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Fig. 6 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 6. Percentage of juveniles vs. females (A) and old individuals vs. males (B) of cave bears from Urşilor, (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP). Data derived from SOM: tables 3 and 4.

Fig. 3 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 3. Tripolar graphs showing the distribution of the teeth and mandibles (A) of cave bears from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP) in the three main age categories (according to Stiner 1994); and distribution of age classes (B) from different cave bear sites in the three main age categories, as proposed by Stiner (1994): NNVA (Normal Non-Violent Assemblage), grey dashed polygon; LS (Living age Structure), black dashed polygon.

Fig. 2 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 2. Mortality profile of cave bears from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP). A. Right M1 (N = 44). B. Right M2 (N = 36). C. Left mandible (N = 82).

Fig. 1 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 1. Geographic localization (A) and plan (C) of Urşilor Cave of Chişcău. B. Long profile (section) of the Excavation Chamber from the Scientific Reserve. D. Plan of the lower level of the cave (= Scientific Reserve).

Fig. 4 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 4.Transverse diameters of all of the adult lower (A, N = 74) and upper (B, N = 105) cave bear canines from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP).

Fig. 8 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 8. Monthly variation of the mean values of GSI ± Standard Deviation (SD) of Cichla kelberi females (a) and males (b), in Lobo Reservoir, during the study period.

Fig. 7 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 7. Histological slides of gônads of Cichla kelberi female (a – c) and male (d – f) in Lobo reservoir (Bouin, hematoxylin and eosin). a- Resting ovary with perinucleolar oocytes (100x); b- In Maturation ovary showing group synchronous development of oocytes (40x); c- Spent ovary with post-ovulatory follicles (40x); d- Resting testicle (200x); e and f- In Maturation testicle showing group synchronous development of spermatocytes (200x). Legend: O P: perinucleolar oocyte, O A: cortical alveoli oocyte, O V: vitellogenic oocyte, P F: post-ovulatory follicle, S 1: primary spermatocyte, S 2: secondary spermatocyte, S T: spermatid and S : spermatozoid.

Fig. 6 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 6. Monthly distribution of frequency of gonadal maturation stages of females (a) and males (b) of Cichla kelberi in the Lobo reservoir during the study. (Legend: 1- Resting; 2- In Maturation; 3- Spawning and 4- Spent).

Fig. 4 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 4. Distribution of the relative frequencies of occurrence of specimens of Cichla kelberi in total length classes, by seasons of the year, at Lobo Reservoir.

Fig. 5 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 5. Monthly variation of the mean relative condition factor values (Kn) ± Standard Deviation (SD) of Cichla kelberi females (a) and males (b), in Lobo Reservoir, during the study period. (Legend: * Kn of significantly different than 1.0).

Fig. 3 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 3. Distribution of the absolute frequencies of occurrence of females and males of Cichla kelberi in the total length classes – Lt - (cm) in Lobo Reservoir during the study period. (Legend: * sex ratio different than 1:1).

Fig. 2 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 2. Bimonthly variation of average air temperature (°C) and total rainfall (mm) at Lobo Reservoir during the first and second period of study.

FIGURE 4 in Population structuration and chromosomal features homogeneity in Parodon nasus (Characiformes: Parodontidae): A comparison between Lower and Upper Paraná River representatives

FIGURE 4 | Molecular data of Parodon nasus from La Plata basin. A. Haplotype network showing the relationship among the sequences. B. Structural population inference by BAPs (K = 2) for the four populations showing the division between Upper and Lower Paraná River systems; C. Bayesian inference tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the sequences (numbers on the branches correspond to posterior probability; numbers in parentheses correspond to specimen voucher ID).

FIGURE 3 in Population structuration and chromosomal features homogeneity in Parodon nasus (Characiformes: Parodontidae): A comparison between Lower and Upper Paraná River representatives

FIGURE 3 | Karyotypes of the four populations of Parodon nasus submitted to fluorescence in situ hybridization using 18S rDNA (green signal) and 5S rDNA (red signal) probes. Chromosomes with signals for the pPh2004 probe were highlighted in boxes. A. Cuiabá River; B. Mogi-Guaçu River; C. Passa Cinco River; D. Paiol Grande stream. Scale bar = 10µm.

FIGURE 1 in Population structuration and chromosomal features homogeneity in Parodon nasus (Characiformes: Parodontidae): A comparison between Lower and Upper Paraná River representatives

FIGURE 1 | A. Adult specimen of Parodon nasus. B. Partial map of the South America showing the La Plata basin, the principal rivers of the basin, and the collection sites of the P. nasus species analyzed.

FIGURE 2 in Population structuration and chromosomal features homogeneity in Parodon nasus (Characiformes: Parodontidae): A comparison between Lower and Upper Paraná River representatives

FIGURE 2 | Karyotypes of the four populations of Parodon nasus submitted to the C-banding procedure. A. Cuiabá River; B. Mogi-Guaçu River; C. Passa Cinco River; D. Paiol Grande stream. Scale bar = 10µm.

Figure 1 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation

Figure 1. ContinentalFrancewiththedepartmentMayennehighlighted (A) andhabitatmodelforthe Fire salamander indepartment Mayenne (B). Themap representsthe habitat suitability model Ps = (1/ (1 + exp(−0.0303*percent_forest_cover-0.00562*altitude-0.0299*percent_hedgerow_cover + 1.769))) and was visualized with ILWIS 3.6 software58, available at https://52north.org/software/software-projects/ilwis/. Habitat suitability increases from deep blue with a probability of occurrence of zero to deep red with a probability of occurrence at unity (see colour bar). Prime fire salamander habitats are found at higher altitudes and are forested (in black) or with a dense hedgerow cover. Populations genetically investigated are located in and around the largely deciduous forests Forêt de Bourgon (FB) and Bois de Hermet (BH) and listed in Table 1.The outer geographicalcoordinates of the department are 1.239–0.049W and 47.733–48.568N.

Figure 3 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation

Figure 3. (A) Clustering of pairwise Fst-values of Kottenforstfire salamanderpopulations (localities K01-K47) with the UPGMA-method. Numbers K01-K27 represent populations in the western section of the forest and K28-K47 represent populationsin the eastern section of the forest. The basal cluster at Fst <0.04 is composed of two groups (shaded) composed of mostly eastern (14/16 = 88%) or mostlywestern localities (14/15 = 93%). Populations breeding in streams are shown by the letter S. Note that populations that join the dendrogram at higher Fst-values are characterized by mostlysmall effectivepopulation sizes (Ňe ≤ 10, indicated by small open dots; X – Ňe not determined). B top panel - Populationsplotted along the firstand second axis of a principal component analysis. Middle panel - Ellipses represent means ± standarddeviation for sevenstream populations (left ellipse) and 40 non-streampopulations (right ellipse). Lower panel - Ellipsesrepresent means ± standard deviation forthe western (left) and eastern (right) sectionof the Kottenforst, forsmall populations (Ňe ≤ 10) shown by interruptedlines andfor larger populations (Ňe> 10) shown by uninterrupted lines. Notethat for the larger populations the ellipses for western and eastern localities do not overlap.

Figure 4. MicrosatellitepopulationgeneticdataforthefiresalamanderintheKottenforst, Germany21,24 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation

Figure 4. MicrosatellitepopulationgeneticdataforthefiresalamanderintheKottenforst, Germany21,24 analyzed in the framework of allopatric speciation, i.e. a secondary spatial contact of a western pond-breeding lineage and an eastern stream-breeding lineage. The 95% credible cline regions are shown by grey shading. Solid and open round symbolsrepresent larger (Ňe> 10) andsmall populations (Ňe ≤ 10), respectively. Note that the stream-breeding populations that gave the composite genotype its name are all located in the eastern section of the Kottenforst (six data points indicated with a forward slash (/). One 'intermittent stream' in the western section is indicated by a backward slash. Also note the paucity of data at and around the steepest part of the clines. A – loadings on the first PC axis versus geographical distance. The clinecentre is at km 365.3 of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid. Cline width is 3952 m. B – frequency of the stream-breeding genotype versus distance (after21). Thecline centre is at UTM km 365.1 and the cline widthis 1108 m. For model details see Supplementary Information VI.

Figure 2 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation

Figure 2. (A) Clustering of pairwise Fst-values of firesalamander populations (Mayenne localities 1–41) with the UPGMA-method. The basal cluster at Fst <0.010 is mostly composed of forest populations (F, 17/21 = 81%) whereas populationsthat jointhe dendrogramat higher Fst-values are mostly fromthe bocage (B, 14/20 = 70%). At Fst> 0.025 the contribution of the bocage populations is eightout of eight. Notethat populations thatjoin the dendrogram at the highest Fst-values are characterizedby mostly small effective population sizes (Ňe ≤ 10, indicated by small open dots). (B) Populations plotted along the first and second axis of a principal component analysis. The 23 forest populations are shown by small solid round symbols and the solid ellipse represents the mean ± standard deviation. Eighteenpopulations from the bocageare shown by large open round symbols, with the mean ± standard deviation shown bythe widerellipse with the interrupted line.