
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Data from: Diversification rates are more strongly related to microhabitat than climate in squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes)
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Data from: Novel approaches for phylogenetic inference from morphological data and total-evidence dating in squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians)
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Data from: The morphology of the inner ear of squamate reptiles and its bearing on the origin of snakes
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The morphological diversity of the quadrate bone in squamate reptiles as revealed by high-resolution computed tomography and geometric morphometrics
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