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FIGURE 1 in A new species of Hatchet-faced Treefrog Sphaenorhynchus Tschudi (Anura: Hylidae) from Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views of the holotype of Sphaenorhynchus canga sp. nov. (UFMG-A 5715). Adult male from Chapada de Canga, Municipality of Mariana, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. SVL 27.0 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 6. Comparative oscillograms (top) and corresponding spectrograms (bottom) of single notes of the advertisement calls on the same time scale in the Boophis ankaratra complex. Species shown are: (A) B. boppa (Maharira); (B) B. miadana (Andohahela); (C) B. ankaratra (Maharira); (D) B. schuboeae (Ambatolahy); and (E) B. haingana (Andohahela). Spectrogram was produced in SEEWAVE using a Hanning window length of 512.

FIGURE 12 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 12. Reproductive behavior of species of the B. ankaratra complex. (A) A typical perch of a male B. boppa preparing to call; (B) a male B. boppa during emission of advertisement call; and (C) amplexus, male not collected, female KU 336829 of B. boppa.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 9. Minimum-spanning haplotype network for the nuclear exon DNAH-3 in the B. albipunctatus group. Ticks on branches represent single nucleotide changes. Branch lengths are not meaningful.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 1. The distribution of species in the Boophis albipunctatus group in southeastern Madagascar. The black dotted line shows the boundaries of Ranomafana National Park (RNP), and partially colored circles indicate syntopy of their corresponding species. The numbered localities are as follows (species occurring at each locality abbreviated as BA, B. ankaratra; BB, B. boppa, BL, B. luciae; BS, B. schuboeae): Within RNP: (1) Maharira (BA, BB; type locality of BB); (2) Valohoaka (BL); (3) Vohiparara (BS); (4) Andranoroa river (BA, BB); (5) Sakaroa (BB); (6) Ambatolahy (BL, BS); (7–8) Imaloka (BB, BL); and (9) Andemaka (BB, BL). Outside RNP: (10) Ambohitsara-Ranomafana (BL); (11) Farihimazava (BA, BB); (12) Soamazaka (BA, BB); and (13) Vohisokina (BA, BB). Note that at Ambohitsara, records also exist for another species of the group (B. albipunctatus) that is not discussed herein.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 5. Comparative photographs of members of the Boophis ankaratra complex. (A) Boophis ankaratra; (B) Boophis haingana; (C) Boophis miadana; and (D) Boophis schuboeae.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 8. Results of phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated 16S alignment for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BA) analyses. Topology is a consensus tree from MrBayes. Significant support for ML and BA analyses are indicated by the black circles at the nodes (analyses were completely consistent). Note that Boophis boppa is strongly supported as reciprocally monophyletic with respect to all other species of the B. ankaratra complex.

FIGURE 11 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 11. Close-up photographs of different living specimens of Boophis boppa showing variation in eye color.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 4. In-situ photograph of Boophis boppa. (A) in-situ, specimen not collected. (B) close-up view of the eyes from the same individual.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 2. Dorsal view (right) and ventral view (left) of the Boophis boppa holotype (KU 336824) in preservative.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 7. Advertisement call comparative oscillograms of five-second sections in the Boophis ankaratra complex. Species shown are: (A) B. boppa; (B) B. miadana; (C) B. ankaratra; (D) B. schuboeae; and (E) B. haingana. The localities are the same as Fig. 6.

FIGURE 3. a in A new species of spiny-backed treefrog (Osteocephalus) from Central Amazonian Brazil (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)

FIGURE 3. a. Right hand and forearm and b. right foot of the preserved holotype of O. camufatus sp. nov. Not to scale.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of spiny-backed treefrog (Osteocephalus) from Central Amazonian Brazil (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)

FIGURE 2. Lateral view of the head, circumcloacal area and posterior surface of thigh of the preserved holotype of O. camufatus sp. nov.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of spiny-backed treefrog (Osteocephalus) from Central Amazonian Brazil (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)

FIGURE 5. Map of the collecting sites of Osteocephalus camufatus sp. nov. (red dots) in Estado Amazonas, Brazil. The type locality is Igarapé-açu.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of spiny-backed treefrog (Osteocephalus) from Central Amazonian Brazil (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)

FIGURE 4. Adult male holotype of O. camufatus n. sp. from Igarapé-açu, Rio Abacaxis, Estado Amazonas, Brazil. Enclosure: close-up of the eye.

FIGURE 19 in Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)

FIGURE 19. Geographic dispersal and divergence of arboranan frogs between various land masses in the Tertiary and Quaternary. The six lineages from South America to Middle America are one Agalychnis, two Dendropsophus, one Hyloscirtus, and two Scinax.

FIGURE 15. A in Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)

FIGURE 15. A. Hylomantis asperus. Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil. M. Teixeira. Jr. B. Agalychnis buckleyi, KU 143225, 16.5 km north-northeast Santa Rosa, 1700 m, Napo, Ecuador. W. E. Duellman. C. Agalychnis hulli, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 1.5 km north Teniente López, 310 m, Loreto, Peru. W. E. Duellman. D. Agalychnis lemur, KU 63940, Tapanti, 1500 m, Cartago, Costa Rica. W. E. Duellman.

FIGURE 12. A in Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)

FIGURE 12. A. Colomascirtus lindae, KU 164402, 11 km east-southeast Papallacta, 2660 m, Napo, Ecuador. B. Colomascirtus armatus, KU 173221, Buenos Aires, 2400 m, Cusco, Peru (note humeral spines and hypertrophied forearm). C. Hyloscirtus bogotensis, KU 169437, Parque Arqueológico San Agustín, 1750 m, Huila, Colombia. D. Hyloscirtus alytolylax, KU 207706, 4 km NE Dos Ríos, 1149 m, Pichincha, Ecuador. All by W. E. Duellman.

FIGURE 9. A. Xenohyla truncata, MNRJ 75594 in Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)

FIGURE 9. A. Xenohyla truncata, MNRJ 75594, Restinga da Maricá, 3 m, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. Pombal, Jr. B–F. Representatives of the major clades in Dendropsophus: B. D. marmoratus, KU 126436, Lago Agrio, 320 m, Sucumbíos, Ecuador. C. D. labialis, KU 124867, Jardín del Recuerdo, 2580 m, Cundinamarca, Colombia. D. D. leucophyllatus, KU 128434, IPEAN, 10 m. Belém, Pará, Brazil. E. D. parviceps, KU 126476, Santa Cecilia, 340 m, Sucumbíos, Ecuador. F. D. microcephalus, KU 64591, Palmar Sur, 15 m, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, All by W. E. Duellman.

FIGURE 8. A in Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)

FIGURE 8. A. Hyla arborea, Tubingen, Baden Württenburg, Germany. B. Hyla sarda, KU 207373, 2.4 km ESE Musei (near Domusnovas), Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. C. Dryophytes versicolor, near Greenville, Darke County, Ohio, USA. D. Dryophytes gratiosus, KU 109911, Woodland, East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, USA. All by W. E. Duellman.